基于生态承载力的黄土高原地区城镇体系空间结构演化——以庆阳市为例

庆阳市位于黄土高原中部丘陵沟壑区,气候干旱,生态脆弱。运用生态承载力、城镇体系相关理论和方法,分析研究区城镇体系空间结构演化特点及趋势。采用生态弹性度、资源承载力和承载压力度、对生态承载力的演化进行综合评价,并对生态承载力与城镇空间结构的关系进行探讨。在此基础上,对研究区城镇体系空间结构进行调整优化,为脆弱生态条件下的城镇发展提供依据。     

额尔齐斯河流域湿地生态系统健康评价

根据额尔齐斯河流域湿地生态系统的特点,基于PSR模型,建立包含压力、状态、响应3大类共11个指标的生态系统健康评价指标体系。以遥感数据和统计监测数据为基础,结合层次分析法和模糊数学综合评价模型对额尔齐斯河流域的湿地进行综合评价,分析面临的压力、所处的状态及其对压力的响应。研究结果表明:额尔齐斯河流域湿地生态系统健康综合评价结果为0.8088,处于健康状态;根据隶属度评判矩阵判断原则,压力和响应处于很健康的等级范围,状态处于健康等级范围;制约湿地健康的因素主要是自然因素如植被覆盖率低,降水相对变率较大等。     

甘肃省生态承载力评价

甘肃省生态类型复杂多样,亟需从更宏观的系统层面上确定区域生态承载力的大小,为区域社会经济发展提供生态阈值.在可持续发展原则的指导下,基于生态承载力的内涵,从生态弹性度、资源环境承载指数、资源环境压力指数等方面,建立了生态承载力综合评价指标体系,应用主成分分析法构建了评价模型.评价结果较为准确地反映了甘肃省生态承载力的大小:(1)生态弹性度很稳定的市(州)仅占14.3%;(2)水土资源处于低、弱承载状态的市(州)占35.7%;(3)水土资源处于强压状态的市(州)占21.5%;(4)地处青藏高原的甘南藏族自治州生态承载力最大,处于较稳定较高载弱压状态,而地处河西走廊的嘉峪关生态承载力最小,处于弱稳定低载强压状态.     

基于FAHP原理的水资源承载力综合评价研究——以新疆博尔塔拉河流域和精河流域为例

本文应用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)研究了流域的水资源承载能力问题。通过对系统内在作用机制的分析,以新疆博尔塔拉河流域和精河流域为例,利用FAHP原理建立了流域水资源承载力综合评价指标体系并对其进行了量化分析。借助德尔菲专家调查法,将FAHP法运用到研究区水资源承载力综合评价指标权重的求解中,对评价指标、具体评价过程和应用方法进行了解释说明。并预测了研究区未来规划水平年水资源承载力的发展趋势。提出了该区域社会经济发展规划和水资源配置的决策方向,并探讨提高该区域水资源承载力的方法和措施。这也为其它区域的水资源可持续利用研究提供了一定的借鉴。     

基于集对分析的矿区生态承载力定量评价

据矿区复合生态系统特点,采用主成分分析法和独立性分析法筛选指标,建立矿区生态承载力评价指标体系,并合理确定了评价等级标准。以民勤县红沙岗矿区为例,采用集对分析法进行矿区生态承载力评价,由平均联系度最大隶属原则确定生态承载力所处的级别。应用结果表明:由于红沙岗矿区所处区域环境背景特点和煤矿开采引起的一系列生态问题,生态承载力处于弱稳定、中等承载、较高压状态。通过对评价结果分析,指出了提高矿区生态承载力的发展对策,可供相关部门进行矿区生态恢复和制定适宜的发展战略借鉴和参考。     

