胡杨、梭梭群落土壤理化性质及其相互关系

结合野外调查取样与实验室测定等手段,比较研究了新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区裸地、梭梭与胡杨样地0～10 cm、10～30 cm、30～50 cm土层土壤氮素含量特征及土壤理化性质.结果表明:裸地、梭梭和胡杨样地内的土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮、亚硝态氮与碱解氮均随着土层深度的增加而递减,具有表聚性特点.土壤中3种无机氮的含量为:硝态氮＞亚硝态氮＞铵态氮,硝态氮最高达到7.512 mg·kg-1,铵态氮最高仅为0.815 mg· kg-1,故硝态氮是土壤无机氮的主要赋存形式.同一土层胡杨氮素总含量高于裸地和梭梭,其有机质含量最高(均值为11.852 g·kg-1).相关分析表明,除铵态氮外,有机质与全磷和其他氮素间呈显著相关.pH与其他土壤理化性质及氮素含量间均呈不显著相关,碱解氮与土壤理化性质(除pH与电导率外)及其他氮素间均呈极显著相关(P＜0.01).     

改进暗管排水条件下氮素分布特性模拟分析

为探究改进暗管排水的环境效应，基于田间试验数据，采用HYDRUS模型对模拟参数进行率定验证，模拟分析长期排水条件下改进暗排与常规暗排的排水特征、排水中的氮素含量以及土壤氮素的分布情况。结果表明，改进暗排作用下土壤硝化作用有所增强，改进暗排具有快速降低地下水位的作用；与常规暗排相比，改进暗排对于氨氮的削减具有较好作用，可减少氨氮46%，但也增加了17%的硝态氮量；对于土壤中氮素分布来说，暗管排水长期作用下，土层铵态氮和硝态氮含量最小值分别位于40~60 cm和20~40 cm土层,模拟结束时土层铵态氮和硝态氮含量最小值仅分别为初始值的5%和10%左右，常规暗排与改进暗排40~60 cm土层的铵态氮含量相差最小，差值仅为0.3 mg·kg^-1，与二者暗管层上部土壤硝态氮含量相差不大。     

川西北草地沙化对土壤可溶性有机氮及酶活性的影响

为探究草地沙化对川西北高寒草地土壤可溶性有机氮及酶活性的影响,采用样地调查方法,研究了不同沙化程度草地可溶性有机氮、脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶及精氨酸脱氨酶的变化特征。结果表明:随草地沙化程度加剧,土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶及精氨酸脱氨酶活性显著降低。与未沙化草地相比,重度沙化草地0~20cm土层脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶及精氨酸脱氨酶活性分别降低了40.54%、30.68%、39.85%和44.00%;土壤可溶性有机氮随沙化程度增加呈下降趋势,相较于未沙化,轻度沙化、中度沙化和重度沙化草地土壤可溶性有机氮含量分别下降了22.36%、48.72%和67.77%,且0~20 cm土层变化最为显著。相关分析结果表明,酶活性与土壤氮素呈极显著正相关;硝酸还原酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮和可溶性有机氮的相关系数最高,分别达到0.868、0.850、0.789和0.701。     

玉米膜孔灌农田土壤水氮分布特性

通过大田玉米灌水试验,研究了畦灌和膜孔灌条件下农田土壤水氮运移特性。结果表明:在相同灌水定额条件下,膜孔灌土壤剖面含水率比畦灌土壤剖面含水率变化均匀,0~30 cm土层灌水后1天和灌水后5天膜孔灌土壤含水率比畦灌土壤含水率高19.2%和18.3%;在相同灌水定额条件下,土壤铵态氮含量受土壤水分运动的影响较小,主要分布在30 cm以上土壤层,膜孔灌条件下土壤铵态氮含量随时间分布比畦灌均匀,其含量最大值为41.6 mg/kg,同畦灌相比铵态氮含量增加了4.3%;硝态氮含量受灌水方式的影响较大,在相同灌水定额条件下,10~50 cm各土层硝态氮含量膜孔灌比畦灌分别增加了41.3%、96.3%、55.3%、50.7%和46.5%,膜孔灌土壤硝态氮含量随时间和垂直土壤剖面分布均匀,其硝态氮含量主要集中在0~50 cm土层,有利于作物对氮素的吸收,提高氮素利用率。     

