利用油菜秸秆培养重寄生菌盾壳霉分生孢子

研究了油菜秸秆作为基质培养植物病原菌核盘菌的重寄生菌盾壳霉分生孢子,并从盾壳霉分生孢子萌发及其抑制核盘菌菌核子囊盘萌发等方面评价了所获得的盾壳霉分生孢子的质量。结果表明:盾壳霉野生菌株Chy-1和Zs-1,以及Chy-1的突变菌株SV-5-2(抗杀菌剂vin-clozolin)可以利用油菜秸秆为基质进行培养,有利于3个菌株的菌丝生长、分生孢子器及分生孢子的产生,分生孢子产量可达2·4×109~3·4×109个孢子/g干秸秆。水分含量和发酵时间影响盾壳霉分生孢子产量。在接种量为5×105个孢子/g干秸秆的条件下,以干秸秆中含水量为3~6ml/g,在20℃下发酵12d较为适宜。水琼脂平板试验表明:在20℃下培养48h,盾壳霉分生孢子的萌发率达到90%以上。将油菜秸秆基质培养的盾壳霉分生孢子接种于土壤中,无论是夏季试验,还是秋季试验,对核盘菌菌核萌发及存活具有显著的抑制作用。2003年夏季,4·0×106个孢子/m处理其核盘菌菌核萌发数比对照减少26·3%;秋季该处理比对照减少57·1%~88·0%。     

除草剂精禾草克和乙草胺对油菜菌核病生防菌盾壳霉生长和寄生的影响

本文研究了油菜田间常用除草剂精禾草克和乙草胺对油菜菌核病生防菌盾壳霉Conio-thyrium minitans的影响。结果表明它们对盾壳霉菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均有显著的抑制作用,其中精禾草克对盾壳霉菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制中浓度分别为2.95mg/L和7.80mg/L;乙草胺对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制中浓度分别为137.45mg/L和120.90mg/L。精禾草克可以抑制盾壳霉寄生核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌核,当精禾草克的使用量达田间使用浓度时,盾壳霉不能寄生核盘菌菌核;而乙草胺对盾壳霉寄生菌核的影响较小,在田间使用浓度1250mg/L时,盾壳霉仍可寄生菌核;乙草胺和盾壳霉在田间使用浓度条件下混合使用,60d后菌核腐烂指数与单独使用盾壳霉没有显著差异,均大于75。上述结果表明在田间使用量条件下,乙草胺可以和盾壳霉生防制剂混用,而精禾草克不宜和盾壳霉混用。     

盾壳霉对核盘菌的拮抗作用研究

系统研究了菌核重寄生菌盾壳霉对核盘菌的拮抗作用,结果表明:盾壳霉可在核盘菌菌落上寄生,使核盘菌菌丝消解、原生质泄露,并抑制菌核的形成;而且盾壳霉提前6d接种,其分泌的抗生物质还可抑制核盘菌菌丝生长,并产生明显抑菌带。盾壳霉孢子液喷雾处理也证明:盾壳霉分生孢子即可在核盘菌子囊盘(柄)上萌发、寄生,使子囊盘(柄)萎缩枯死,而且还可以在核盘菌菌落上萌发、寄生,消解破坏菌丝体、抑制的菌核形成。     

盾壳霉对油菜长效专用配方肥料的敏感性评价

油菜菌核病是油菜生产中的重要病害，盾壳霉是核盘菌的重寄生真菌，在菌核病防治方面具有重要的生防潜力。为了明确盾壳霉与油菜长效专用配方肥料混合施用的可行性，本文研究了盾壳霉对油菜长效专用配方肥的敏感性。结果发现，低浓度的油菜长效专用配方肥（1.5和7.5 mg/mL）对盾壳霉菌丝生长、菌落及菌丝尖端形态和分生孢子萌发等无明显影响，高浓度的油菜长效专用配方肥对盾壳霉生长和孢子萌发有一定影响，在饱和浓度（560 mg/mL）条件下的油菜长效专用配方肥，24 h盾壳霉孢子的萌发率为0.83%，然而在96 h时萌发率可达到95%；油菜长效专用配方肥对盾壳霉产孢和寄生致腐菌核的能力无明显影响，寄生菌核30 d后，致腐指数均在50以上。研究结果表明，在田间生产中，盾壳霉可以与油菜长效专用配方肥料混合施用，达到轻简化栽培的目的。     

