侵染梨的苹果茎痘病毒基因组序列及小RNA分析

苹果茎痘病毒(Apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)是危害梨(Pyrus spp.)和苹果(Malus spp.)的重要病毒。本研究采用小RNA深度测序技术获得了ASPV基因组的部分序列,在此基础上设计引物对该病毒基因组进行RT-PCR扩增,通过序列拼接得到1个来源于玉露香(Yuluxiang)梨的ASPV分离物(YLX)长度为9 291个核苷酸(nt)(不包括基因组5'末端约30个核苷酸)的基因组序列,该序列与已报道的13个ASPV分离物的基因组核苷酸序列相似性为71.6%~80.7%,与多个来自苹果的ASPV分离物系统进化关系较近。首次分析了来源于ASPV基因组的干扰性小RNA(siRNA),发现来源于ASPV基因组链和互补链的siRNA长度均以21 nt和22 nt为主,siRNA的5'端具有一定的碱基偏好性。本研究结果为深入了解ASPV的分子特性提供了重要信息。     

利用高通量测序检测新疆野苹果上的病毒

新疆野苹果Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.是苹果的祖先, 也是重要的育种遗传资源, 常用作砧木。近年来, 新疆野苹果的分布面积骤减, 对其的保护越来越重要。本研究采用高通量测序技术, 对采自新疆伊犁天山野果林的26份样本进行病毒检测, 检测到苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV)和苹果茎痘病毒(apple stem pitting virus, ASPV)。通过RT-PCR检测所有样品(127份), 检测到ACLSV、ASPV和苹果茎沟病毒(apple stem grooving virus, ASGV), 检出率分别为22%、19.7%和11%。结合RACE PCR技术扩增得到ASGV新疆野苹果分离物基因组全长序列, 暂时命名为ASGV-XJ。去除3′末端poly(A)后的长度为6 506 bp, 有两个彼此重叠的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF), ORF1(47-6 364 nt)编码一个241 kD的多聚蛋白, 包含甲基转移酶(methyltransferase)、木瓜蛋白酶(papain-like-protease)、解旋酶(nucleotide triphosphate-binding helicase)、RNA 依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase)和C端的外壳蛋白(coat protein, CP)等; ORF2(4 798-5 760 nt)编码一个36 kD的运动蛋白(movement protein, MP)。系统发育分析表明, 分离物间没有表现出寄主专一性和地理分布规律。上述结果对新疆野苹果的保护工作有重要的参考意义。     

苹果茎痘病毒在山楂中的首次鉴定与序列分析

 山楂是我国重要的果树,但山楂病毒的相关研究较少。本研究通过高通量测序及生物信息学分析首次在山楂样品中发现苹果茎痘病毒(apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)。利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术对ASPV山楂分离物全长序列进行扩增,结果表明,ASPV山楂分离物基因组全长由9 290个核苷酸组成,包含5个开放阅读框(open reading frames,ORFs)。ORF1编码与病毒复制相关的蛋白-RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA dependent RNA polymerase,RdRp),其在氨基酸水平上与ASPV苹果和梨分离物的RdRp序列相似性分别为72.8%~80.9%和81.7%~92.8%;ORFs 2~4表达与病毒移动相关的三基因块(triple gene block 1~3,TGB 1~3),其与印度苹果N分离物(LM999967)的氨基酸序列相似性最高,为92.9%~98.2%;ORF5编码外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP),与苹果和梨分离物CP的序列相似性较低,分别为64.8%~88.4%和69. 8%~92.2%,高于目前凹陷病毒属病毒新种的划分界限。将ASPV山楂分离物的全长核苷酸序列与其他ASPV分离物的全长序列进行比对,构建系统发育树,结果表明,ASPV山楂分离物与巴西苹果分离物BR-Brae2的亲缘关系最近,但两者核苷酸序列相似性较低(81.5%),说明与其他分离物相比该分离物具有较大的变异性。综上,本研究初步验证了山楂是ASPV的重要自然寄主,并首次获得了ASPV山楂分离物的全长基因组序列,为山楂病毒病诊断和防控策略的制定提供参考。     

苹果茎痘病毒双重RT-PCR检测体系的建立及应用

<正>病毒病是危害苹果(Malus domestica)的一类重要病害。已报道的苹果病毒种类很多,在我国发生普遍的主要有苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)、苹果茎沟病毒(Apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)、苹果茎痘病毒(Apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)、苹果花叶病毒(Apple mosaic virus,ApM V)以及苹果锈果类病毒(Apple scar skid viroid,ASSVd)~([1～3])。病毒或类病毒混合     

