对危险性外来入侵生物红火蚁的考察

为了解危险性外来入侵生物红火蚁的发生危害情况,近期组织了考察团,对广东深圳、惠州、吴川、珠海和广西北海等地进行了考察,主要有4个方面认识:目前在我国红火蚁的分布范围还比较局限;应急防治与控制初见成效;还须加强红火蚁的普查、宣传与检疫控制;应尽快开展红火蚁的基础生物学、生态学、传播扩散规律、监测预警及关键控制技术研究。本文还对目前红火蚁防控中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

依法防控红火蚁的若干思考

2004年底红火蚁传入中国,不仅对农业生产、生态环境造成了严重的威胁,而且对人们的健康构成了威胁。10年来,各级政府部门、植物检疫机构、科研教学单位以及发生区的相关企业和个人共同努力,采取了一系列的措施,有效控制了红火蚁危害和扩散蔓延。作者通过对红火蚁的检疫防控工作的回顾,从红火蚁检疫地位的确定、处置工作的透明公开、检疫控制资金保障、相关部门合作和应急处置机制等5个方面进行了总结思考,说明依法决策、科学决策、增强透明度、财政保障措施、部门配合以及建立应急处置机制对于有效控制疫情的重要性。红火蚁防控的许多做法对今后其他新发生疫情的依法科学控制有参考借鉴作用。     

红火蚁在湖南的发生及危害规律

经过近3年对红火蚁发生危害规律的研究,本文详细阐述红火蚁在湖南张家界传入、发生及其生物学特性,以指导红火蚁疫情监测和防治工作.     

红火蚁分子生物学研究进展

红火蚁是我国新发现的重要检疫性有害生物.本文在概述红火蚁的危害和检疫现状基础上,对红火蚁的分子生物学研究进行了综述,并就我国红火蚁的分子鉴定和种群分化进行了初步探讨.     

红火蚁疫情灭除技术示范

在对红火蚁检疫、监测、防治技术及疫区管理等全面研究的基础上,在深圳大工业区开展红火蚁疫情防除技术示范。1年中经2次全面防治、重点补治,示范区有效蚁巢减退94%以上,工蚁数量减少97%以上,为红火蚁疫情灭除工作积累了经验。     

广东口岸进境红火蚁截获动态分析

本文对广东口岸自2005年至2007年截获的红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren进行了分析,表明广东口岸近年来红火蚁截获批次逐年增加,其传带货物来源的国家和地区多、种类复杂,检疫查验形势严峻。提出了以加强来自疫区高风险货物的检疫质量、扩大口岸进境货物的检疫范围、建立口岸监测体系以及提高检疫除害处理的检疫监管措施。     

玉米内州萎蔫病研究进展

玉米内州萎蔫病是影响玉米生产的重要病害,主要分布于北美地区,我国尚无此病发生的报道。萎蔫病菌通过带菌种子做远距离传播,加强检验检疫成为该病防治的重要手段。本文综述了玉米内州萎蔫病的发生与危害、症状特点、病原菌分类、传播途径、防治措施以及最新的检测技术研究进展,对监测病害的发生和鉴定检疫措施的实施具有重要指导意义。     

红火蚁的鉴别与防治技术

红火蚁2004年9月入侵我国广东省,已在全国152个县(市、区)发生为害,被农业部、国家林业局列入全国农业、林业植物检疫性有害生物名单。2014年9月在重庆市首次发现红火蚁入侵,通过应急防控和科学监测,取得了明显的防治效果。介绍红火蚁的鉴别方法和防治技术,以便更好地控制红火蚁的为害、蔓延。     

深圳居民对红火蚁的认知程度评估

本文采用问卷方法调查了深圳居民对红火蚁的认知程度和对入侵有害生物的关注程度及建议,评估了深圳市红火蚁公众教育的成效。结果表明,通过宣传培训,提升了深圳居民对红火蚁的认知程度,11.2%居民了解红火蚁相关知识,27.9%居民听说过红火蚁;电视、网络、报纸和宣传画/单等是居民获取红火蚁知识的主要途径;在知道或听说过红火蚁的民众中,26.9%人知道居住区有或曾经有红火蚁发生,50.9%居民采取消极或错误的红火蚁处理方法,居民中知道当地红火蚁发生的时间看,以一年以内的人数>1～2年的人数>3年以上的人数;56.9%居民不关心入侵生物,85.7%居民不了解红火蚁相关政策,约32%居民对红火蚁防治工作表示满意。居民的建议是重点做好宣传、防治工作,同时加强检疫、培训和应急预案制定等。     