核盘菌菌核围微生物群落分析及其对盾壳霉重寄生的影响

 重寄生真菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)是核盘菌的一种生防菌,它通过寄生核盘菌菌核,减少初侵染来源,从而达到防病效果。但在田间自然土壤中,核盘菌菌核围微生物对盾壳霉寄生菌核的影响还不清楚。本研究对核盘菌菌核围微生物进行了分离鉴定,并评估了菌核围细菌对盾壳霉重寄生的影响。结果表明,不同取样时间和不同深度的核盘菌菌核围土壤中,均存在可培养微生物富集的“菌核围效应”,即菌核围土壤中可培养细菌数量和真菌数量均高于非菌核围土壤。从菌核围土壤中共分离获得了253株细菌和180株真菌,并对其中的代表菌株进行了分子鉴定,发现假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)是菌核围细菌的优势种群,青霉属(Penicillium)是菌核围真菌的优势种群。通过平板对峙,从菌核围细菌中筛选到25个菌株对核盘菌有拮抗活性,22个菌株对盾壳霉具有拮抗活性。砂皿寄生菌核试验证实,7株菌核围细菌对盾壳霉寄生菌核有显著的抑制作用。核盘菌菌核围细菌对盾壳霉重寄生的抑制作用,可能是导致盾壳霉田间生防效果不稳定的原因之一。     

生防菌盾壳霉ZS-1菌株对油菜菌核病的田间防治效果

油菜菌核病是由核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum引起的重要病害。近年来,随着油菜免耕直播栽培技术的推广,油菜菌核病的发生呈逐年上升趋势。目前,防治油菜菌核病主要依赖化学防治,但过量施药给生态环境和食品安全带来极大压力。盾壳霉Coniothyrium minitans是核盘菌上的一种重要寄生菌,因其对多种作物菌核病具有防治作用,在一些国家和地区已被开发成商品制剂。但在田间利用盾壳霉防治油菜菌核病的研究鲜见报道。Cheng等和姜道宏等研究表明,分离自湖北省竹山县蔬菜种植园土壤的盾壳霉ZS-1菌株可产生大量分生孢子,对核盘菌菌核有极强寄生作用,且对油菜菌核病具有较好的田间防治效果。作者等于2008—2010年在湖北省黄冈市和武穴市的免耕直播田测定了盾壳霉ZS-1菌株对油菜菌核病的防治效果,并进行了大田示范试验。     

影响盾壳霉寄生核盘菌菌核的几个生态因子的分析

 在室内测定了盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)对不同寄主上的核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)菌核的寄生致腐作用,研究了温度、含水量和土壤类型等生态因子对核盘菌菌核的寄生致腐作用的影响,通过检测土壤的呼吸速率探讨了它在土壤中定殖与核盘菌菌核的关系。结果表明:盾壳霉能寄生致腐核盘菌属所有供试菌株的菌核;寄生致腐菌核的最适温度是20℃,最适相对含水量为50%~60%;盾壳霉在供试的8种土壤中均能寄生致腐菌核,对它们的pH值要求不严格,但土壤类型影响其寄生致腐速度;在土壤中添加菌核和菌核提取液都可不同程度地刺激它的生长。     

盾壳霉抗杀菌剂vinclozolin的诱变及突变体的生防潜力

采用适应性培养的方法获得了4个抗杀菌剂vinclozolin的盾壳霉突变体。vinclozolin对野生型盾壳霉菌株Chy-1菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的EC50分别为1．1和140．0μg／ml；而对突变菌株SV．5．1、SV．5．2、SV．10．1和V-250-1菌丝生长的EC50分别为2219．1、2683．9、2222．8和2504．2μg／m1，对分生孢子萌发的EC50分别是710．4、866．0、931．3和609．3μg／ml。在没有杀菌剂存在的情况下，这些突变菌株的转代培养后代和感染核盘菌菌核后产生的分生孢子后代仍具有抗性。用突变菌株与野生菌株接种核盘菌菌核时，突变菌株的大多数接种处理的菌核被寄生率和菌核腐烂指数与野生菌株接种处理没有明显差异。除菌株V-250-1外，其它3个突变菌株在至少1个接种处理的菌核上产生分生孢子的能力显著高于野生菌株或无明显差异。突变菌株与野生菌株在油菜花瓣上对核盘菌子囊孢子侵染油菜叶片具有明显抑制作用。     

重寄生真菌盾壳霉胞外蛋白酶产生条件及酶活影响因子

重寄生真菌盾壳霉Coniothyrium minitans是核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum的重要生防菌。为了探讨盾壳霉胞外蛋白酶在寄生核盘菌过程中的作用,采用明胶平板法对盾壳霉寄生核盘菌菌核产生的蛋白酶活性进行了检测,并进一步采用福林酚法定量测定蛋白酶活性,研究盾壳霉产生胞外蛋白酶的培养条件及影响蛋白酶活性的因子。试验结果表明,在被盾壳霉寄生的核盘菌菌核中检测到蛋白酶活性,表明蛋白酶可能参与盾壳霉重寄生作用。发现核盘菌菌核浸出液培养基适合盾壳霉产生胞外蛋白酶,摇培(20℃、200r/min)5d时蛋白酶活性最高,达到0.22U/mL。盾壳霉胞外蛋白酶酶促反应的最适温度为60℃,最适pH7.0。当温度不高于40℃时,蛋白酶酶活较稳定。5mmol/L的金属离子Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺、Li⁺和K⁺等对蛋白酶酶活没有显著影响(P>0.05),而Fe²⁺(5mmol/L)显著(P<0.05)提高了蛋白酶活性。盾壳霉蛋白酶对苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)敏感,说明盾壳霉产生的胞外蛋白酶可能主要是丝氨酸蛋白酶。这些结果为盾壳霉胞外蛋白酶的分离纯化和功能研究奠定了基础。     

莴苣上发现一种新的核盘菌菌核病

 从湖北省神农架莴苣上分离到一种产菌核病原真菌。这种真菌在培养特性上同核盘菌、三叶草核盘菌和小核盘菌既存在着明显差异,又存在着相似之处。其菌核易萌发成子囊柄,但在一般散射光下柄顶端难以发育成子囊盘。对偶得的1枚子囊盘观察表明这种真菌符合核盘菌属真菌的特征,并且同核盘菌属3个近缘种的菌株不同。可溶性蛋白质和多种酶同功酶电泳分析结果表明这种真菌不同于核盘菌属的3个常见种,但同它们亲缘关系较近。这种新菌核病的初侵染来源是菌核萌发产生的菌丝,通过病健接触构成再侵染,在病组织上形成菌核越冬越夏。离体和活体致病性测定结果表明这种真菌只能侵染莴苣,不能侵染油菜、小白菜、萝卜和胡萝卜。     

核盘菌侵入油菜超微结构及侵染机制的研究

 通过电子显微镜观察核盘菌在油菜叶片上侵染过程,发现该菌首先在叶片上形成复合附着器。每个分枝末端一般生出一个侵染钉。侵染钉侵入叶表面腊质、角质层和表皮细胞壁时.不仅靠附着器产生的压力,而且供助于酶对寄主表面的软化、消解作用。该菌通过角质层和表皮细胞壁侵入油菜叶片,尚未发现通过气孔侵入的现象。侵入叶片后,该菌的继续生长,导致了油菜组织的溃烂。然后菌丝在腐烂的叶片上集结形成菌核。     

草酸法筛选油菜抗菌核病材料的效果及其影响因素

作者研究了影响油菜对毒素草酸抗性的一些因素以及运用毒素草酸法筛选抗力核病材料的效果,结果表明,油菜苗期用草酸浸根后,苗病害严重分别随温度,草酸浓度和草酸处理时间的增加而增大,随湿度,苗龄的增大而减小,在用草酸法鉴定品种的抗性时,草酸浓度１０～１５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ温度１８～２８℃,相对湿度８０％～９０％和自然光照对２～５片真叶期苗适合。用草酸浸根和浸叶法筛选油菜抗病材料的效果明显,用草酸浸叶筛选的８个品     

Effects of temperature on the development of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

The effects of temperature on the development of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on winter oilseed rape were investigated in controlled-environment experiments. The proportion of conidia which germinated on leaves, the growth rate of germ tubes, the severity of light leaf spot and the production of conidia increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 15 C. The time to 50% germination of conidia and the incubation and latent periods of light leaf spot lesions decreased when temperature increased from 5 to 15°C. At 20°C, however, light leaf spot severity and production of conidia were less and the incubation and latent periods were longer than at 15 C. There were differences between P brassicae isolates and oilseed rape cultivars in the severity of light leaf spot, the production of conidia and the length of the incubation period but not in the length of the latent period. The responses to temperature for lesion severity and incubation and latent periods appeared to be approximately linear over the temperature range 5-15°C and could be quantified using linear regression analysis.     

Monitoring of plant and airborne inoculum of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in spring oilseed rape using real‐time PCR

Sclerotinia stem rot of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In Sweden, the disease leads to severe crop damage that varies from year to year. A real‐time PCR assay was developed and used to determine the incidence of S. sclerotiorum DNA on petals and leaves of spring oilseed rape as well as in air samples, with the aim of finding tools to improve precision in disease risk assessment. Five field experiments were conducted from 2008 to 2010 to detect and study pathogen development. Assessments of stem rot showed significant differences between experimental sites. The real‐time PCR assay proved fast and sensitive and the relationship between percentage of infected petals determined using a conventional agar test and the PCR assay was linear (R² > 0·76). There were significant differences in S. sclerotiorum incidence at different stages of flowering. The incidence of S. sclerotiorum DNA on the leaves varied (0–100%), with significantly higher incidence on leaves at lower levels. In one field experiment, S. sclerotiorum DNA was not detected on petals during flowering, whereas the pathogen was detected on leaves, with a corresponding stem rot incidence of 7%. The amount of S. sclerotiorum DNA in sampled air revealed that spore release did not coincide with flowering on that experimental site. Thus, using a real‐time PCR assay to determine the incidence of S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape leaves, rather than on petals, could potentially improve disease risk assessment.     

