昆虫病原线虫与黑色粘板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治

为探索昆虫病原线虫与色板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的综合防治技术,采用培养皿滤纸法比较7品系昆虫病原线虫对韭蛆3龄幼虫的致病力,盆栽法研究斯氏线虫属3品系线虫的保苗和防治效果;并通过温室和田间试验比较10种颜色粘板和3个粘板高度对迟眼蕈蚊成虫的诱集效果,研究线虫与黑色粘板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果。结果表明:SF-SN品系线虫对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫致病力最高,LD50为60.0条/头,施用线虫剂量为200、400条/头时,其保苗和防治效果高低依次为SF-SN、All、NC116,其中施用SF-SN品系5 d,保苗效果达62.74%,防治效果达60.26%;黑色粘板诱集效果极显著高于其它色板,且下部(色板下缘离地面1 cm处)诱集成虫量最多,与中部(15 cm)、上部(30 cm)之间差异极显著。研究表明,SF-SN品系线虫主要用于防治幼虫,黑色粘板主要诱杀成虫,二者配合使用防治效果可达97.60%,能够极大地降低虫口基数。     

昆虫病原线虫对腰果云翅斑螟的室内致病力

研究了小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae All品系、Biosys品系,格氏斯氏线虫S.glaseri NC52品系,长尾斯氏线虫S.longicaudum X-7品系,嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06品系和印度异小杆线虫H.indica LN2品系6个昆虫病原线虫品系在室内对腰果云翅斑螟Nephopteryxsp.幼虫的致病力。结果表明,除了嗜菌异小杆线虫,其他参试线虫对腰果云翅斑螟3龄幼虫均具有较高的致病力,致死率80.0%~95.0%,各处理差异不显著。嗜菌异小杆线虫对腰果云翅斑螟幼虫控制效果最差,显著低于其他参试线虫。选择小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系进一步研究其对腰果云翅斑螟的致病效果,结果发现,其对腰果云翅斑螟3龄幼虫处理24h后的LC50为22.94IJs/头。处理24h,小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对1~3龄幼虫的致死率(72.5%~84.7%)显著高于4~5龄幼虫(15.0%~30.0%);处理120h,对蛹的致死率仅为20.0%。研究表明,小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对腰果云翅斑螟低龄幼虫在室内具有一定控制潜力。     

对铜绿丽金龟具有高致病力的昆虫病原线虫的筛选

为筛选对铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta幼虫具有生防潜力的昆虫病原线虫品系, 测定了9个昆虫病原线虫品系对铜绿丽金龟1 龄幼虫的致病力, 以及不同施用剂量、环境温度及土壤相对湿度条件对线虫致病力的影响。生测结果表明, 樱桃异小杆线虫品系Heterorhabditis beicherriana D26-6对铜绿丽金龟幼虫致病力最高, 处理11 d后的校正死亡率达到了98.3%;对线虫D26-6致病力的单因子测定发现, 侵染铜绿丽金龟幼虫的最佳剂量为150 IJs/头、最佳温度范围为20~30℃、最佳土壤湿度为18%, 有较好的开发应用潜力。     

利用昆虫病原线虫防治蔗扁蛾的研究

通过应用昆虫病原线虫斯氏线虫属小卷蛾线虫的Agriotos、Beijing和CB163个品系,格氏线虫的NC34品系,以及异小杆线虫属嗜菌异小杆线虫的E67品系对蔗扁蛾进行室内及田间防治试验。结果表明:小卷蛾线虫Agriotos和Beijing2个品系对蔗扁蛾幼虫具有明显的防治效果。应用注射法将含侵染期线虫1000～2000条/ml线虫悬浮液约200ml注入巴西木受害部位表皮下,5d后防治效果达7363%。     

不同昆虫病原线虫—共生细菌组合的生化特性研究

本文分别以无菌的小卷蛾斯氏线虫的A24品系线虫与其自身携带的共生细菌菌株和与格氏线虫RS92品系的共生细菌菌株,以及以无菌的嗜菌异小杆线虫的H06品系线虫与其自身携带的共生细菌菌株和与大异小杆线虫HNA品系的共生细菌菌株建立单菌组合;测定了各组合感染期线虫的致病力、干重和体内主要生化物质的含量。结果发现,共生细菌除了对感染期线虫的致病力产生显著影响外,对线虫干重、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖原和脂肪酸等生化物质的含量也有很大的影响。     