生物素标记cDNA探针杂交检测梨树上3种潜隐病毒研究

 本研究合成了苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV)、苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(ACLSV)和苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)的生物素标记cDNA探针,对斑点杂交和免疫印迹杂交检测这3种病毒的效果进行了分析。以含ACLSV和ASGV克隆片段的大肠杆菌菌液为样品时,斑点杂交检测灵敏度分别为80 cfu/μL和50 cfu/μL。以离体培养砂梨植株为材料,采用斑点杂交法检测砂梨离体培养植株粗提液中的3种病毒,均产生强的杂交信号,且特异性好。比较斑点杂交和ELISA检测病毒含量相对较低的热处理再生植株中ASGV和ACLSV,结果表明斑点杂交具有较高的灵敏度。组织印迹杂交检测砂梨离体植株ASGV和ACLSV的结果显示,这2种病毒在离体植株的各部位均有分布,自基部至茎尖各部位印迹均产生很强的杂交信号。     

利用RT-PCR检测库尔勒香梨苹果茎痘病毒的研究

 以库尔勒香梨新鲜、冷藏、冷冻叶片和皮层为材料,对提取双链RNA (dsRNA)的2种方法和提取总RNA的3种方法进行了分析比较,并对总RNA的提取方法进行了改进,获得了纯度较高、完整性较好的dsRNA和总RNA,在此基础上进行了反转录(RT)和PCR扩增。在国内首次完成了对苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)的RT-PCR检测,建立了ASPV有效RT-PCR反应体系。用此体系扩增到ASPV一个长约316 bp的片段。实验表明以dsRNA和总RNA为模板均能成功进行RT-PCR检测,且dsRNA优于总RNA。     

苹果褪绿叶斑病毒双引物对PCR检测体系的建立及应用

<正>病毒病在我国苹果树上普遍发生,其中苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)、苹果茎沟病毒(apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)和苹果茎痘病毒(apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)最常见,常混合侵染,引起树体衰弱,苹果产量和品质下降,经济损失严重(CieniewiczFuchs,2016)。因此,建立快速、准确的检测技术对病毒病防控具有重要意义。Hu et al.(2015)认为在病毒检测过程中,需     

山西苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的分布及遗传多样性分析

苹果褪绿叶斑病毒Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) 是侵染苹果的主要潜隐性病毒之一, 在我国苹果植株上发生普遍, 严重威胁我国苹果的品质与产量。本研究从山西省12个苹果主产区随机采集360份表现褪绿和斑驳等症状的苹果叶片作为研究样本, 通过RT-PCR检测, 360份样本中有209份样本为ACLSV阳性, 对209份阳性样本的外壳蛋白(coat protein, CP)基因进行分离、测序、克隆, 得到12个新的ACLSV分离物(分别命名为 Shanxi 1~Shanxi 12)。选择17个来自不同国家的分离物与12个新的ACLSV分离物在核苷酸和氨基酸层面上进行序列一致性和系统发育分析。结果显示, 29个ACLSV分离物被划分为2个不同进化群体。进一步对2个不同ACLSV群体进行选择压分析和中性检验, 结果表明, 组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ的ACLSV群体之间存在明显的遗传差异, 其中负向选择可能是ACLSV遗传变异的原因之一。本研究较全面地分析了ACLSV的发生、危害, 并对山西苹果的ACLSV分离物进行了遗传结构分析, 为山西苹果褪绿叶斑病毒病的防治提供了理论指导。     

一种高效的苹果褪绿叶斑病毒TaqMan探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法

为建立一种检测苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)的Taq Man探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,根据ACLSV外壳蛋白基因(coat protein,cp)保守序列设计了特异性引物和Taq Man探针,以构建的ACLSV-cp重组质粒为阳性标准品绘制标准曲线,并对该方法的特异性、灵敏性、重复性进行检验。结果显示,以ACLSV-cp重组质粒为标准品建立的标准曲线相关系数达0.999,扩增效率为103.7%;建立的Taq Man探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法特异性好,与苹果茎沟病毒(Apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)、苹果茎痘病毒(Apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)、苹果锈果类病毒(Apple scar skin viroid,ASSVd)均无交叉反应;灵敏度为100拷贝/μL,比常规RT-PCR高100倍;批内和批间变异系数均小于0.84%。表明Taq Man探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法具有特异性强、灵敏性高、重复性好的优点,适用于实际样品中ACLSV的快速准确检测。     