枯草芽胞杆菌NJ-18对油菜菌核病的防治效果及其定殖动态

 菌株NJ-18是从油菜田土壤中分离筛选到的一株具有抗真菌活性的枯草芽胞杆菌。试验结果表明菌株NJ-18与油菜菌核病菌对峙培养能形成3.4 cm的抑菌圈;能抑制油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长发育;强烈影响菌丝生长量,NJ-18发酵滤液稀释62.5倍时对菌丝生长量抑制率高达96.7 %,稀释1 000倍时抑制率16.7 %。油菜离体叶片试验表明,NJ-18发酵液原液对菌核病的防治效果高达100 %,原液稀释200倍后防效10 %。大田试验结果表明,NJ-18发酵液稀释500倍对油菜菌核病的防治效果高达57.4 %,明显高于用量为150 g a.i./hm²的醚菌酯48.1 %的防治效果。采用浸根法研究NJ-18在油菜上的定殖动态表明,菌株NJ-18能够在油菜体内定殖,并能从油菜的根部向叶子扩散。     

申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌生物学活性的初步研究

申嗪霉素是一种新型微生物源杀菌剂,主要成分为吩嗪-1-羧酸。测定了申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌51个菌株菌丝生长的平均有效抑制中浓度(EC50值)为3.31±0.77 μ g/mL,并且与常规杀菌剂多菌灵、菌核净无交互抗性关系。离体叶片和田间药效试验表明,申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病的防治效果随其处理剂量增加而提高,用有效成分200 μ g/mL药液处理时,抑制离体叶片发病的效果可达到67.08%,田间防效可达83.29％,优于对照药剂异菌脲。     

气候条件对油菜菌核病的影响及防治阈值

油菜菌核病是里相河农下区首要病害,常年发病指数约２０％,损失产量１５％－３０％。对兴化,扬州油菜菌核病连续８年的观测结果表明,油菜开花期的降雨量是导致并加重菌核病的决定因素,而日均气温对菌核病的影响不大。     

Comparative epidemiology of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) ascospores and conidia from Polish and UK populations

Despite differences in climate and in timing of light leaf spot epidemics between Poland and the UK, experiments provided no evidence that there are epidemiological differences between populations of Pyrenopeziza brassicae in the two countries. Ascospores of Polish or UK P. brassicae isolates germinated on water agar at temperatures from 8 to 24°C. After 12 h of incubation, percentages of ascospores that germinated were greatest at 16°C: 85% (Polish isolates) and 86% (UK isolates). The percentage germination reached 100% after 80 h of incubation at all temperatures tested. The rate of increase in germ tube length increased with increasing temperature from 8 to 20°C but decreased from 20 to 24°C, for both Polish and UK isolates. Percentage germination and germ tube lengths of UK P. brassicae ascospores were less affected by temperature than those of conidia. P. brassicae produced conidia on oilseed rape leaves inoculated with ascospores or conidia of Polish or UK isolates at 16°C with leaf wetness durations from 6 to 72 h, with most sporulation after 48 or 72 h wetness. Detection of both mating types of P. brassicae and production of mature apothecia on leaves inoculated with mixed Polish populations suggest that sexual reproduction does occur in Poland, as in the UK.     

Induced tolerance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to isothiocyanates and toxic volatiles from Brassica species

The response of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , the causal agent of stem rot of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ), to toxic volatiles produced by the glucosinolate-myrosinase system was studied. Mycelium plugs were exposed to inoculated leaf discs of oilseed rape cultivars and two related species, black mustard ( Brassica nigra ) and white mustard ( Sinapis alba ). Growth of exposed colonies was inhibited by more than 87% compared with controls. Despite inhibition of exposed fungal colonies, the fungus continued to grow in infected tissue. Repeated exposure of the fungus to hydrated mustard powder (which contains both glucosinolates and myrosinase) or synthetic isothiocyanates (ITCs) resulted in growth inhibition decreasing from initial levels of up to 80% to insignificant levels after 2–3 days, suggesting that S. sclerotiorum has the ability to adapt to volatiles during the infection progress. This adaptation was studied by investigating induction of glutathione S-transferase-like genes identified from the S. sclerotiorum genome. Three genes, with locus numbers SS1G_07195.1, SS1G_01918.1 and SS1G_10295.1, appeared to be up-regulated following exposure of S. sclerotiorum to mustard powder or allyl ITC. A fourth gene, SS1G_07319.1, appeared to be down-regulated. In addition, glutathione S-transferase catalytic activity in crude mycelium extracts was doubled following 48 h of exposure to mustard powder volatiles. This adaptation could allow S. sclerotiorum to parasitize tissues of Brassica species despite the production of toxic metabolites.