昆虫病原线虫对甘薯蚁象的致病力测定

昆虫病原线虫是隐蔽性害虫的有效生物防治因子,对8种斯氏线虫和3种异小杆线虫进行筛选证实夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae对甘薯蚁象Cylas formicarius的致病力最强;在此基础上进一步研究了11个不同地理来源的S.feltiae品系对甘薯蚁象末龄幼虫的致病力,获得强致病力的品系S.feltiae JY-17并测定了不同因素对该线虫品系致病力的影响。研究结果表明：在25℃条件下,甘薯蚁象不同发育阶段对S.feltiae JY-17的敏感性依次为末龄幼虫〉低龄幼虫〉蛹〉预蛹期〉成虫;在不同测试温度条件下,sfeltiae JY-17致病力由高到低顺序为25℃〉20℃〉30℃〉15℃〉10℃〉35℃;在25℃条件下,当寄主密度为196．6头·m^-2时,线虫对蚁象末龄幼虫的LD50=5．532条·头^-1,LD90=28．049条·头^-1;当线虫与寄主比例为5：1时,LT50=44．306h。本研究为利用昆虫病原线虫防治甘薯蚁象提供了理论依据。     

有效防治蛴螬的昆虫病原线虫鉴定及其生物学特性

为筛选出对华北地区蛴螬具有较强致病力的昆虫病原线虫，从河北省采集的30份土样中分离线虫，通过形态学和分子生物学方法进行鉴定，分析其生物学特性，并测定线虫对该地区3种蛴螬的致病力。结果表明，经鉴定所分离的昆虫病原线虫为樱桃异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis beicherriana的1个品系，将其命名为LF品系；该线虫具有较强的耐高温能力，38℃水浴12 h后存活率达28.4%；具有较好的耐干燥能力，相对湿度50.5%处理9 h后存活率可达80.0%，在此条件下仍然具有较强的侵染能力，可使大蜡螟Galleria mellonella在72 h内全部死亡；具有较强的水平运动能力，30℃处理24 h后有42.2%的个体迁移到3.6 cm外培养皿圆孔处。该线虫对蛴螬具有较强的致病力，室内试验中，在200 IJs/头剂量下对华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita、暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela和铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta幼虫处理7 d后，3种幼虫1龄末期幼虫死亡率均可达70.0%以上；室外盆栽试验中，5 000 IJs/盆剂量下处理7 d后，3种幼虫2龄中期幼虫死亡率均达到了80.0%以上。表明樱桃异小杆线虫LF品系对华北地区蛴螬类地下害虫生防潜能巨大。     

不同昆虫病原线虫一共生细菌组合的生化特性研究

本文分别以无菌的小卷蛾斯氏线虫的A24品系线虫与其自身携带的共生细菌菌株和与格氏线虫RS92品系的共生细菌菌株，以及以无菌的嗜菌异小杆线虫的H06品系线虫与其自身携带的共生细菌菌株和与大异小杆线虫HNA品系的共生细菌菌株建立单菌组合；测定了各组合感染期线虫的致病力、干重和体内主要生化物质的含量。结果发现，共生细菌除了对感染期线虫的致病力产生显著影响外，对线虫干重、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖原和脂肪酸等生化物质的含量也有很大的影响。     

不同种昆虫病原线虫对同一寄主个体的竞争及对线虫繁殖的影响

采用注射侵染和自然侵染法，测试了长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系、小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系和嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对同一寄主大蜡螟幼虫的相互作用，及其对线虫繁殖的影响。结果表明，无论是注射侵染还是自然侵染法，对大蜡螟幼虫个体的致死竞争能力最强的是长尾斯氏线虫，其次是小卷蛾斯氏线虫，嗜菌异小杆线虫的致死能力最弱。在同一大蜡螟幼虫体内时。异小杆线虫的繁殖受斯氏线虫的不利影响较大，而两种斯氏线虫的繁殖受异小杆线虫的不利影响较小。两种斯氏线虫对各自的繁殖影响不大。     

昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾生理生化和组织病理学的影响

为明确昆虫病原线虫侵染对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda生理生化和组织病理学的影响,选择草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫分别注入樱桃异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis beicherriana和小卷蛾斯式线虫Steinernema carpocapsae,测定草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内抗氧化酶和解毒酶活性以及能源物质含量的变化,并于显微镜下观察线虫侵染后草地贪夜蛾幼虫中肠和脂肪体组织的病理变化。结果显示,供试 2 种线虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫均有致死作用,注射剂量为2~3条侵染期线虫（infective juve-niles,IJs）/μL 的樱桃异小杆线虫和小卷蛾斯式线虫 24 h 后,草地贪夜蛾幼虫的死亡率分别为16.67%和96.67%。注射2~3 IJs/μL线虫后,草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶的活性基本呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,注射樱桃异小杆线虫和小卷蛾斯式线虫后各酶活性达到峰值的时间分别为注射后24 h和12 h;血浆中总蛋白含量呈波动变化,海藻糖和游离脂肪酸的含量均逐渐降低。注射线虫后草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的中肠和脂肪体结构均被破坏,且小卷蛾斯式线虫引起的病变更快也更严重。表明相较于樱桃异小杆线虫,小卷蛾斯式线虫对草地贪夜蛾的生防潜能更大。     

Comparative efficacy of indigenous heterorhabditid nematodes from north western Himalaya and Heterorhabditis indica (Poinar,Karunakar & David) against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

The efficacy of three Heterorhabditis spp of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from north western Himalaya, India was studied against the larvae of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), under the laboratory conditions. The larvae were exposed to 10, 20, 30 and 40 infective juveniles (IJs) of each nematode species for different time periods and they were found to be susceptible to all the EPNs tested. However, the susceptibility of larvae to nematode infection varied according to the concentrations of IJs and their exposure periods. The efficacy of these indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes was also compared against commercially available entomopathogenic nematode, H. indica. Appreciably good performance was achieved by H. bacteriophora (HRJ), which showed 73.3% mortality of insect larvae in 96 h exposure time against third instar larvae, while H. indica produced 80.0% mortality. However it was noticed that with the advancement of larval stage its mortality rate reduced and vice versa with the exposure period. All tested EPNs were also found to reproduce within the host and maximum production of IJs was recorded in H. bacteriophora (26.0 ± 3.76 × 10³ IJs/larva) at the concentration of 40 IJs/larva.     

海南槟榔园昆虫病原线虫对红脉穗螟的致病力

红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena Walker是槟榔上的重要害虫。本研究采用大蜡螟诱捕法,对海南省主要槟榔产区槟榔园中采集到的土样进行昆虫病原线虫的诱捕,并评估了目标线虫对红脉穗螟的致病力。在采集的150份土样中共有12个土样经检测发现含有昆虫病原线虫,检出率为8%。其中,屯昌、定安和万宁三个市县采集的土样中检出的带线虫比率相对较高,分别为12.90%、11.76%和10.00%,而海口和保亭土样中未检出昆虫病原线虫。在室内以大蜡螟为试虫测试线虫的致病力,结果表明诱捕的12个线虫种群均对大蜡螟幼虫具有一定的致病力,但致病力的大小存在较大差异（120 h校正死亡率21.11%～72.22%）。选取致病力较高的Tc05、Wn01和Wn09样本测试对红脉穗螟3龄幼虫的致病作用,结果显示在600 IJs/mL线虫液处理后24 h,Wn01种群对寄主的校正死亡率达到86.67%,半致死浓度LC₅₀为283.70 IJs/mL;Tc05和Wn09对红脉穗螟的致病力相近,校正死亡率分别为61.67%和65.00%,LC₅₀分别为504.75 IJs/mL和502.70 IJs/mL。研究表明,Wn01,Tc05和Wn09线虫种群对红脉穗螟幼虫具有一定的控制潜力。     

4种杀虫剂对甘草胭珠蚧的防治效果

甘草胭珠蚧Porphyrophora sophorae(Arch.)是人工栽培甘草的主要害虫。采用灌根、土壤处理法研究了35%吡虫啉悬浮剂、70%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、48%毒死蜱乳油和5%毒死蜱颗粒剂4种杀虫剂对甘草胭珠蚧的防治效果。结果表明,8月中旬施药各药剂的防治效果均低于50%,但可有效降低翌年春季田间的虫口密度;6月中旬采用35%吡虫啉悬浮剂和70%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂灌根的防效可达80%以上。建议生产中可在6月中旬或之前采用灌溉后进行35%吡虫啉悬浮剂1 500倍或70%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂7 500倍液300mL/株灌根的措施防治甘草胭珠蚧。     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