不同水肥管理措施对春玉米产量和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响

采取大田结合小区试验的方法,研究了不同水肥管理措施对春玉米产量和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响。结果表明:水肥一体管理区春玉米产量为17 107 kg·hm-2,显著高于传统水肥管理区(13 349 kg·hm-2);从春玉米出苗期到收获期,无肥区0~90 cm各土层硝态氮含量不断降低,累积总量也从452.5 kg·hm-2降低到279.1 kg·hm-2,传统水肥管理区和水肥一体管理区0~90 cm各土层硝态氮含量和累积总量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,但水肥一体管理区分次追肥避免了传统水肥管理大喇叭口期过量追氮带来的淋溶风险;春玉米大喇叭口期和收获期随着土层深度的增加,0~180 cm土层硝态氮含量呈下降趋势;不同水肥管理措施0~180 cm土层硝态氮累积总量传统水肥管理区最高,大喇叭口期和收获期分别达到1 119.3 kg·hm-2和945.5 kg·hm-2,淋溶风险最大。因此以水肥一体化为核心的水肥管理措施可实现冀西北地区春玉米高产和环境友好。     

不同覆盖措施对塿土碳氮及水分的影响

通过田间试验,研究了陕西关中塿土区地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖对表层土壤有机碳、全氮和微生物量碳氮,以及0~200 cm土壤剖面水分及硝态氮分布的影响。结果表明:与不覆盖(NM)相比,白色全膜覆盖(WF)、黑色全膜覆盖(BF)和秸秆覆盖(SM)的表层土壤有机碳分别降低了19.8%、26.3%和20.9%,土壤全氮也分别降低了4.8%、9.6%和10.6%。与NM相比,覆盖处理(WF、BF和SM)可以提高表层(0~20 cm)土壤硝态氮的含量,增加0~40 cm土层的硝态氮累积量(BF的差异不显著),降低40~120 cm土层的硝态氮累积量,但120~200 cm土层的硝态氮累积量差异不显著。SM和BF显著降低0~200 cm土层的硝态氮总累积量,而WF没有显著差异。与NM相比,地膜覆盖(WF和BF)和秸秆覆盖(SM)均可以提高表层0~40 cm土壤水分含量和储水量,但SM的效果低于地膜覆盖;WF可以降低深层土壤水分含量和储水量,而SM和BF与NM无显著差异。0~200 cm土层的总储水量,SM显著高于NM,而地膜覆盖则与NM无显著差异。各覆盖处理均显著降低了表层土壤微生物碳(MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)的含量,与NM相比,MBC分别降低了27.4%、55.4%和66.5%,MBN分别降低了4.6%、4.8%和6.8%。地膜覆盖(WF和BF)和秸秆覆盖(SM)均能够加速土壤有机碳的矿化分解,降低土壤微生物,减少土壤硝态氮的深层淋溶,其对塿土碳氮和水分的长期影响值得进一步研究关注。     

蔬菜日光温室栽培条件下土壤养分累积特性研究

测定了陕西杨凌示范区不同日光温室栽培土壤剖面的养分含量及变化。结果表明,日光温室土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量呈现显著累积趋势,其中以0~20 cm土层有机质、0~40 cm土层有效磷和速效钾以及0~200 cm土层硝态氮累积量尤为突出。蔬菜生长过程中温室土壤剖面中铵态氮含量的变化相对较小,而硝态氮含量呈逐渐降低趋势。蔬菜收获后土壤剖面(0~200 cm)硝态氮残留量在707~1 161 kg/hm2之间,平均达954kg/hm2,明显高于农田土壤。温室栽培条件下土壤电导率明显高于农田土壤,以土壤表层尤为突出。土壤硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾与土壤电导率之间的关系均达显著水平,其中硝态氮含量与土壤电导率间的关系最为密切,说明过量施用肥料特别是氮肥,是引起土壤盐分累积的主要原因。     

模拟增温增雨对典型草原土壤酶活性的影响

气候变化对生态系统的影响呈增加趋势。土壤酶作为草地土壤中活跃的组分之一,与草地土壤养分含量关系密切。为探究半干旱地区酶活性及土壤养分对气候变化的响应,利用开顶式生长室于2011—2016年在典型草原进行模拟增温增雨试验。结果表明:(1)增温使0~10 cm土层的硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别增加40.2%和129.1%,增雨使硝态氮含量增加63.5%,铵态氮含量降低63.6%。(2)土层的增温使0~10 cm土层的过氧化氢酶活性和蔗糖酶活性分别降低4.8%和13.3%。与增温的效果相反,增雨使碱性磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶活性和脲酶活性分别提高7.1%、35.7%和14.9%,对过氧化氢酶无显著影响(P0.05)。(3)0~10 cm土层的硝态氮和铵态氮含量有增加趋势(P0.05),不同种类的土壤酶活性对气候变化的响应存在差异,这可能与气候变化趋势下土壤养分循环的变化有关。     

祁连山典型植被土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征的垂直变化

本研究针对祁连山国家公园山体沿海拔(2700～4043 m)自下而上出现的针叶林、草甸化草原、高寒灌丛、高寒草甸、流石滩稀疏植被5种典型植被,研究土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量比垂直分异规律,为祁连山国家公园生态系统土壤碳氮磷生物地球化学循环过程提供数据参考和科学依据。结果表明：(1)祁连山山体垂直带上0～40 cm土壤总碳、总氮和总磷含量分别为15.33～83.46 g·kg^-1、1.63～7.76 g·kg^-1、0.41～0.66 g·kg^-1。土壤总碳和总氮含量均表现为针叶林>草甸化草原>高寒灌丛>高寒草甸>流石滩稀疏植被,都是沿着海拔的升高显著降低。土壤全磷含量表现为高寒灌丛显著高于高寒草甸,其余植被间差异不显著。(2)0～40 cm土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷含量分别为11.01～14.73 mg·kg^-1、2.78～12.46 mg·kg^-1和4.35～13.57 mg·kg^-1。土壤铵态氮含量在各植被类型间差异不显著,...     

不同灌溉施肥方式的土壤硝态氮分布特性试验研究

通过大田测坑玉米种植试验研究,分析了常规畦灌和膜孔灌条件下农田土壤硝态氮的分布特性。结果表明:膜孔灌溉0~60 cm土层的硝态氮在作物的整个生育期变化较大,60 cm以下变化平缓,上下土层硝态氮含量差异相对较小。而常规畦灌在0~40 cm内变化较大,上下土层间硝态氮含量差异较大。两种灌溉方式,表层土壤的硝态氮含量在整个玉米生育期为双峰形式,以三叶期和抽穗期为最高。与常规畦灌相比,膜孔灌溉消除了硝态氮的表聚现象,土壤剖面硝态氮分布更趋合理,更加有利于作物的吸收利用。膜孔灌溉由于其覆膜作用,减轻了硝态氮的淋洗,提高了氮素的利用率。     

贺兰山西坡不同类型草地土壤酶活性特征

以阿拉善左旗境内贺兰山中段（西坡）山前地带的主要草地类型为对象,分析不同类型草地土壤酶活性的分布特征,及其与气候、植被和土壤等环境因子的关系。结果表明：① 随着海拔高度的降低,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性表现为：高山草甸＞山地草原＞山地荒漠草原＞草原化荒漠,且在0～10 cm土层的差异尤其显著;② 各类草地土壤酶活性均沿土壤垂直剖面依次降低,差异呈显著性水平;③ 偏相关及逐步回归分析表明,影响该区草地土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最主要的因素为土壤微生物碳氮、有机碳和全氮,碱性磷酸酶主要受土壤微生物碳和全氮影响,对过氧化氢酶影响最大的因子为土壤微生物碳、pH、全氮和降水量。     

干旱区盐渍化荒地不同开垦年限土壤碳氮储量研究

在天山北坡绿洲区分别选取连续开垦3 a、8 a、15 a盐渍化棉田和未开垦的盐渍化荒地,采集0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~100 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳、全氮含量。结果表明:盐荒地开垦后棉田0~100 cm土层土壤有机碳含量随开垦年限呈逐渐增加的趋势;开垦后棉田土壤全N含量随开垦年限的增加而增加,但处理间无显著差异;盐荒地与开垦棉田土壤有机碳、全N含量随土层深度增加而降低,其中盐荒地不同土层间土壤有机碳含量差异显著,0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全N含量明显高于40 cm以下土层;开垦棉田土壤C/N随开垦年限的增加呈现增加的趋势,盐荒地和开垦棉田土壤C/N随土壤深度的增加而降低,二者之间差异不显著;开垦棉田土壤有机碳储量随开垦年限的增加呈先减少后增加的趋势。结论:干旱区盐荒地开垦后,棉田土壤有机碳、全N含量均随开垦年限的增加而增加,而土壤有机碳储量随开垦年限的增加先减小后增加。盐荒地与开垦棉田土壤有机碳和全N含量随土层深度增加而减少。     

巴音布鲁克主要草地类型表层土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素的研究

以新疆天山中段巴音布鲁克主要草地类型为研究对象,分析了不同草地类型土壤有机碳(SOC)的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系。结果表明:分布在盆地海拔最低处的高山沼泽化草甸的土壤有机碳含量最高,而分布在盆地中间海拔的高山草原最低,分布在较高海拔的高寒草甸和高山草原化草甸处于高山沼泽化草甸和高山草原之间。0-30cm土壤有机碳含量与空气相对湿度、草地生产力、植被盖度、土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤pH呈显著负相关(P<0.05),土壤有机碳与温度存在一定负相关,但未达到显著水平。偏相关分析显示,影响表层土壤有机碳含量最主要的因素是土壤含水量、土壤紧实度、草地生产力、空气相对湿度。     

Characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen under various grassland types along a transect in a mountain-basin system in Xinjiang,China

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil total nitrogen(STN) in arid regions are important components of global C and the N cycles, and their response to climate change will have important implications for both ecosystem processes and global climate feedbacks. Grassland ecosystems of Funyun County in the southern foot of the Altay Mountains are characterized by complex topography, suggesting large variability in the spatial distribution of SOC and STN. However, there has been little investigation of SOC and STN on grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of SOC and STN in different grassland types in a mountain-basin system at the southern foot of the Altai Mountains, north of the Junggar Basin in China, and explored their potential influencing factors and relationships with meteorological factors and soil properties. We found that the concentrations and storages of SOC and STN varied significantly with grassland type, and showed a decreasing trend along a decreasing elevation gradient in alpine meadow, mountain meadow, temperate typical steppe, temperate steppe desert, and temperate steppe desert. In addition, the SOC and STN concentrations decreased with depth, except in the temperate desert steppe. According to Pearson's correlation values and redundancy analysis, the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture content and soil available N concentration were significantly positively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. In contrast, the mean annual temperature, p H, and soil bulk density were significantly and negatively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. The mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature were the primary factors related to the SOC and STN concentrations. The distributions of the SOC and STN concentrations were highly regulated by the elevation-induced differences in meteorological factors. Mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature together explained 97.85% and 98.38% of the overall variations in the SOC and STN concentrations, respectively, at soil depth of 0–40 cm, with precipitation making the greatest contribution. Our results provide a basis for estimating and predicting SOC and STN concentrations in grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure.     

高寒草甸退化对土壤电导率变化影响的研究

土壤电导率是表征土壤水溶性盐的一个重要指标,可反映土壤盐渍化程度。为了研究高寒草甸退化对土壤电导率的影响,以三江源区未退化高寒草甸和退化高寒草甸为研究对象,系统分析了退化高寒草甸的植被特征和土壤特征与土壤电导率的相互关系。结果表明:高寒草甸退化会对土壤电导率产生显著负影响,且土壤电导率与评价高寒草甸的退化指标植被盖度、地上生物量、土壤有机质、土壤全氮含量表现出一致的变化趋势。因而,认为高寒草甸的退化是会引起土壤电导率的变化,土壤电导率作为土壤盐渍化程度的衡量指标,亦可作为评价草甸退化的客观指标之一。     

禁牧对祁连山冰沟流域高山草甸土有机碳及理化性质和酶活性的影响

在青海省祁连山冰沟流域的高山草甸土上,选择放牧与禁牧2个样品采集区,研究了禁牧对祁连山冰沟流域高山草甸土有机碳及理化性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明:高山草甸土遭到放牧牲畜连续3年的啃食和践踏后,植被覆盖度明显降低,归还到土壤中的生物量和枯落物积累量减少,0~20 cm土层有机质含量、有机碳密度、总孔隙度、团聚体、田间持水量、氮磷钾和酶活性降低,容重、CaCO_3和可溶性盐增加,但20 cm以下土层这些性质变化不大。放牧与禁牧比较,0~20 cm土层土壤容重、可溶性盐和CaCO_3分别增加14.15%、6.35%和1.27%;有机碳含量、有机碳密度、总孔隙度、团聚体和田间持水量分别降低29.76%、22.82%、9.45%、6.49%和7.69%;全氮、全磷、全钾、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶分别降低25.97%、15.56%、12.17%、33.77%、26.11%、42.00%、29.31%。放牧对有机碳、容重、孔隙度、田间持水量、可溶性盐、氮磷钾和酶活性影响深度为20 cm,对团聚体影响深度为40 cm。     

