三江源区土地利用方式对土壤氮素特征的影响

以三江源区曲麻莱县高寒草甸草原、退化高寒草甸草原、退化高寒草原和人工草地4种土地利用方式为研究对象,研究了不同土地利用方式的土壤全氮、有效氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、无机氮总量及比例,结果表明:4种利用方式土壤的氮素含量均处于较低水平,在0~10 cm土层,土壤全氮与有效氮含量表现出相似的规律性,人工草地最高,退化高寒草甸草原最低。与高寒草甸草原相比,退化高寒草甸草原0~10 cm土层全氮和有效氮含量分别降低了52.4%和76.2%,而10~40 cm土层的全氮和有效氮含量却明显增加。对土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量的研究结果进一步表明,研究区域土壤中无机氮以硝态氮为主,退化导致0~10 cm土层的铵态氮和硝态氮含量降低,退化和人工种植均导致0~10 cm土层硝态氮含量明显降低,而10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的硝态氮含量明显升高,且这两个土层之间差异不显著,40~60 cm土层又明显降低。因此,退化和人工种植均导致土壤硝态氮沿土壤剖面淋溶下移,并且淋溶主要发生在0~40 cm深度的土壤中。土壤无机氮总量与硝态氮表现出相似的规律性,对土壤无机氮总量和比例的研究也表明退化加剧了土壤氮素的矿化过程。     

小针茅荒漠草原生长季表层土壤有机碳月动态及影响因素

以内蒙古苏尼特右旗小针茅荒漠草原两种主要草地类型为研究对象,选择典型样地,通过实地调查测定其5~9月生长季地上、地下生物量、土壤有机碳及土壤含水量,分析了小针茅荒漠草原生长季土壤有机碳的月动态,探讨了地下生物量、气温、降水及土壤含水量对土壤有机碳的影响。研究结果表明:1)小针茅荒漠草原两种草地型生长季土壤有机碳月变化趋势不同。小针茅+无芒隐子草草地生长季土壤有机碳月变化表现为从5月份开始逐渐降低,到9月份又略有增加,狭叶锦鸡儿-小针茅+无芒隐子草草地土壤有机碳月变化表现为5~7月增加,8月份降低,9月份又增加的趋势。2)小针茅荒漠草原5~9月生长季各月土壤有机碳含量差异不显著,0-10cm土层深度土壤有机碳含量低于10-20cm和20-30cm土层深度土壤有机碳含量。3)小针茅荒漠草原5~9月土壤有机碳含量与月降水量之间呈正相关关系,但不显著。而6~9月土壤有机碳含量与月降水量之间呈显著正相关关系。4)小针茅荒漠草原土壤有机碳受表层地下生物量影响较大,土壤有机碳含量与0~10cm土层地下生物量呈显著正相关。5)小针茅荒漠草原生长季土壤有机碳含量与月均温之间没有显著相关性,与0~10cm土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。     

大青山区阳坡油松人工林土壤水分特征研究

对大青山区阳坡30a油松人工林生长季土壤水分特征进行研究,根据2006年的观测数据分析,得出以下结果:1)油松人工林0~20cm层土壤水分季节动态与降雨量变化相似,7月份土壤含水量最高,后逐渐减小趋于平缓,20~60cm层随季节变化波动很小,基本呈现水平趋势;2)土壤水分在垂直分布上可分为土壤水分速变层、活跃层、相对稳定层;3)0~60cm土层范围内,土壤含水量随密度增加,呈下降趋势,但表层变化规律不显著。     