玫烟色棒束孢的生物学特性与其对小菜蛾致病力的相关性

测定了玫烟色棒束孢原始亲本菌株PFCF-O、退化亲本菌株PFCF-D和单孢分离子菌株PF-CF-D58、PFCF-D20、PFCF-D50的菌落生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和胞外蛋白酶水平等生物学指标以及各菌株对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率。结果表明,菌株PFCF-O的生长速率呈先快后慢的趋势,产孢量为2.7×107个/mL,孢子萌发率为62.59%,胞外蛋白酶水平为1.16,对小菜蛾2龄幼虫校正死亡率达97.74%。而菌株PFCF-D、PFCF-D20、PFCF-D50和PFCF-D58间平均生长速率和孢子萌发率无显著差异,产孢量变化范围为1.05×107~2.34×107个/mL,胞外蛋白酶水平变化范围为1.02~1.07,各生物学指标及其对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率(19.86%~51.44%)都显著低于菌株PFCF-O。相关性分析结果显示,玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾的致病力与菌株生长初期的生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和胞外蛋白酶水平呈极显著的正相关关系,与菌株生长后期的生长速率呈极显著负相关关系。     

昆虫病原线虫JLSY 003的鉴定及其生物学特性测定

经28S rDNA和ITS序列分析,从吉林省松原市土样中分离到的昆虫病原线虫JLSY 003为Oscheius myriophila品系。本研究以大蜡螟末龄幼虫为寄主,测定该线虫的生物学特性。结果表明,JLSY 003浓度为80 IJs/larva时具有较高的侵染力,致死中时间LT₅₀为15.409 h,侵染24、48 h时,致死中浓度LC₅₀分别为46.067、25.297 IJs/larva。JLSY 003高温耐受性强且繁殖力高,36 ℃、8 h时线虫死亡率为19.27%,产量为1.873×10⁵ IJs/larva,4.695×10⁵ IJs/g。结果表明该线虫具有较高的致病力、耐热性和繁殖力。     

Phoretic dispersal of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis amazonensis by the beetle Calosoma granulatum

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have limited ability to travel and need to adopt alternative strategies to reach hosts that are far away. They can attach themselves to an organism that acts only as a dispersal agent to transport the EPN to places that they cannot reach by themselves. The larval and adult stages of Calosoma granulatum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) beetle are important predators of caterpillars that live in the soil of Brazilian agricultural systems. The nematode Heterorhabditis amazonensis (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) is a native of Brazil and plays a major role in the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars. This study assessed the ability of C. granulatum to carry and disperse H. amazonensis. The experimental arenas consisted of two types of containers with substrate connected by a plastic tube through which the insects could move freely. Only one of the containers received infective juveniles (IJ) and the other was used as the test container. We first used C. granulatum larvae and adults to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of IJs on phoretic behavior. Then different distances traveled by the adult beetle were tested to measure their effect on IJ transport. The results showed that C. granulatum is a good phoretic dispersal agent and the transport of IJs by the larvae is less influenced than transport by the adult, by a change in the IJ concentration. The distance traveled by the adult influences the number of EPN carried and the detection of phoresy even at greater distances (40 cm) indicates that C. granulatum is capable of transporting the EPN for distances greater than those evaluated.     

Pyrethroid resistance and esterase activity in three strains of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Microplate assay technique for estimation of esterase activity in a single insect was used in combination with dose mortality bioassays to detect pyrethroid resistance in three strains of Helicoverpa armigera and to study the frequency of pyrethroid resistant individuals within the population of the same strain at two larval stages, third and fifth instar. The third and fifth instar larvae of the field strains i.e., Nagpur strain and Delhi strain that displayed high degree of resistance towards deltamethrin, had higher esterase activity compared to a susceptible laboratory strain. The frequency distribution of individuals with elevated esterase activity above 1.00 absorbance unit was correlated with the resistance level of the strains. The frequency of resistant individuals in the third instar larvae of Nagpur strain and Delhi strain were 29% and 23%, respectively compared to 4% in the susceptible strain. The resistant individuals in the resistant strains have markedly increased in the fifth instar larvae with a frequency distribution of 63% and 90% in Delhi strain and Nagpur strain, respectively, while only 14% of individuals was found to have elevated esterase activity in the susceptible strain. The results demonstrated the role of esterase in pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera. Microplate assay proved to be a rapid and reliable biochemical technique for monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera.