值得关注的澳门园林植物害螨——木槿瘿螨

木槿瘿螨是一种严重危害园林植物的害螨,对澳门的行道树的生长造成严重的影响。国内尚无该螨的危害报道,经调查,在珠海的园林植物上也未发现该螨。因此,应该对两地苗木特别是园林植物的调运和分销加强监管,以防止该螨扩散到大陆。     

青岛口岸植物检疫及截获疫情概况

近年来,随着国际贸易的不断发展,青岛口岸从国外进口的大豆、大麦、木材、水果、苗木等植物产品日益增多,对山东的农林等多种产业的发展起到了重要的促进作用,但与此同时也增加了国外危险性有害生物传入的风险,给检验检疫工作提出了挑战。     

大棚金瓜萎蔫症的田间诊断及防治

由病原物致病使植株萎蔫的病害有枯萎病、立枯病、疫病、白绢病、根腐病、根结线虫病、病毒病、青枯病,它们共同的特征是植株的根和茎基部受害,这也是田间诊断的依据;生理性萎蔫主要是大气环境或土壤性质等因素引起。应采取“预防为主,综合治理”的植保方针和使用无公害化农药相结合的应急防治措施。     

稻叶瘟发病率与病情指数关系的研究

通过对水稻自然发病情况连续多年的调查,获得了109组稻叶瘟发病率和病情指数间对应关系(1-S)的数据,通过对这些数据的分析,结果表明:稻叶瘟的1-S关系可用幂函数曲线y=axb(b＞1)来描述,并用没有参加建模的数据对利用发病率估测病情指数的可行性进行验证,预测的平均准确率为84.43%.     

紫外辐射对植物病害影响的研究进展

紫外(UV)辐射作用于"病菌一植物"病害系统影响植物病害的发生发展,主要包括两个方面一是UV辐射对植物病原菌孢子的萌发、芽管伸长、菌丝生长等光生物学效应,不同种属的菌种对UV辐射存在不同的响应机制;二是寄主植物从形态、生理生化等方面对UV作出响应,导致植物的抗病性发生变化.研究证实,中、短波UV辐射可抑制病菌孢子萌发,减少病害的发病率;长波UV辐射对病菌孢子的萌发有诱导作用,可提高病害发病率.根据UV辐射水平、病菌侵染程度及植物抗性品种等因素的影响,UV辐射对不同植物病害系统也存在不同的作用机制.该文作者就近年来国内外有关辐射对植物病害影响的研究进展进行综述.     

农药的安全应用与农业可持续发展

分析了化学农药在贵州省应用的现状、存在的问题以及加入WTO后所面临的机遇和挑战,根据未来农药发展的趋势,结合贵州省实际,提出了安全合理使用化学农药的方法和策略,促进农业可持续发展。     

玉米田化学除草剂的发展及其在我国的应用

最近20余年,除草剂品种的不断发展带动了玉米田化学除草技术的不断完善,但传统除草剂品种仍是玉米田除草剂使用的主体.在以原嘌呤原氧化酶(Protox)和对羟苯基丙酮酸二氧化酶(HPPD)为靶标逐渐成为新除草剂开发热点的同时,转基因耐除草剂玉米的发展将促进灭生性除草剂的使用.目前,我国玉米田除草剂品种仅有莠去津、甲草嗪、甲草胺、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺、异丙草胺、噻吩磺隆、烟嘧磺隆、氟乐灵、2,4-D等10余种,其中长残效除草剂莠去津用量过大,存在着巨大的隐患.我国玉米田除草剂急需发展短残效品种和茎叶处理剂,提高玉米田除草的灵活性和选择性,在适当引进新除草剂品种的基础上,着重开发用于玉米田的除草剂混合制剂及提高使用技术,研制和应用与之相适应的环境友好型的除草剂增效剂和安全剂,改进除草剂剂型.     

葡萄座腔菌对引进大规格色叶观赏乔木的为害及其治理

葡萄座腔菌溃疡病是世界林木的重要病害.对北美枫香、莲香树、北美红栎等3种引进的大规格色叶观赏乔木为害严重.甚至死亡.在调查了感病乔木溃疡病在上海的发生严重情况的基础上,描述了其发病的主要症状,分析了为害严重的原因,并进行了初步治理.     

卫士牌等6种手动喷雾器田间试验效果比较

施药器械是防治农作物病虫害的重要机具,其质量的好坏、性能的优劣和使用喷施技术直接关系到病虫防治效果以及农药的有效利用率,而且对施药人员、农产品质量和环境的安全也至关重要。都匀市是一个西部欠发达县级市,农民经济收入较低,农民对农业生产投入不足,施药器械的更新换代滞后。据调查,目前都匀市农村中农户拥有的施药器械,大多仍然是背负式手动喷雾器,有近70%的仍属旧式的工农-16型手动喷雾器,由于性能落后、质量较差,且使用年限大都超过3—5年,在施药中,“跑、冒、滴、漏”问题严重。     

烟草甲致病真菌的初步筛选

烟草甲（Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius）是世界性贮烟害虫,并为害多种农作物。据调查,烟草甲每年对我国贮存烟草造成的损失达1．64％。以往对烟草害虫的防治主要有控制温度、机械杀虫的物理法,使用农药喷雾、熏蒸杀虫的化学法,仓库管理害虫的监测法,以及微生物杀虫法。近年来,随着人们生态环境保护意识的不断提高,生物防治知识和经验的积累,在大量化学药品被禁用的情况下,迫切希望应用害虫的天敌以控制烟草甲。苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）对多种害虫具有高毒力,但目前还未筛选出对烟草甲具有高毒力的菌株。虫生真菌主要是通过孢子萌发入侵昆虫表皮和天然孔口,并在其体内大量繁殖最后使昆虫死亡。据统计,全世界登记的真菌生物农药的58个产品中24个来源于虫生真菌的7个种。曾经有关于球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）对小猿叶甲（Phaedon brassicae）的致病力和金龟子绿僵菌（Metarhizium anisopliae）防治椰心叶甲（Brontispa longissima）的报道。但虫生真菌在防治烟草甲中的应用尚未见报道。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.