杨凌区浅层土壤水分与深层土壤水分的关系研究

通过测定陕西杨凌区不同灌水条件下冬小麦的土壤水分变化,研究了浅层土壤水分与深层土壤水分的关系。结果表明:土壤含水量随土层深度的加深,呈先上升,后下降,又上升的变化趋势。在自然降水或灌溉条件下,土壤水分的变化程度随土层深度的增加,呈剧烈—缓和—剧烈—缓和的趋势。表层20、30、40、50 cm各土层含水量分别与0~150 cm各土层含水量的相关性较好,并且土层相邻越近,其相关性越好,说明由表层土壤含水量来推算深层土壤含水量是可行的。基于Biswas土壤水分估算模式,由表层30~40 cm的含水量来推算0~100 cm各土层含水量的精度较高,由表层20 cm的含水量来推算100~150 cm各土层含水量的精度较高。总灌水量及灌水次数对含水量的影响,直接影响到估算模式参数的取值及估算精度。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸植物生长季土壤水分动态变化规律

利用2001年和2003年土壤水分观测资料分析了中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站(海北站)矮嵩草草甸土壤水分的日变化、植物生长季期土壤水分的季节变化及垂直变化规律。结果表明:高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤水分的日变化在各季节表现出早晚高,中午低的U型分布变化;在植物生长季土壤水分的季节变化与植物生长、土壤消融与冻结、气候条件等有很大的联系,少降水年与多降水年变化基本一致;土壤水分随土层深度增厚而降低;根据植物根系对土壤水分利用情况将土层分为根系利用层和根系微利用层。     

六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松林土壤水分对降雨的响应

研究土壤水分对不同量级降雨的响应,探讨森林生态系统的土壤水分形成与消耗规律,可为我国干旱半干旱地区基于土壤水分承载力的森林植被建设和水土资源管理提供依据。在宁夏六盘山北侧半干旱区,利用气象站及土壤水势仪监测并分析了2010年生长季(5-10月)58次降水事件及华北落叶松林地根系分布层(0-60cm)各层土壤水分的响应过程。结果表明:华北落叶松林土壤水分变化与降水关系密切,土壤含水量峰型与降雨分布格局较为一致,月均土壤含水量(%)与月降水量(mm)呈极显著正相关(R=0.573,P<0.01)。不同深度处的土壤水分对降水量级的响应有差异,在小雨条件下,0-10cm土层的累计降水量响应阈值为7mm;在中雨条件下,0-10、10-20cm土层的累计降水量响应阈值为10和25mm;在大雨条件下,0-10、10-20、20-40cm土层的累计降水量响应阈值依次为8、22和36mm;在暴雨条件下,0-10、10-20、20-40、40-60cm土层的累计降水量响应阈值依次为12、29、37和63mm;随土层向深处,响应变幅呈减少趋势,对降水的响应滞后时间逐渐增加;在小雨和中雨条件下,侧向流不明显,但在大雨条件下侧向流趋势明显,最大为7.88mm。综上可知,土壤含水量的变化幅度随土层深度增加,各层次呈减小趋势,土壤含水量与降雨的同步性呈下降趋势且各层响应存在时间的滞后性。     

水分胁迫对典型草原植物群体光合作用的影响

基于锡林浩特国家气候观象台2016—2017年的群体光合作用及同期土壤水分观测数据,分析了不同水分胁迫状态下典型草原植物群落光合作用的受限程度。结果表明:牧草生长初期及末期,群体光合速率处于较低水平,水分胁迫未对群体光合作用产生明显影响,7月牧草进入旺盛生长期,群体光合速率显著升高,并在8月上旬达到最高值(≥10.89μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),水分限制对群体光合作用的影响显著;在牧草生长的初期和中期,群体光合速率、呼吸速率与10～20 cm土层土壤水分含量相关性最显著,表明植物根系和土壤微生物在该层分布最为集中;0～30 cm各土层平均土壤水分含量与群体光合速率之间存在良好的线性回归关系,方程拟合效果为极显著,表明30 cm以上土层土壤水分含量影响典型草原植物群体光合作用;MK突变检验分析表明,当典型草原0～10 cm土层土壤体积含水量低于9%时(对应重量含水量为6.82%,相对含水量为27.60%)、0～30 cm土层平均土壤体积含水量低于12%时(对应重量含水量为9.57%,相对含水量为39.24%),群体光合速率会受到非常明显的抑制。综合分析,在典型草原干旱预报预警中,可将0～10 cm土层土壤体积含水量低于9%、0～30 cm土层平均土壤体积含水量低于12%视为典型草原发生中度干旱时对应的土壤水分临界值。     

模拟增温对土壤电导率的影响

为研究模拟增温对土壤电导率的影响,为气候变化背景下高寒草地土壤盐渍化趋势动态研究提供理论基础。本研究选择位于青藏高原腹地的三江源草地生态系统监测定位站开展试验,自2015年9月至2017年9月对OTC增温室内外0～15 cm和15～30 cm土壤温度、含水量以及电导率进行同步测定并分析其变化特征。结果表明:①OTC的模拟增温效果明显,与未采用OTC的对照相比,0～15 cm和15～30 cm土壤温度分别增加2. 41℃和1. 27℃;增温导致0～15 cm和15～30 cm的土壤含水量分别增加27. 65%和32. 17%; 0～15 cm土壤电导率,增温处理和对照的观测值分别为45. 67μS·m~(-1)和45. 75μS·m~(-1),而15～30 cm土壤电导率增温比对照高158. 09%。②相关性分析表明,在土壤冻结期,土壤温度对土壤电导率的贡献大于土壤湿度,与对照相比,模拟增温条件下土壤含水量与电导率的相关性增加;在土壤消融期,与对照相比,模拟增温条件下0～15 cm和15～30 cm土层土壤温度与电导率的相关性增加,土壤含水量与电导率的相关性随土层深度而不同,0～15 cm土层土壤含水量与电导率的相关性增加,15～30 cm土层土壤含水量与电导率的相关性变化不大。土壤温度对土壤电导率的贡献率高于土壤含水量。     

延安新区生态林建设对土壤理化性质的影响

树木定植可以影响土壤理化性质。为明确延安新区不同树种人工生态林对土壤理化性质的影响状况,为合理造林提供依据,以延安新区荒地土壤为对照,研究了人工生态林(松树、柏树)对土壤理化性质,包括含水量、p H值、有机质、铵态氮和硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:人工林增加了土壤含水量,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤含水量变化总体呈现出增加的趋势。土壤的p H值总体上是呈弱碱性,松树定植土壤p H值呈现降低趋势,柏树和荒地土壤p H值在不同土层中变化较大。土壤有机质的含量随深度增加呈递减的趋势,不同土层中呈现荒地柏树松树。荒地土壤铵态氮在不同土层中变化不大,柏树土壤中0~15 cm随深度的增加而增加,15~20 cm略有下降;松树土壤在0~10 cm土层基本相同,10~15 cm有所下降,15~20 cm略微上升。硝态氮在不同类型利用方式下变化不一,造成这种差异可能与树种有关。     

直插式根灌的土壤水分时空分布与节水效率

在塔里木河下游枣树生态经济林进行根灌试验,研究了直插式根灌条件下的土壤水分时空分布和节水效率。结果表明:(1)灌水过程中直插式根灌的土壤水分分布在0~100 cm土壤层,随灌溉时间增加,土壤含水量,0~20 cm土层呈波动变化,80~100 cm土层基本稳定,其余各土层呈S型增加;(2)不同时期1 m深土层平均土壤体积含水量最大值及达到最大值的时间,枣树生长初期为44.62%、7.5 h,花期为43.26%、12.5 h,幼果期为46.3%、15 h;(3)根灌过程中,各土层土壤含水量变异系数大小次序为80 cm20 cm40 cm60 cm100 cm;灌后土壤平均含水量,80、100 cm土层与其余各层之间差异显著,20、40、60 cm土层之间差异不显著,80 cm土层土壤含水量空间异质性最高;(4)三次试验后20 d内,0~100 cm土层的平均土壤体积含水量消退速率分别为0.21%·d~(-1)、0.19%·d~(-1)和0.17%·d~(-1),土壤体积含水量60 cm和100 cm土层消退速率稳定,40 cm土层呈先消退后增加的趋势,20 cm土层0~10 d迅速消退,80 cm土层11~20 d迅速消退;(5)直插式根灌的节水效率比地表滴灌高27.78%,水分利用效率分别比地表滴灌和漫灌高8.12%、52.46%。     

Warming effects on plant biomass allocation and correlations with the soil environment in an alpine meadow,China

Alpine meadow ecosystem is fragile and highly sensitive to climate change.An understanding of the allocation of above-and below-ground plant biomass and correlations with environmental factors in alpine meadow ecosystem can result in better protection and effective utilization of alpine meadow vegetation.We chose an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China as the study area and designed experimental warming plots using a randomized block experimental design.We used single-tube infrared radiators as warming devices,established the warming treatments,and measured plant above- (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) during the growing seasons (May to September) in 2012 and 2013.We determined the allocation of biomass and the relationship between biomass and soil environment under the warming treatment.Biomass indices including above-ground biomass,below-ground biomass and the ratio of root to shoot (R/S) ,and soil factors including soil moisture and soil temperature at different depths were measured.The results showed that (1) BGB of the alpine meadow had the most significant allometric correlation with its AGB (y=298.7x~ (0.44) ,P0.001) ,but the relationship decreased under warming treatment and the determination coefficient of the functional equation was 0.102 which was less than that of 0.188 of the unwarming treatment (control) ; (2) BGB increased,especially in the deeper soil layers under warming treatment (P0.05) .At 0–10 cm soil depth,the percentages of BGB under warming treatment were smaller than those of the control treatment with the decreases being 8.52% and 8.23% in 2012 and 2013,respectively.However,the BGB increased 2.13% and 2.06% in 2012 and 2013,respectively,at 10–50 cm soil depths; (3) BGB had significant positive correlations with soil moisture at 100 cm depth and with soil temperature at 20–100 cm depths (P0.05) ,but the mean correlation coefficient of soil temperature was 0.354,greater than the 0.245 of soil moisture.R/S ratio had a significant negative correlation with soil temperature at 20 cm depth (P0.05) .The warmer soil temperatures in shallow layers increased the biomass allocation to above-ground plant parts,which leading to the increase in AGB;whereas the enhanced thawing of frozen soil in deep layers causing by warming treatment produced more moisture that affected plant biomass allocation.     

Effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties of an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010–2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in October 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments: control(CK), warming(W), clipping(C) and warming+clipping combination(WC). The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0–30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0–60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0–30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40–100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30–50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the downward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen. However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.     

Effects of long-term warming on the aboveground biomass and species diversity in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China

Ecosystems in high-altitude regions are more sensitive and respond more rapidly than other ecosystems to global climate warming.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)of China is an ecologically fragile zone that is sensitive to global climate warming.It is of great importance to study the changes in aboveground biomass and species diversity of alpine meadows on the QTP under predicted future climate warming.In this study,we selected an alpine meadow on the QTP as the study object and used infrared radiators as the warming device for a simulation experiment over eight years(2011-2018).We then analyzed the dynamic changes in aboveground biomass and species diversity of the alpine meadow at different time scales,including an early stage of warming(2011-2013)and a late stage of warming(2016-2018),in order to explore the response of alpine meadows to short-term(three years)and long-term warming(eight years).The results showed that the short-term warming increased air temperature by 0.31℃and decreased relative humidity by 2.54%,resulting in the air being warmer and drier.The long-term warming increased air temperature and relative humidity by 0.19℃and 1.47%,respectively,and the air tended to be warmer and wetter.The short-term warming increased soil temperature by 2.44℃and decreased soil moisture by 12.47%,whereas the long-term warming increased soil temperature by 1.76℃and decreased soil moisture by 9.90%.This caused the shallow soil layer to become warmer and drier under both short-term and long-term warming.Furthermore,the degree of soil drought was alleviated with increased warming duration.Under the long-term warming,the importance value and aboveground biomass of plants in different families changed.The importance values of grasses and sedges decreased by 47.56%and 3.67%,respectively,while the importance value of weeds increased by 1.37%.Aboveground biomass of grasses decreased by 36.55%,while those of sedges and weeds increased by 8.09%and 15.24%,respectively.The increase in temperature had a non-significant effect on species diversity.The species diversity indices increased at the early stage of warming and decreased at the late stage of warming,but none of them reached significant levels(P>0.05).Species diversity had no significant correlation with soil temperature and soil moisture under both short-term and long-term warming.Soil temperature and aboveground biomass were positively correlated in the control plots(P=0.014),but negatively correlated under the long-term warming(P=0.013).Therefore,eight years of warming aggravated drought in the shallow soil layer,which is beneficial for the growth of weeds but not for the growth of grasses.Warming changed the structure of alpine meadow communities and had a certain impact on the community species diversity.Our studies have great significance for the protection and effective utilization of alpine vegetation,as well as for the prevention of grassland degradation or desertification in high-altitude regions.     

