防治黄瓜白粉病轮换药剂的筛选

因周年发生为害、防治用药频繁,导致黄瓜白粉病抗药性上升迅速,造成常规药剂防效下降并带来较高的农药残留风险,亟需筛选出防治该病的轮换药剂。选择不同杀菌剂开展田间防病试验,评价常规喷雾条件下各药剂及不同用量防治黄瓜白粉病的效果。田间防效由高到低依次为29%吡萘·嘧菌酯悬浮剂73.17%～83.80%、12.5%四氟醚唑水乳剂69.21%～74.15%、36%硝苯菌酯乳油59.52%～65.00%、9%萜烯醇乳油27.35%～39.52%,作为对照的常规药剂50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂防效为41.96%。4种新药剂之间及同一药剂最高和最低用量处理间的防效均存在显著差异。     

黄瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇抗性诱导及抗性菌株生物学性状的研究

室内通过紫外线照射和药剂驯化相结合的方法连续诱变7代,获得了黄瓜白粉病菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea对己唑醇的抗性菌株,该抗性菌株对己唑醇的抗性水平达到105倍,其产孢量和致病力比敏感菌株略高,但差异不显著,且对戊唑醇、腈菌唑、多抗霉素和嘧菌酯无交互抗性,对醚菌酯表现交互抗性,结果表明田间用己唑醇防治黄瓜白粉病可能存在抗性风险。     

防治草莓白粉病的新型药剂筛选

通过田间试验调查了3种化学药剂12.5%四氟醚唑水乳剂、29%吡萘·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂,2种生物农药20%β-羽扇豆球蛋白多肽可溶液剂、90%萜烯醇乳油对草莓白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,12.5%四氟醚唑水乳剂、29%吡萘·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、20%β-羽扇豆球蛋白多肽可溶液剂施用3次后对草莓白粉病的防效均达到70%以上,可做为防治用药的优先选择;50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂和90%萜烯醇乳油防效相对较低,第3次药后的防效在50%左右。     

黄瓜白粉病菌接种及对杀菌剂敏感性测定方法

建立了孢子悬浮液接种黄瓜子叶测定黄瓜白粉病菌杀菌剂敏感性的简便方法。比较了白粉病菌分生孢子悬浮液涂抹法和喷雾法接种黄瓜幼苗子叶的效果,结果表明,涂抹法发病率高,均匀度更好;测定了接菌后不同时间施药,白粉病菌对己唑醇、腈菌唑、三唑酮、甲基硫菌灵和百菌清等5种杀菌剂的敏感性,结果表明,接菌后96h施药较为敏感,测得的EC50较小。最后确定接种及毒力测定方法为:接种时白粉病菌分生孢子悬浮液使用十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液分散悬浮,孢子浓度为15×10倍显微镜下每视野30~40个,接种后96h施药,发病后直接利用病斑数来计算毒力测定结果。该方法可用于黄瓜白粉病菌抗药性监测和对杀菌剂敏感性测定。     

黄瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇的敏感基线及实验室抗性获得

为了评价黄瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇的抗性风险,采用子叶法测定了山东地区50个黄瓜白粉病菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性。结果表明,各菌株敏感性存在较大差异,EC50值最低为0.0017μg/mL,最高达0.16μg/mL,平均值为0.028μg/mL,由于所有菌株均采自未使用过脱甲基抑制剂类杀菌剂的黄瓜日光温室,敏感性频率呈近似正态分布,可作为黄瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇的相对敏感基线。以野生菌株为材料,以紫外线诱导和药剂驯化相结合获得了2个黄瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇的抗性菌株,比较了抗性菌株和敏感菌株的适合度和分生孢子的竞争能力。结果表明,无药情况下2个抗性菌株与野生菌株适合度无显著差异。抗性菌株和敏感菌株分生孢子以80∶20混合培养7代后,抗性菌株的频率变化不明显;50∶50混合培养7代,中抗菌株的抗性频率明显降低,而高抗菌株的抗性频率降低不明显;20∶80混合培养7代,抗性菌株的频率变低甚至消失。     

防治山东省特色小宗作物金银花白粉病试验研究

为明确10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂用于防治金银花白粉病的有效性和安全性，本研究采用盆栽法、喷雾法分别测定了2种药剂对金银花白粉病的室内活性、田间防效以及对金银花的安全性。室内活性试验结果表明，苯醚甲环唑和吡唑醚菌酯对金银花白粉病均具有较高活性，EC₅₀值(7 d)分别为3.18、3.01 mg/L,且较高于对照药剂嘧霉胺(EC₅₀值(7 d)12.88 mg/L)的活性。安全性试验结果表明，10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂对金银花安全，安全系数分别为4.0。田间药效试验结果表明，10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂试验剂量下防效均在80%左右。研究表明，10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂对金银花白粉病具有较好的防治效果，可推荐作为田间防治金银花白粉病的药剂。     