义蚁在美国的发生与防治

近几年，在我国广东、福建、湖南等省发生了外来入侵的红火蚁，给社会生活和经济发展带来了严重影响。农业部非常重视红火蚁的防治，于2006年1月17日发布公告，将红火蚁定为中华人民共和国入境植物检疫性有害生物和全国植物检疫性有害生物，制定并启动了《红火蚁疫情防控应急预案》。由于红火蚁已经在美国定殖70多年，发生规律和防治技术已基本掌握，对经济社会的影响得到了控制。现将美国红火蚁的发生与防治情况做一介绍，希望能给我国红火蚁的控制提供一些参考。     

自然寄生红火蚁病原真菌的分离、鉴定及其对红火蚁的致病力

对采自广州番禺区、南沙区,惠州和深圳市等地的红火蚁Solenopsis invicta虫体进行病原菌的分离与鉴定。致病力测定发现分离物PL对红火蚁有一定致病作用。采用单孢分离法获得PL菌株,形态学鉴定该菌株为淡紫拟青霉Paecilomyces liacinus。对PL菌株的10个分离株PL01~10进行致病力测定,结果表明,经1×108孢子/ml的浓度处理后第15d,菌株PL04处理的红火蚁累计死亡率最高,为70.60%。     

红火蚁入侵的种群生物学与行为遗传学

红火蚁是广布性以及入侵危害性最强的昆虫类群之一。它有很多的生物学特性适合其入侵、定殖以及扩散。该类害虫在入侵时以及入侵后在种群生物学和行为遗传学上发生了一系列的变异,使其成为一种入侵成功的外来生物。     

红火蚁信息素及其在化学防治中的应用研究进展

文章介绍了红火蚁的危害特征,分析了目前国内外红火蚁防治的主要方法,对利用化学信息素类物质防治红火蚁的研究方法及进展进行了综述;通过借鉴化学信息素在其他害虫防治中的应用,重点分析了化学信息素在红火蚁防治中的必要性和可能性,对红火蚁相关信息素的特点和化学结构进行了详细描述,并介绍了相关化学信息素的合成方法,揭示了信息素类物质在红火蚁综合防治中的重要性及优越性。     

Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Taiwan

BACKGROUND: Combining biological control and chemical control could be used for controlling red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta, more effectively. Beauveria bassiana F256, a local strain from Taiwan, was evaluated for its efficacy in the control of S. invicta under both laboratory and field conditions. RESULTS: The efficacies of different doses of B. bassiana (Bb) using direct application and bait formulation methods were compared. The number of RIFA workers killed by the direct application of Bb or by bait were significantly higher than those of the control, with different rates of efficacy under laboratory conditions. Under field conditions, the direct application of Bb into RIFA mounds was more efficient in inactivating the mounds than the bait application. CONCLUSION: It was shown that B. bassiana is able to control S. invicta under both laboratory and field conditions and can be used as a biocontrol agent against RIFA in Taiwan. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

外来物种红火蚁的化学防治技术

红火蚁的入侵已引起我国各界的关注,本文介绍了入侵红火蚁化学防治技术研究进展。按照化学防治策略可以分为以蚁巢为单元的局部处理和大面积全部处理,从施药技术角度可以分为浇灌和撒施毒饵两大类。浇灌技术主要是将药液灌入蚁巢内,其药液量是一个关键因子;毒饵适用的场所比较广泛,但是施药时间对控制效果影响比较大,一般在晚上施药效果较好,雨后不能马上使用毒饵。     

Public awareness activities on Eichhornia crassipes in the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site,Livingstone, Zambia1

Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are a major threat to biodiversity and national economies worldwide. Public awareness and support is critical for the success of any interventions aimed at controlling and managing such invasions. Various communication tools have been identified for the implementation of public awareness programs. Assessment of public perceptions, attitudes and knowledge levels should be an integral part of any public awareness activities. This paper reports the communication actions undertaken in the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site by the Removing Barriers to Invasive Plant Management in Africa (RBIPMA) project during the year 2007. Several awareness meetings with various stakeholders were conducted during the year. A number of posters, leaflets, brochures and newsletters have been produced. Production of radio and television documentaries is currently ongoing. A pre‐knowledge survey was conducted to determine the baseline status as regards knowledge and awareness levels on IAS in the project area. A post‐knowledge survey will be conducted at a subsequent stage to assess the effectiveness of the project interventions on public awareness and knowledge levels. Recommendations for future action are also presented.     

