草地螟幼虫和蛹的形态特征及雌雄鉴别方法

草地螟雌、雄成虫的形态特征及鉴别方法在室内研究及种群测报中已经广泛应用,但幼虫及蛹的形态特征及雌雄的鉴别方法目前尚没有报道。本文借助超景深三维显微系统,观察不同龄期草地螟幼虫的形态特征、5龄幼虫性别特征以及雌、雄蛹的区别,以期为草地螟幼虫和蛹的形态识别和性别鉴定提供科学分类依据。研究表明:1)初孵幼虫体色为淡黄色,随着龄期增大,体色逐渐加深,至末龄为灰黑色或黑色,3龄出现白斑和体侧纵带,5龄体背出现2条鲜黄色或黄白色背线;2)雄幼虫第5腹节背管两侧有一对精巢,呈白色半透明橘瓣状,3片精小囊隔膜将精巢分为4个小腔室,预蛹期2个精巢逐渐靠拢、融合并发生扭转,蛹期完全融合成为一个不可剥离的圆球体,直至生命结束;雌幼虫卵巢没有明显分化;3)雌蛹腹部8～10节分节不明显,第8腹节中央的生殖孔和第9腹节的产卵孔连接组成一纵裂缝,裂缝两侧平坦,裂缝下端与排泄孔上端距离较远,为(0.48±0.005)mm,腹部末端钝圆;雄蛹腹部8～10节分节明显,第8腹节无纵裂缝,第9腹节的生殖孔呈一纵裂缝与第10腹节相连,裂缝两侧各有一个半圆形瘤状突起,裂缝下端与排泄孔上端距离较近,为(0.24±0.005)mm,腹部末端较尖。     

稻纵卷叶螟雌雄蛹的鉴别方法

描述一种准确快速鉴别稻纵卷叶螟CnaphalocrocismedinalisGuenee雌、雄蛹的方法。观察147头稻纵卷叶螟虫蛹的形态特征,结果显示,雌蛹第八腹节至第九腹节有一较长纵裂缝,两侧较平坦,为交配孔与产卵孔连接而成;雄蛹仅第九腹节有一较短纵裂缝,两侧有明显肾形突起。成虫羽化后进行鉴定,准确率为100％。在田间,采用该方法可根据雌、雄比提前对下一代虫量进行预测预报。在实际应用中具有重要作用。     

一种快速鉴别草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是新近入侵我国的重大迁飞性害虫。本研究通过比较草地贪夜蛾雌、雄蛹及成虫的外部形态差异,总结出一种快速鉴别草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫性别的方法。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾雄蛹在第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,并连接两个半圆形瘤状突起,且纵裂离肛门的距离较近,腹部末端较尖,分节较为明显;雌蛹在第8腹节腹面近前缘有一短纵裂缝,两侧平滑且无突起结构,裂缝离肛门的距离较远,腹部末端钝圆,分节不明显。雄蛾腹部狭长,腹部末端有一圈黄色长毛簇;雌蛾腹部较雄蛾浑圆,腹部末端黄色毛簇较短。经检测,该鉴定方法的准确率高达100%。对草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫性别的快速鉴定,将有助于改进后期草地贪夜蛾室内饲养方法,并为田间草地贪夜蛾的预测预报提供参考。     

柑橘长卷蛾蛹和成虫鉴别

描述了一种快速准确鉴别柑橘长卷蛾蛹和成虫性别的方法。观察214头柑橘长卷蛾蛹和180头成虫腹部形态特征发现,雌蛹腹部末端分节不明显,第8腹节腹面中央有一黑色纵裂,与肛裂缝之间的距离显著大于雄蛹,裂缝较短,两侧平坦无突起;雄蛹腹部末端分节较明显,第8腹节无裂缝,第9腹节中央有一黑色纵裂,裂缝较长,两侧各有一半圆形瘤状突起。雌蛾成虫腹部末端呈圆筒状;雄性成虫腹部末端短钳状具环形毛丝。     

柠条重要害虫四线奇尺蛾天津亚种的蛹和成虫形态特征及性别鉴定

四线奇尺蛾天津亚种[Chiasmia saburraria richardsi(Prout,1908)]是新发现的为害柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)的重要食叶类害虫。通过室内饲养结合野外采集调查,详细描述了蛹和成虫的外部形态特征及其两性鉴别特征。结果如下:雌蛹生殖孔位于第8腹节后缘中央,平均长度为165μm,两侧平坦,无凸起,并且生殖孔与肛门间的距离明显大于雄蛹;雄蛹生殖孔位于第9腹节腹面中央,平均长度为155μm,生殖孔两侧各有1半圆形瘤状突起。雌成虫体长较雄成虫粗短,前翅长较雄成虫短,腹部末端圆筒状;雄成虫腹部末端稍尖。     