天山北麓不同土地覆被下土壤有机碳垂直分布特征

利用全国第二次土壤普查数据,对天山北麓不同土地覆被类型下的土壤有机碳分布特征开展研究。结果表明：在0～100 cm土层天山北麓不同土地覆被类型的土壤碳密度差异显著,其均值处于3.65～35.73 kg·m^-2。不同土地覆被类型的土壤碳密度垂直分布差异明显,其中耕地表层(0～20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的32.2%,其相邻土层的土壤碳密度占其总量比例的差值较小,最大差值仅为8.1%;高山亚高山草甸、森林和隐域植被表层(0～20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的40%以上;荒漠植被、裸地和稀疏植被表层(0~20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的比例低于37%,其中裸地与稀疏植被最低,仅为25.4%,其相邻土层土壤碳密度占其总量比例的最大差值低于4.0%。     

Changes in the relationship between species richness and belowground biomass among grassland types and along environmental gradients in Xinjiang,Northwest China

The association between biodiversity and belowground biomass (BGB) remains a central debate in ecology. In this study, we compared the variations in species richness (SR) and BGB as well as their interaction in the top (0-20 cm), middle (20-50 cm) and deep (50-100 cm) soil depths among 8 grassland types (lowland meadow, temperate desert, temperate desert steppe, temperate steppe desert, temperate steppe, temperate meadow steppe, mountain meadow and alpine steppe) and along environmental gradients (elevation, energy condition (annual mean temperature (AMT) and potential evapotranspiration (PET)), and mean annual precipitation (MAP)) based on a 2011-2013 survey of 379 sites in Xinjiang, Northwest China. The SR and BGB varied among the grassland types. The alpine steppe had a medium level of SR but the highest BGB in the top soil depth, whereas the lowland meadow had the lowest SR but the highest BGB in the middle and deep soil depths. The SR and BGB in the different soil depths were tightly associated with elevation, MAP and energy condition; however, the particular forms of trends in SR and BGB depended on environmental factors and soil depths. The relationship between SR and BGB was unimodal in the top soil depth, but SR was positively related with BGB in the middle soil depth. Although elevation, MAP, energy condition and SR had significant effects on BGB, the variations in BGB in the top soil depth were mostly determined by elevation, and those in the middle and deep soil depths were mainly affected by energy condition. These findings highlight the importance of environmental factors in the regulations of SR and BGB as well as their interaction in the grasslands in Xinjiang.     

Effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties of an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010–2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in October 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments: control(CK), warming(W), clipping(C) and warming+clipping combination(WC). The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0–30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0–60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0–30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40–100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30–50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the downward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen. However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.     

围栏与不同放牧强度对东祁连山高寒草甸植被和土壤的影响

在东祁连山高寒草地,对围栏7年和不同放牧强度的草地进行了物种数、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤理化性质等研究。结果表明,围栏7年的高寒草地鲜草产量为425.8 g·m-2,显著高于夏季中牧159.3 g·m-2和夏季重牧91.0 g·m-2,但与冬季轻牧、夏季轻牧差异不显著。围栏条件下的物种数为26.3种·16 m-2,显著低于其他放牧条件下的物种数,但显著高于夏季重牧条件下的物种数23.0种·16 m-2;轻度或重度放牧都会使物种数减少,夏季中牧下的物种数最高(33.5种·16 m-2)。在0~10 cm的表层土壤中,围栏7年的草地根系生物量显著高于其他放牧强度。随着放牧强度的增加,根系生物量在0~10 cm土壤中呈下降趋势,在30~40 cm土壤中则表现为升高趋势。围栏7年的土壤容重低于其他放牧强度下的土壤容重,但差异不显著;夏季重牧的土壤容重显著高于围栏7年和其他放牧强度的土壤容重。随着放牧强度的增加,0~10 cm土壤碱解氮增加,围栏7年草地最低。围栏封育可有效改善和恢复草地植被,但不能长时间禁牧不进行放牧利用。合理的放牧能够维护高寒草甸草地生态系统功能、促进物种丰富度和土壤营养的均衡。