红火蚁入侵对荔枝园土壤性理化质的影响

对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren荔枝园发生区土壤理化性质进行了研究,结果表明:3类红火蚁不同发生区之间、红火蚁蚁巢4个不同方位之间以及距红火蚁蚁巢中心不同距离之间的土壤各项理化性质均有显著的差异(p<0.01)。从对照区、轻度发生区到重度发生区土壤粘粒变得越来越细,酸性逐渐升高。土壤有机质、碱解N、有效P的含量在轻、重度发生区较对照区分别下降了29.0%与39.9%、42.1%与53.6%、43.3%与52.6%,但速效K的含量在轻、重度发生区较对照区则分别升高了8.5%与34.0%。此外,在红火蚁发生区,蚁巢上的土壤理化性质与蚁巢以外的土壤理化性质明显不同(p<0.01)。蚁巢上的土壤明显比蚁巢以外的土壤酸性强。土壤有机质、碱解N、有效P的含量在蚁巢上明显最小,但土壤速效K的含量在蚁巢上明显最高。蚁巢不同方位上土壤的理化性质相对差异较小,红火蚁在荔枝园的分布存在一定的空间随机性。     

Integrated Management for Carrot Weevil

The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of carrots in northeastern North America. The females oviposit in the leaf petiole and the developing larvae make tunnels in the carrot roots. Exclusive reliance on chemical control and the poor control obtained, prompted, in the early 1980s, research on the ecology and physiology of the pest and its natural enemies. Carrot weevil females start their oviposition by 147±9DD_7°C but they oviposit only in carrots past the 4 true-leaf-stage. As a result, oviposition is delayed, and damage reduced, in late-sown carrots. Monitoring carrot weevil adults in the spring with either carrot root sections or wooden plate traps enables growers to apply control treatments only if the population density justifies it. Egg parasitoids of the genus Anaphes (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are the most important natural enemies and they account, in untreated plots, for up to 80% mortality. Their effectiveness could be improved by managing field borders to establish secondary host species. An IPM programme was developed in the 1980s based on the research results obtained and, through regular monitoring, has achieved a substantial decrease in pesticide use.     

Herbicide‐resistant weed management: focus on glyphosate

This review focuses on proactive and reactive management of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weeds. Glyphosate resistance in weeds has evolved under recurrent glyphosate usage, with little or no diversity in weed management practices. The main herbicide strategy for proactively or reactively managing GR weeds is to supplement glyphosate with herbicides of alternative modes of action and with soil‐residual activity. These herbicides can be applied in sequences or mixtures. Proactive or reactive GR weed management can be aided by crop cultivars with alternative single or stacked herbicide‐resistance traits, which will become increasingly available to growers in the future. Many growers with GR weeds continue to use glyphosate because of its economical broad‐spectrum weed control. Government farm policies, pesticide regulatory policies and industry actions should encourage growers to adopt a more proactive approach to GR weed management by providing the best information and training on management practices, information on the benefits of proactive management and voluntary incentives, as appropriate. Results from recent surveys in the United States indicate that such a change in grower attitudes may be occurring because of enhanced awareness of the benefits of proactive management and the relative cost of the reactive management of GR weeds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

外来入侵杂草宽叶酢浆草的研究进展

宽叶酢浆草(Oxalis latifolia)在全球分布广泛,且危害多种农作物,2007年中国将其列入进境植物检疫性有害生物名录。目前,在中国仅发生于云南省,但其适生性强,定殖和传播扩散的风险极高。本文就宽叶酢浆草的生物学特性、发生分布和危害以及防控措施等相关研究进行综述,为制定有效的防控措施提供参考。