我国北方部分苹果主产区病毒病的发生与检测

苹果病毒病在我国广泛发生,已成为限制我国苹果优质高产的关键因素。20世纪80年代曾对其做过详细的调查和研究,但近年来由于各地农业产业结构调整等因素,苹果病毒病的发生特点有了不同程度的变化。为了解目前我国苹果病毒病的发生情况,在我国北方苹果主产区山东、陕西、山西、辽宁、北京和黑龙江6个省市的部分地区采集苹果样品共计267份,经RT-PCR检测和扩增产物的克隆与测序分析表明在上述地区采集的样品中,苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(ACLSV)、苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV)、苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)、苹果锈果类病毒(ASSVd)的发生率分别为66.7%~100.0%、38.1%~94.1%、4.8%~85.7%和4.8%~48.6%;苹果凹果类病毒(ADFVd)仅在山东的两个果园零星发生;6个省市样品中病毒复合侵染率分别为67.1%、92.1%、75.0%、88.2%、94.1%和76.2%。     

来源于砂梨和桃的苹果褪绿叶斑病毒分离物部分CP基因和3′端非翻译区的序列分析

 苹果褪绿叶斑病毒（Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV）是引起果树病害的一种重要病毒。ACLSV寄主范围广、发生较普遍,可侵染苹果、梨等仁果类果树和桃、扁桃、李、樱桃、杏等核果类果树,据报道我国梨产区感染ACLSV达80%以上。ACLSV引起植物症状的类型与寄主种类、病毒株系有关。ACLSV为线形病毒科（Betaflexiviridae）、纤毛病毒属（Trichovirus）的代表成员^［1］。ACLSV的CP相对比较保守,研究表明不同的ACLSV分离物的CP基因具有序列多样性,存在分子变异^［2～5］,CP基因分子特性的研究可为ACLSV株系划分提供依据。来源于欧洲、亚洲和北美的桃、李等核果类果树,以及苹果寄主上的ACLSV分离物的分子变异报道较多^［2,3,5］,来源于梨寄主上的ACLSV分子变异研究较少^［4,5］。     

Viruses of pome fruit trees in Syria

A survey was conducted to evaluate the sanitary status of pome fruit trees in Syria during spring 2003 and 2004 in 6 governorates: Damascus, Al-Qunaitara and Al-Sweida (Southern region), Homs and Hama (Central region) and Latakia (Costal Western region), as the main production areas of pome fruits. Leaf samples from 1077 apples, 54 pears and 14 quince were collected and tested for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) in 70 commercial orchards and 3 varietal collections by ELISA. Results showed that the virus infection rates were 34 and 2% in apple and pear, respectively. Quince trees were found to be virus tested free. ACLSV was prevailing on apple with 34%, whereas ASGV and ApMV were found in 2 and 0.2% of tested trees, respectively. Pear trees were infected only with ACLSV (2%). 21 apples and 15 pears representative budwood samples were indexed by grafting on the following indicators: (i) Malus pumila cvs. Virginia Crab and Radiant for apple and (ii) M. pumila cv. V. Crab and Pyrus communis cv. Nouveau Poiteau for pear. The virus infection rates by woody indexing were much higher than ELISA, Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and ASGV were found in 86 and 82% of apple tested samples, whereas they were 80 and 60% of pear tested samples, respectively. Additional RT-PCR testing carried out for a limited number of samples confirmed the high incidence of ACLSV ASPV, ASGV and the presence of ApMV. This is the first report on pome fruit viruses in Syria, indicating an unsatisfactory sanitary status of the industry. As a consequence, a certification program is recommended for producing locally healthy propagating material.     

