高寒矮嵩草草甸植物生长季土壤水分动态变化规律

利用2001年和2003年土壤水分观测资料分析了中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站(海北站)矮嵩草草甸土壤水分的日变化、植物生长季期土壤水分的季节变化及垂直变化规律。结果表明:高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤水分的日变化在各季节表现出早晚高,中午低的U型分布变化;在植物生长季土壤水分的季节变化与植物生长、土壤消融与冻结、气候条件等有很大的联系,少降水年与多降水年变化基本一致;土壤水分随土层深度增厚而降低;根据植物根系对土壤水分利用情况将土层分为根系利用层和根系微利用层。     

沙区旱作农田作物垄沟种植下土壤水分动态观测——太仆寺旗油菜种植试验结果

在沙区旱作农田设计了4种种植油菜的垄沟种植试验,观测了其与传统平作下的土壤重量含水率。野外对比观测表明:在油菜生长季内,垄沟种植下土壤的水分含量高于传统平作,尤其在地表0~30cm的耕作层;土壤水分在生长季内呈“双峰双谷”型波动特征,可分为“墒情恢复期———缓慢耗墒期———墒情恢复期———迅速耗墒期———墒情恢复期”五个阶段,迅速耗墒期与油菜的旺盛生长期一致,而该时段垄沟种植下土壤重量含水率较高;在同一深度土层,垄沟种植下土壤水分的变异系数小于传统平作,土壤水分季节速变层和活跃层厚度小,稳定层靠近地表,土壤干湿波动较小。该试验研究可以为调整沙区旱地耕作方式,优化土地利用结构及风蚀防治提供参考。     

荒漠草原不同地形条件下土壤水分和地上生物量的时空分异

运用方差分析、多重比较、Pearson相关系数及克里格插值方法,在时间和空间尺度上分析了荒漠草原地形因素对土壤水分及草地生物量异质性的影响以及土壤水分和生物量的关系。结果表明：荒漠草原地区土壤水分垂直分布规律明显,土壤水分的变异系数在0～20 cm最小、60～80 cm最大;地上生物量在整个生长季的空间异质性较大。3种地形条件下土壤水分含量及时空分布格局各不相同,说明地形是土壤水分异质性的关键影响因子;地形对植物的生长动态规律影响很大,却对地上生物量的空间分异影响较小。不同生育期,土壤水分与地上生物量的关系不同,生长初期地上生物量与60～100 cm土壤水分显著负相关,说明生长初期的土壤水分是植物生长的关键影响因子,并且植物生长耗水主要来自60～100 cm土层;生长旺期和末期的生物量与土壤含水量相关性较弱,这可能与干旱区植物耐旱器官的建成有关。
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北京山区典型人工林土壤水分动态研究

采用TRIME管状土壤含水率测试仪定位测定,对鹫峰国家森林公园典型林地土壤水分的垂直变化、季节性变化以及土壤水分消退规律进行研究。结果表明:1)各林地土壤水分垂直变化总体趋势基本上一致,先增加再近稳定后缓慢减少,各林地土壤含水率大小顺序为:栓皮栎>刺槐>油松>侧柏,土壤水分大致分为:表层速变层、水分利用层、水分稳定调节层。2)4块林地土壤含水率变异系数平均值随着深度的增加而降低,10cm处的变异系数最大,这可能与降水的入渗与树木的吸收两种作用有关。3)各林地土壤水分季节性变化明显,大体上在7月～9月份较高,6月份含水率较低。整个生长季土壤平均含水率差异不是很大。4)在8月3日较大规模降水后,4种林分的土壤水分消退都体现出了蒸渗型的特征。     

大青山区阳坡油松人工林土壤水分特征研究

对大青山区阳坡30a油松人工林生长季土壤水分特征进行研究,根据2006年的观测数据分析,得出以下结果:1)油松人工林0~20cm层土壤水分季节动态与降雨量变化相似,7月份土壤含水量最高,后逐渐减小趋于平缓,20~60cm层随季节变化波动很小,基本呈现水平趋势;2)土壤水分在垂直分布上可分为土壤水分速变层、活跃层、相对稳定层;3)0~60cm土层范围内,土壤含水量随密度增加,呈下降趋势,但表层变化规律不显著。     

