两种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对番茄灰霉病菌的毒理效应

为探讨季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂1227和C8-10对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的毒理效应,运用电子显微镜、氧电极、紫外-可见分光光度计等测定了1227、C8-10对番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发、细胞壁结构、呼吸作用和三种细胞壁降解酶的影响,并在番茄叶片活体上接种经药剂处理的番茄灰霉病菌,观察药剂对其侵染活性的影响.结果显示,两种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂5μg/mL处理可使分生孢子芽管变短变粗、基部明显膨大,显著抑制聚甲基半乳糖醛酸酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和羧甲基纤维素酶的活性,并可显著影响番茄灰霉病菌在番茄活体叶片上的侵染活性;40μg/mL处理可导致菌体细胞壁表面出现多处破损、细胞内含物聚集等现象;100μg/mL处理显著抑制分生孢子的呼吸作用;250μg/mL和1 000μg/mL处理对病原菌菌丝呼吸产生破坏作用.说明两种季铵盐杀菌剂高剂量能够破坏菌体细胞壁结构,导致番茄灰霉病菌呼吸完全停止和死亡,而低剂量可以抑制细胞胞壁降解酶的活性,降低其致病力.     

几种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对核盘菌的抗菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了5种阳离子表面活性剂对从染病黄瓜植株上分离的核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌丝生长的毒力,及其对菌丝形态、生物量、菌核形成及萌发和菌体细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明,十二烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵抑制菌丝生长的毒力较高,EC50值为3.92 μg/mL,与杀菌剂乙霉威毒力相当;经阳离子表面活性剂处理后,菌丝粗壮且呈念珠状;随药剂浓度的增大,菌丝生长受抑制的程度增加,菌丝生物量降低率可达90%以上;在阳离子表面活性剂的作用下,菌核的数量与空白对照相比有所减少,但质量略有增加,而腐霉利处理菌核数量无明显变化,但质量明显减少;5种阳离子表面活性剂在10 000 μg/mL浓度下均不能完全抑制菌核萌发,而对照药剂腐霉利和嘧霉胺在200 μg/mL即可完全抑制菌核萌发。     

啶菌噁唑对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌作用研究

采用生物测定方法研究了啶菌噁唑对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea不同发育阶段的影响。结果表明:其对菌落扩展、芽管伸长、分生孢子产生和菌核形成均具有显著的抑制活性,其中啶菌噁唑对P-9菌株菌丝生长和芽管伸长的EC50值分别为0.193和0.154 μ g/mL,0.5 μ g/mL的啶菌噁唑对菌丝生长和芽管伸长的抑制率大于77%,对分生孢子和菌核萌发的抑制率分别低于10％和40%,表明药剂对分生孢子萌发无明显抑制作用。紫外吸收分析显示,啶菌 NFDA1 唑可破坏细胞的膜结构,促使菌体核酸和蛋白外渗。离体叶片毒力测定结果表明,120 μ g/mL的啶菌 NFDA1 唑可有效抑制番茄灰霉病病斑扩展,抑制率达83.74%。     

新杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的室内毒力及田间防效

室内采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和黄瓜子叶法测定了咯菌腈、抑霉唑、福美双、吡唑醚菌酯和嘧霉胺对番茄灰霉病菌( Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用。结果表明,菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法的测定均以咯菌腈毒力最高,EC 50分别为0.005 2 μg/mL和0.087 6 μg/mL;黄瓜子叶法测定以抑霉唑毒力最高,其EC 50为0.675 3 μg/mL。田间药效试验结果表明：50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂90 g/ hm2对番茄灰霉病的田间防效达到90%以上,显著高于对照药剂50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂300 g/hm2和40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂 480 g/hm2的防效。     

中药丁香提取物对番茄灰霉病菌抑制作用及生防效果

 试验测定了中药丁香的甲醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌室内抑菌作用和对番茄灰霉病的温室防治作用。室内抑菌试验采用菌丝干重法测试结果表明,提取物在20 000μg/mL和10 000 μg/mL两个浓度下对灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用均达到了80%以上,5 000μg/mL浓度下抑制作用迅速下降到35.37%。在抑制分生孢子产生的测试中,浓度为10 000μg/mL的处理完全抑制了分生孢子的产生,浓度为5 000μg/mL的处理也表现出显著的抑制产孢作用,抑制率达到85.40%,而进一步稀释的处理则没有表现出显著抑制作用。采用生长速率法测试了丁香提取物对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度,结果表明其抑制中浓度为3 292.38μg/mL。在温室盆栽试验中,浓度为20 000μg/mL的处理对番茄灰霉病的保护防治效果达到86.45%,与化学药剂处理达到无显著差异,浓度为10 000μg/mL的处理在保护作用测试中也表现出了显著的防治效果。     

雷帕霉素对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌活性,比较了嘧菌酯、丙烷脒及雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果,并通过电子显微镜观察了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:雷帕霉素对供试4种植物病原真菌菌丝均表现出了极强的抑制活性,其中对油菜菌核病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50值为2.23×10-4μg/mL,对番茄灰霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的EC50值分别为1.32×10-3、4.05×10-3及3.82×10-3μg/mL;雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝的抑制活性显著高于嘧菌酯(EC50值为3.24μg/mL)和丙烷脒(EC50值为3.81μg/mL)。电镜观察发现,经雷帕霉素处理后,番茄灰霉病菌菌丝表现出提前衰老等症状。研究结果可为深入探讨雷帕霉素对植物病原真菌的作用机制奠定基础。     