Degradation leads to dramatic decrease in topsoil but not subsoil root biomass in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau,China

Understanding the effects of degradation on belowground biomass (BGB) is essential for assessment of carbon budget of the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau, China. This ecosystem has been undergoing serious degradation owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. This study examined the response of the vertical distribution of plant BGB to degradation and explored the underlying mechanisms in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. A field survey was conducted in an alpine meadow with seven sequential degrees of degradation in the Zoige Plateau on the Tibetan Plateau during the peak growing season of 2018. We measured aboveground biomass (AGB), BGB, soil water content (SWC), soil bulk density (SBD), soil compaction (SCOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phosphorus (STP), soil available nitrogen (SAN), and soil available phosphorus (STP) in the 0-30 cm soil layers. Our results show that degradation dramatically decreased the BGB in the 0-10 cm soil layer (BGB_0-10) but slightly increased the subsoil BGB. The main reason may be that the physical-chemical properties of surface soil were more sensitive to degradation than those of subsoil, as indicated by the remarked positive associations of the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 with SWC, SCOM, SOC, STN, SAN, and STP, as well as the negative correlation between the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 and SBD in the soil layer of 0-10 cm. In addition, an increase in the proportion of forbs with increasing degradation degree directly affected the BGB vertical distribution. The findings suggest that the decrease in the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 in response to degradation might be an adaptive strategy for the degradation-induced drought and infertile soil conditions. This study can provide theoretical support for assessing the effects of degradation on the carbon budget and sustainable development in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau as well as other similar ecosystems in the world.     

黄河源玛多县退化草地土壤温湿度变化特征

土壤水热状况变化是退化草地土壤的主要特征,对退化草地生态系统具有重要的影响。研究青藏高原退化草地的土壤温湿度变化规律,可以对高原草地在各季节、各时段的土壤温度和湿度变化进行动态预测,同时,对于退化草地的恢复和改善环境具有指导意义。选择青藏高原玛多地区典型退化草地,利用一年的观测数据,计算土壤温度、土壤湿度及土壤热通量的季节变化和年变化特征,分析土壤温度和湿度及热通量之间的相互关系。结果表明：在季节变化上,土壤温度和湿度在夏季均为最大值,土壤温度在各季节的变化趋势较一致,土壤热通量变化幅度比温度和湿度大,日振幅达到102 W•m^-2;在年变化上,土壤湿度在6月出现最大值,12月出现最小值,极值年较差为12.6％。春季和夏季的土壤热通量均大于0 W•m^-2,冬季均小于0 W•m^-2。青藏高原退化草地土壤温湿度及热通量存在明显的季节变化和年变化特征,就土壤湿度而言,夏季是高原的湿润期,春季和秋季为干旱期。青藏高原地区土壤从11月开始冻结,次年4月开始解冻。土壤热通量在春季和夏季均为正值,说明这一时段热量由大气向土壤传递;冬季则相反,热量由土壤向大气传递。整体而言,土壤温度和湿度及土壤热通量之间的关系呈显著正相关。     