四川中部丘陵地区不同种植模式下旱地土壤水分变化规律

利用定位观测数据，对四川中部丘陵地区不同种植模式下旱地土壤水分变化规律进行了初步研究。结果表明，各种植模式土壤水分的季节变化具有明显差别，依据其变化特征可划分为3种类型；垂直梯度变化基本表现为增长型，标准差和变异系数可用于对其变化特征的描述和层次划分，据此划分出了速变层（0cm～20cm）和弱变层（20cm～50cm）2个差异明显的土壤水分垂直变化层。最后依据土壤水分的高效利用，对该区旱地种植模式的优化进行了探讨。     

西峰麦田土壤水分动态分布特征

利用西峰1989~2004年3~11月的土壤水分资料,分析0~200 cm土壤贮水量的旬月变化、垂直分布特征和年际变化规律,以及逐月土壤含水量与冬小麦产量间的相关关系。结果表明:西峰土壤贮水量年季变化振荡明显,呈多波动变化,与降水量相关关系显著;一年中含水量最高的时段是11月和3月,最低的是6月和7月;0~30 cm为多变层,30~110为缓变层,110~200 cm为稳定层;土壤水分含量对冬小麦千粒重影响有两个显著阶段,分别是3~5月与9月,均达到α=0.01的信度水平。     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的灌区农田土壤水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失特征研究

为定量分析农田土壤水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失特征，基于3年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作水氮试验，采用Hydrus-1D模型对泾惠渠灌区农田土壤水氮运移转化过程进行动态模拟。结果表明：Hydrus-1D模型可以准确模拟不同深度土壤水分和硝态氮的运移过程，根系层下(200 cm)土壤水分渗漏量主要受灌水量影响，冬小麦全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏量大于夏玉米全生育期，两者渗漏量分别为15.34～25.38 cm和6.98～9.82 cm。夏玉米和冬小麦全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏强度分别为0.06～0.08 cm·d^-1和0.06～0.10 cm·d^-1,冬小麦越冬期灌溉处理的全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏量受越冬期灌水量影响明显。夏玉米和冬小麦生育期内根系层下硝态氮淋失通量范围分别为0.003～0.016 mg·cm^-3·d^-1和0.001～0.032 mg·cm^-3·d^-1。硝态氮淋失与灌水量、降雨量及土壤剖面硝态氮含量呈正相关关系，并且对降雨和灌溉的响应具有滞后性，约在灌水...     

半湿润地区植被影响下的沙地水分动态

半湿润地区沙地在植被作用下土壤水分动态随季节变化，可以划分为春，夏，秋，冬四个阶段。随土层深度而增加可划分出几个明显层次：浅耕层，根系作用下水分极活跃变化层，地下水持续影响层。由于不同植物生长季不同，植物发育状况不同，生长所处位置不同而呈现出特写的土壤水分变化形势。降水，土壤性质，地下水强烈地影响着本沙地土壤水分的动态变化。植物根系对土不分动态变化影响明显，植被覆盖下的半湿润沙地表层干沙层发育最大     

短期增温下青藏高原多年冻土区植物生长季土壤水分的动态变化

以青藏高原腹地典型高寒草甸植被类型为研究对象，采用红外灯加热的方法模拟全球增温，并利用水分探头，于2012年植物生长季（5—9月）获取0~100 cm不同土层深度土壤水分含量数据，并分析其对增温的响应。结果表明：① 短期增温对高寒草甸土壤水分含量有提高作用，但增幅并不显著（P>0.05），平均提高2.85%。② 土壤水分含量随土层深度的增加呈现先减少后增加的趋势，在10~20 cm土层深度处降为最低值13.8%，在60~100 cm土层深度附近达到了20.57%的最高值；对照组5个月10~20 cm土层深度的土壤水分含量显著低于其他土层，而增温组0~20 cm土层深度的土壤含水量显著低于其他土层深度，表明增温对表层（0~10 cm）的土壤含水量影响较大，对深层土壤含水量的影响则较小，而且短期增温不会对土壤水分的垂直分布趋势产生影响。③ 土壤水分含量随时间的变化，在5—8月呈上升趋势，表明在青藏高原北麓河地区植物生长季，8月是其土壤水分含量最充足的月份，到了9月土壤中含水量开始降低，但5个土层深度降幅均不明显；增温组土壤水分含量随时间的变化趋势与对照组基本一致。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.