两种新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂的抑菌活性比较

采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和幼苗法比较了吡唑萘菌胺和氟吡菌酰胺对23种病原菌的毒力。结果表明,吡唑萘菌胺对黄瓜褐斑病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌、辣椒炭疽病菌、番茄早疫病菌、苹果斑点病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、马铃薯晚疫病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、番茄菌核病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌和苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长均有较高的抑制活性,其EC50值为0.10~9.52μg/mL,EC90值为1.87~62.23μg/mL。吡唑萘菌胺对花生白绢病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、棉花立枯病菌和镰刀菌属病原菌的抑制活性均高于氟吡菌酰胺,而氟吡菌酰胺却对黄瓜褐斑病菌、番茄早疫病菌、苹果斑点病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、番茄菌核病菌和苹果褐斑病菌具有较高的抑制活性,其EC50值为0.39~3.98μg/mL,与吡唑萘菌胺相当。吡唑萘菌胺对玉米丝黑穗、花生冠腐病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的孢子有较高的毒力,其EC50值分别为0.002 9、0.07和1.38μg/mL。氟吡菌酰胺仅对花生冠腐病菌、番茄灰霉病菌的孢子有较高的活性,且它与吡唑萘菌胺活性相当。吡唑萘菌胺和氟吡菌酰胺对黄瓜白粉病菌均有较高的毒力,EC50值分别为0.04、0.05μg/mL。因此,吡唑萘菌胺比氟吡菌酰胺更加广谱,且抑菌活性相当或更高。     

苯甲酸对植物病原菌的离体抗菌活性研究

苯甲酸对植物病原菌的活性受pH值影响较大,通常在酸性条件下的活性较高。在pH=5条件下,苯甲酸对供试的8种植物病原真菌表现出不同程度的抑制活性,其中对黄瓜疫霉病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的活性相对较高,EC50分别为24.40μg/mL和62.65μg/mL,其次是水稻稻瘟病和番茄灰霉病菌,而对小麦赤霉病菌及苹果斑点落叶病菌的活性相对较差,对辣椒炭疽病菌和苹果腐烂病菌基本无活性;苯甲酸对稻瘟病菌的菌丝干重增加、孢子萌发和芽管伸长均有较高的抑制活性,但对产孢量无影响。     

不同生育阶段黄瓜菌核病菌对几种三唑类杀菌剂的敏感性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了6种三唑类杀菌剂和4种其他杀菌剂抑制黄瓜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary菌丝生长的毒力,同时测定了其对菌核形成及萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,甲基硫菌灵抑制菌丝生长的毒力最低,EC50值为65.75 μg/mL;己唑醇和戊唑醇的抑制活性较高, EC50值分别为0.09和0.16 μg/mL,毒力分别是甲基硫菌灵的763.7和423.4倍;其次是丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑,毒力是甲基硫菌灵的137.3~286.6倍;再次为三唑酮,毒力仅为甲 基硫菌灵的20.6倍;腐霉利、菌毒清抑制菌丝生长的毒力较低,EC50值均大于10 μg/mL。在EC50值 浓度下,所有供试药剂对菌核形成及其数量均没有影响,但三唑类杀菌剂对菌核单重影响较大,各处理所形成的菌核单重降低率均在70%以上;而当药剂浓度在10 μg/mL以下时,己唑醇等三唑类杀菌剂对菌核萌发均没有影响。     

三类杀菌剂对牡丹腔孢叶斑病菌生长和发育的影响

腔孢叶斑病是牡丹生产上出现的一种新病害,近几年在洛阳及菏泽牡丹种植园危害越来越重。为了筛选防治该病的化学药剂,本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了3类8种杀菌剂对病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性,采用涂布平板法测定了多菌灵、戊唑醇及嘧菌酯对病菌孢子萌发和芽管伸长的影响,并在含药平板上测定了3种药剂对病菌产孢量的作用。结果表明:三唑类药剂对病菌菌丝生长的毒力最强,EC50为0.020~0.096μg/mL,且戊唑醇对孢子萌发和产孢也有很强的抑制活性,在0.1μg/mL时孢子即不能萌发;甲氧基丙烯酸酯类药剂对菌丝生长的毒力较强,EC50为0.408~0.939μg/mL,嘧菌酯对芽管伸长和产孢量均表现出很强的抑制活性,10μg/mL时,芽管几乎不再伸长,对产孢的抑制率可达到99%以上;而苯并咪唑类药剂对菌丝生长的毒力较弱,EC50为12.167~30.104μg/mL,多菌灵对孢子萌发的抑制作用弱,100μg/mL时孢子萌发率仍达到90%以上,对产孢的抑制作用也较弱,为63.02%。根据药剂对病菌生长和发育各阶段的影响,生产中应采用适宜的施用方法:戊唑醇和嘧菌酯可作为保护剂在病害发生前期喷施,也可作为治疗剂在病害发生流行期应用,但为防止抗药性菌株的出现,两者应当轮换或复配使用。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.