科尔沁沙地坨甸交错区土壤水分的空间变异规律

科尔沁沙地沙丘-草甸相间地区,地貌形态多样、土地利用类型众多,从而导致土壤水分空间分布的复杂性。通过对科尔沁沙地典型沙丘-草甸相间地区的调查取样与试验分析,运用统计学理论和方法,研究土壤水分的空间变异性及其空间分布规律。结果表明：水平方向上,土壤水分总体表现为草甸地大于沙丘地,过渡带介于两者之间。就草甸地而言,植物生长越好,其土壤水分越高,保水持水性能也越好;沙丘地则与之相反,植被最稀疏的流动沙丘,其土壤含水量大于半流动半固定沙丘与固定沙丘,且有良好的储水条件。垂向上,高覆盖草甸、低覆盖草甸和农田（草甸）土壤含水量在地表下0～40 cm波动最大,40～160 cm随深度增加而递增;流动沙丘、半流动沙丘和固定沙丘土壤含水量随深度增加呈微弱加大趋势。林地、撂荒地、农田（沙丘）变化程度居中。从空间分布看,研究区中东部土壤水分偏大,且向南北两侧区域递减。     

巴音布鲁克主要草地类型表层土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素的研究

以新疆天山中段巴音布鲁克主要草地类型为研究对象,分析了不同草地类型土壤有机碳(SOC)的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系。结果表明:分布在盆地海拔最低处的高山沼泽化草甸的土壤有机碳含量最高,而分布在盆地中间海拔的高山草原最低,分布在较高海拔的高寒草甸和高山草原化草甸处于高山沼泽化草甸和高山草原之间。0-30cm土壤有机碳含量与空气相对湿度、草地生产力、植被盖度、土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤pH呈显著负相关(P<0.05),土壤有机碳与温度存在一定负相关,但未达到显著水平。偏相关分析显示,影响表层土壤有机碳含量最主要的因素是土壤含水量、土壤紧实度、草地生产力、空气相对湿度。     

Effects of freezing intensity on soil solution nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau,China

The change of freeze-thaw pattern of the Tibetan Plateau under climate warming is bound to have a profound impact on the soil process of alpine grassland ecosystem;however,the research on the impact of the freeze-thaw action on nitrogen processes of the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau has not yet attracted much attention.In this study,the impact of the freezing strength on the soil nitrogen components of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau was studied through laboratory freeze-thaw simulation experiments.The 0–10 cm topsoil was collected from the alpine marsh meadow and alpine meadow in the permafrost region of Beilu River.In the experiment,the soil samples were cultivated at –10°C,–7°C,–5°C,–3°C and –1°C,respectively for three days and then thawed at 2°C for one day.The results showed that after the freeze-thaw process,the soil microbial biomass nitrogen significantly decreased while the dissolved organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen significantly increased.When the freezing temperature was below –7°C,there was no significant difference between the content of nitrogen components,which implied a change of each nitrogen component might have a response threshold toward the freezing temperature.As the freeze-thaw process can lead to the risk of nitrogen loss in the alpine grassland ecosystem,more attention should be paid to the response of the soil nitrogen cycle of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau to the freeze-thaw process.     

基于微地形和土地覆被的土壤水分空间变异性——以玛纳斯河流域绿洲为例

采用经典统计学和地统计学方法,对玛纳斯河流域绿洲0～70 cm土层土壤水分的空间异质性及其影响因子进行研究.结果表明:各层土壤水分均符合正态分布.从变异系数看,均属于中等变异,变异系数介于0.293～0.371,其中表层水分变异程度最高,达到0.371;0～10 cm,10～20cm,20～30 cm和30～50 cm...