干旱区绿洲系统生态-生产-生活承载力评价指标体系构建思路

构建绿洲系统承载力评价指标体系是定量研究绿洲系统承载力的基础。本文在以全新的视角解释绿洲系统生态 -生产 -生活承载力内涵的基础上 ,参照绿洲承载力评价指标体系构建的国际国内基础 ,依据指标体系构建的原则和应注意的问题 ,构建了一套绿洲系统“三生”承载力评价指标体系。绿洲系统承载力是由绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力构成 ,因此绿洲系统承载力指标体系也由分别反映绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力的指标构成。生态承载力指标主要由反映生态系统承载能力的指标构成 ,包括资源利用指标、生态指标和环境污染及其治理指标。生产承载力指标主要由反映经济系统承载能力的指标构成 ,包括经济总量指标、经济结构指标、经济增长指标和经济效益指标。生活承载力指标主要由反映社会系统承载力指标构成 ,包括人口发展指标、基础设施指标、生活质量指标和科技教育指标。最后本文对指标体系的综合集成与赋权方法进行了探讨。     

干旱区绿洲系统生态一生产一生活承载力评价指标体系构建思路骨

构建绿洲系统承载力评价指标体系是定量研究绿洲系统承载力的基础.本文在以全新的视角解释绿洲系统生态-生产-生活承载力内涵的基础上参照绿洲承载力评价指标体系构建的国际国内基础,依据指标体系构建的原则和应注意的问题构建了一套绿洲系统"三生"承载力评价指标体系.绿洲系统承载力是由绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力构成,因此绿洲系统承载力指标体系也由分别反映绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力的指标构成.生态承载力指标主要由反映生态系统承载能力的指标构成,包括资源利用指标、生态指标和环境污染及其治理指标.生产承载力指标主要由反映经济系统承载能力的指标构成,包括经济总量指标、经济结构指标、经济增长指标和经济效益指标.生活承载力指标主要由反映社会系统承载力指标构成,包括人口发展指标、基础设施指标、生活质量指标和科技教育指标.最后本文对指标体系的综合集成与赋权方法进行了探讨.     

黄土高原地区水资源承载力动态变化分析——以山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃4省为例

水资源承载力对地区经济可持续发展和群众生活的物质基础具有重要影响,是达到地区社会、经济和环境不断优化的关键.采用模糊综合评价方法,选取水资源利用率、降水量、人均占有水量和生态用水量为评价指标,对黄土高原4省1994-2004年的水资源承载力进行了综合及分区评价.结果表明:黄土高原4省水资源承载力在1994-2004年总体上呈缓慢上升趋势,说明水资源有向良性发展趋势;陕西和山西省水资源承载力较高,2省水资源开发利用有较大空间,甘肃和宁夏水资源承载力已趋于饱和,实施跨流域调水和节水措施势在必行.     

干旱区绿洲系统生态—生产—生活承载力评价指标体系构建思路

构建绿洲系统承载力评价指标体系是定量研究绿洲系统承载力的基础。本文在以全新的视角解释绿洲系统生态－生产－生活承载力内涵的基础上，参照绿洲承载力评价指标体系构建的国际国内基础，依据指标体系构建的原则和应注意的问题，构建了一套绿洲系统“三生”承载力评价指标体系。绿洲系统承载力是由绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力构成，因此绿洲系统承载力指标体系也由分别反映绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力的指标构成。生态承载力指标主要由反映生态系统承载能力的指标构成，包括资源利用指标、生态指标其治理指标。生产承载力指标主要由反映经济系统承载能力的指标构成，包括经济总量指标、经济结构指标、经济增长指标和经济效益指标。生活承载力指标主要由反映社会系统承载力指标构成，包括人口发展指标、基础设施指标、生活质量指标和科技教育指标。最后本文对指标体系的综合集成与赋权方法进行了探讨。     

应用模糊综合评判方法评价石羊河流域水资源承载力

应用模糊综合评价方法对石羊河流域水资源承载力进行了定量评价。结果表明:石羊河流域综合评分值对z1的隶属度为0.618,综合评分值仅为0.232。这表明石羊河流域水资源开发利用已有相当的规模,进一步开发利用的潜力已相当小,今后要在充分利用自产水资源的前提下,需实施跨流域调水工程。在石羊河流域的5个评价子区中,天祝县的综合评分值最高,为0.57,说明其水资源开发利用有较大的空间;而其他4个子区分值都低于0.34,特别是凉州区、民勤县和金昌市对z3的隶属度接近于0,说明这些区域水资源开发程度已接近于饱和值,承载力相当脆弱。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.