香梨优斑螟蛹和成虫的性别鉴定

描述一种准确、迅速鉴别香梨优斑螟蛹和成虫性别的方法。观察174头香梨优斑螟虫蛹和145头成虫腹部形态特征发现：雌蛹腹部末端分节不明显,第8腹节腹面中央有一黑色纵裂,与肛裂缝之间的距离显著大于雄蛹,裂缝较短（平均长度65~70 μm),两侧平坦,无突起;雄蛹腹部末端分节较明显,第8腹节无裂缝,第9腹节中央有一黑色纵裂,裂缝较长(平均长度100~110 μm),两侧各有一半圆形瘤状突起。雌性成虫腹部末端呈圆筒状;雄性成虫腹部末端圆钳状具环形毛丝。     

利用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连代饲养东亚小花蝽的比较研究

比较了用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养东亚小花蝽的效果。用赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养的6代东亚小花蝽 ,其若虫发育和成虫产卵能力均与用自然寄主桃蚜饲养的相同世代的小花蝽没有显著差异 ,各代间若虫发育和成虫产卵能力也基本相同。表明用赤眼蜂蛹做饲料可以满足东亚小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的需要。用赤眼蜂蛹做饲料 ,雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为1 1 5d和 1 0 9d ,单雌产卵量为 56 5粒 ,雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为 9 8d和 1 2 7d。用桃蚜做饲料 ,雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为 1 1 2d和 1 1 0d ,单雌产卵量为 50 0粒 ,雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为 9 2d和 1 2 9d。用赤眼蜂蛹饲养小花蝽的饲料成本不超过 0 2 4元 /头     

三种猎物对蠋蝽生长发育和繁殖的影响

为比较黏虫幼虫、米蛾幼虫、柞蚕蛹3种替代猎物对于饲喂蠋蝽的营养适合性,在室内测定了3种猎物的营养组成以及蠋蝽取食3种猎物后的发育历期、体重、体长、繁殖力等生物学参数,为扩繁蠋蝽提供依据。结果表明,蠋蝽取食3种猎物均能正常完成世代发育。体重、体长、性比不受食物处理的影响。蠋蝽在取食黏虫和柞蚕蛹时,其发育历期、存活率、产卵量、卵孵化率等指标无显著差异。蠋蝽取食米蛾时,卵孵化至成虫的发育历期为29.88 d,明显长于取食黏虫和柞蚕蛹的蠋蝽,历期分别为25.57和26.15 d;世代单雌平均产卵量为231.44粒,显著低于取食黏虫与柞蚕的360.00和441.00粒;成虫获得率为23.78%,极显著低于取食黏虫与柞蚕的获得率60.00%和60.56%;然而雌、雄虫寿命均较取食黏虫与柞蚕有所延长。综上所述,黏虫幼虫可作为室内扩繁蠋蝽的猎物。     

警惕进口藤枝传带象甲

1987年从印尼进口藤枝中检获象甲,经鉴定为象虫科隐颏象亚科的 Rhinostomus meldolae(Pascoe)。该虫成虫体长6～24.5ram,黑色或棕黑色。两眼相近,在喙的腹面几乎彼此接触;在喙的背面被两条窄隆线分离,两眼间距离窄于触角柄节宽。前胸前缘两侧不具眼叶,雄虫喙背面锯齿状,腹面有许多黄色长毛,雌虫喙背面基部刻点密,腹面光滑无毛。触角棒基部角质化部分大约等于端部海绵状部分,两部分之间的缝弯曲。前足基节间距至少为基节直径的     

豆小卷叶蛾Matsumuraeses phaseoli (Matsumura)的初步研究1.形态及生物学特性

豆小卷叶蛾是豆类的重要害虫。幼虫卷食芽、叶、花簇,并蛙食莢、粒、嫩茎等部。一般大豆受害,株高減低14—48％,結莢数減少11—27％左右。成虫体色暗褐,翅展16—20毫米。下唇須伸向前方,側視呈三角形。前翅中室外側有一黑斑。M脉在翅基的一段消失,Cu_1自中室下角伸出弯向前方。雌蛾翅韁3条,交配囊体具交配囊片2枚。雄蛾翅韁1条,第八腹节具侧味刷。卵扁薄呈椭圓形,长径0.56—0.75毫米,初产黄白色,在发育阶段卵面依次出現紅色小点。幼虫共5龄,老熟时体长11—14毫米。体青微褐,头部褐色,两侧有黑色楔形纹。腹足趾鈞双序全环,臀櫛5—8齿。蛹褐色,体长7—9毫米,雌蛹生殖孔生于第八和第九腹节,雄者位于第九腹节。此虫在武功地区一年发生4—5代,多以幼虫在土中越冬。越冬代成虫发生于4、5月,第一代多为害草木樨等。第二代发生于6、7月,主要为害春播豆类。第三代发生于8月,主要为害夏播豆类。第四代发生于9、10月,发生較早的为害夏播豆类,迟的为害草木樨和野生豆类等。成虫夜出,飞行力強,对强的灯光和黑光灯有趋性。产卵量与补充营养有密切关系。卵散产于豆株下部叶片背面,幼虫孵化后須爬至上部幼嫩芽叶始能取食生活。已发現寄圭11种,有些生物学特性在防治上可利用。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.