Identification and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apple stem grooving virus</Emphasis> causing leaf distortion on pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus pyrifolia</Emphasis>) in Taiwan

A putative virus-induced disease of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia var. Hengshen) showing symptoms of reduced size of foliage and leaf distortion was observed in orchards in central Taiwan in 2004. The sap of symptomatic leaf samples reacted positively to an antiserum against Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV). Two virus cultures, designated as TS1 and TS2, were isolated from symptomatic pears. Flexuous filamentous virions of ∼ 12 × 600 nm were observed in symptomatic pear leaves and purified virus preparations. Results of back inoculation of pear seedlings with TS1 revealed that ASGV was the causal agent of the disease. Sequence analyses of the cloned coat protein (CP) genes of TS1 and TS2 shared 88–92.4% nucleotide and 90.7–97.1% amino acid identities with those of other ASGV isolates available in GenBank. The polyclonal antibody generated against ASGV TS1 has been routinely used for the detection of the ASGV-infection in the imported pear scions for quarantine purpose via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). One of 1,199 samples of pear scions imported from Japan during 2005–2007 was identified as ASGV-positive and the virus was designated as AGJP-22. The CP gene amplified from this AGJP-22 shared 97.9–98.3% amino acid identities to those of the domestic isolates and they were closely related phylogenetically. To date, these data present for the first time conclusive evidence revealing that ASGV is indeed the causal agent of the pear disease displaying symptoms of reduced size of foliage and leaf distortion in Taiwan.     

Molecular and serological diversity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus</Emphasis> from sand pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus pyrifolia</Emphasis>) in China

Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) isolates from sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) were characterized by analyzing the sequences of their coat protein (CP) genes and serological reactivity of recombinant coat proteins (rCPs). The sequences of CP genes from 22 sand pear isolates showed a high divergence, with 87.3–100% identities at the nucleotide (nt) level and 92.7–100% identities at the amino acid (aa) level. Phylogenetic analysis on the aa sequence of CP showed that the analyzed ACLSV isolates fell into different clusters and all isolates from sand pear were grouped into a large cluster (I) which was then divided into two sub-clusters (A and B). Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses demonstrated that rCPs of eight ACLSV isolates (PP13, PP15-2, PP24, PP43, PE, PP54, PP56 and ACLSV-C) from two sub-clusters had different mobility rates and serological reactivity. The rCPs of five isolates grouped into the sub-cluster A showed stronger reactivity with antibodies against rCPs of a sand pear isolate ACLSV-BD and virions of a Japanese apple isolate P-205 than that with the antibody against a Chinese apple isolate ACLSV-C. Three isolates grouped into the sub-cluster B showed stronger reactivity with the antibody against ACLSV-C. The antigenic determinants of CPs from these eight isolates and isolates ACLSV-BD and P-205 were predicted. These results contribute to a further understanding of molecular diversity of the virus and its implication in serological detection.     

三种ELISA方法检测苹果褪绿叶斑病毒和苹果茎沟病毒的比较

苹果褪绿叶斑病毒（ＡＣＬＳＶ）和苹果茎沟病毒（ＡＳＧＶ）是感染苹果和其它一些果树的重要病毒。作者应用ＰＡＳ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法成功地检测了苹果组培苗中的这两种病毒。为了简化操作步骤,试验了ＤＡＳ－ＥＬＩＳＡ和改良ＤＡＳ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法,并与ＰＡＳ－ＥＬＩＳＡ的检测结果比较。试验结果表明,ＤＡＳ－ＥＬＩＳＡ能检测出ＡＳＧＶ,却不能检测出ＡＣＬＳＶ,与此同时,这两种病毒均可用改良ＤＡＳ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测。ＤＡＳ     

Characterization of Apricot pseudo-chlorotic leaf spot virus, A Novel Trichovirus Isolated from Stone Fruit Trees

ABSTRACT A trichovirus closely related to Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) was detected in symptomatic apricot and Japanese plum from Italy. The Sus2 isolate of this agent cross-reacted with anti-ACLSV polyclonal reagents but was not detected by broad-specificity anti- ACLSV monoclonal antibodies. It had particles with typical trichovirus morphology but, contrary to ACLSV, was unable to infect Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor. The sequence of its genome (7,494 nucleotides [nt], missing only approximately 30 to 40 nt of the 5' terminal sequence) and the partial sequence of another isolate were determined. The new virus has a genomic organization similar to that of ACLSV, with three open reading frames coding for a replication-associated protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), a movement protein, and a capsid protein, respectively. However, it had only approximately 65 to 67% nucleotide identity with sequenced isolates of ACLSV. The differences in serology, host range, genome sequence, and phylogenetic reconstructions for all viral proteins support the idea that this agent should be considered a new virus, for which the name Apricot pseudo-chlorotic leaf spot virus (APCLSV) is proposed. APCLSV shows substantial sequence variability and has been recovered from various Prunus sources coming from seven countries, an indication that it is likely to have a wide geographical distribution.