新型杀菌剂氯苯肟唑对蔬菜主要病原菌的抑制作用及田间防病效果

对新化合物氯苯肟唑作为农用杀菌剂的效果进行了评价。分别采用孢子萌发法、含毒介质法、离体叶片法和盆栽试验法,测试了氯苯肟唑对不同蔬菜病原真菌的抑制作用;此外,还进行了20%氯苯肟唑水乳剂防治黄瓜白粉病和黑星病的田间药效试验。室内毒力测定结果显示,氯苯肟唑对供试的几种病原菌均具有较高的杀菌活性,其中500 mg/L的处理对番茄枯萎病菌、辣椒疫病菌、黄瓜黑星病菌的活性与对照药剂相当,对菜豆菌核病菌、黄瓜灰霉病菌和黄瓜白粉病菌的抑制率虽然低于对照药剂,但抑菌效果均在80%以上。田间试验中20%氯苯肟唑水乳剂40 mg/L药液对黄瓜白粉病和黄瓜黑星病的防效可分别达80％和84％。室内生物活性测定结果与田间试验结果一致。     

大黄酚对黄瓜白粉病的生物活性及内吸传导性研究

采用喷雾法研究了大黄酚对黄瓜白粉病的生物活性及其在黄瓜组织中的内吸传导性。结果表明,大黄酚对黄瓜白粉病菌具有较高毒力,感染白粉病的叶片经200 mg/L的大黄酚处理2 d后,霉状物变褐色,病斑枯死。扫描电子显微镜观察显示,黄瓜白粉病菌经大黄酚处理后,菌丝和分生孢子梗扭曲、变形,分生孢子塌陷。盆栽试验表明,利用大黄酚防治黄瓜白粉病具有较长的持效期,黄瓜子叶上喷施100 mg/L的大黄酚,20 d后接种病原菌,其防效仍达84.83%,与有效成分500 mg/L的硫磺悬浮剂防效相近。此外,大黄酚在黄瓜组织中具有一定的跨层传导性,其横向传导性较弱,几乎无向顶及向基的传导性。     

5种药剂对黄瓜白粉病的防效比较

通过田间试验,分别调查了42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂、30%醚菌·啶酰菌悬浮剂、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂4种高效、低毒、低残留农药和对照药剂50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂对黄瓜白粉病的防治效果。以上5种药剂处理的末次药后防效依次为75.78%、72.68%、60.49%、51.98%和11.06%,4种供试药剂的防效均显著优于对照药剂50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂。结合3次施药防治后各处理区黄瓜白粉病病情指数的变化还发现,42.8%氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和30%醚菌·啶酰菌悬浮剂防治该病的速效性和持效性明显优于其他供试药剂。     

大黄酚对黄瓜白粉病菌的抑制作用研究

 采用子叶喷雾法分别测定了大黄酚(chrysophanol)对黄瓜白粉病菌(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)的保护和治疗生物活性。结果表明,大黄酚能有效降低黄瓜白粉病的病情指数,其保护和治疗作用的EC₅₀分别为0.23μg/mL和25.88μg/mL,对照药剂50%硫磺悬浮剂保护作用的EC₅₀为59.75μg/mL,10%苯咪甲环唑可湿性水分散粒剂治疗作用的EC₅₀为13.55μg/mL。在此基础上,利用2.4μg/mL大黄酚溶液处理黄瓜子叶24h后接种白粉病菌,在不同时段对病组织进行透明染色观察白粉病菌的变化情况。结果发现,大黄酚可有效降低黄瓜白粉病菌分生孢子的萌发率和萌发芽管个数,并能抑制菌丝的生长以及降低新生分生孢子的个数。接菌后24h,清水对照萌发率为66.6%,而大黄酚处理后的孢子不萌发;接菌后48h,对照菌丝的平均长度为414.7μm,大黄酚处理的菌丝平均长度为40.1μm;接菌后144h,对照的新生分生孢子串最多为8个孢子,大部分为6-7个,而大黄酚处理后的新生分生孢子串孢子个数最多为2个,大部分为1个。接菌7d后对照的病情指数为72.2,大黄酚处理组的病情指数仅为2.1,其保护作用防治效果达到97.1%,远高于50%硫磺悬浮剂65.4%的防效。     

黄瓜白粉病菌在不同抗性黄瓜材料上的侵染过程

白粉病是黄瓜生产中发生普遍,危害严重的主要病害之一。pm5.1和PM5.2是黄瓜上的2个白粉病抗性位点,本文对7份不同抗病基因型的黄瓜自交系进行了黄瓜白粉病抗性鉴定,并开展了黄瓜白粉病菌侵染过程的研究,对侵染后12、24、72 h的萌发率、菌丝形成率及菌落形成率等进行了分析。结果表明,当基因型为PM5.1PM5.1 pm5.2pm5.2时,黄瓜病情指数最高,表现为高感白粉病;当基因型为PM5.1PM5.1PM5.2 PM5.2和pm5.1pm5.1pm5.2pm5.2时,表现为中感白粉病;当基因型为pm5.1pm5.1PM5.2PM5.2时黄瓜自交系病情指数最低,表现为抗白粉病。分生孢子在抗、感黄瓜自交系植株叶片上均能萌发,但只能在感病黄瓜材料上完成整个无性生长周期,产生分生孢子。此外,黄瓜白粉病菌分生孢子在感病材料上的萌发率、菌丝形成率及菌落形成率均高于抗病材料。     

寡聚糖诱导黄瓜对白粉病抗病反应的超微结构研究

 中科6号(2%氨基寡糖素)处理黄瓜植株叶片,5 d后接种白粉菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea(Schlecht.) Poll.,可诱导黄瓜Cucumis sativus产生对白粉病的抗病性,寄主细胞对病原菌的侵入产生了防卫反应结构和物质以及过敏性坏死反应。表现为寄主细胞壁加厚,染色加深,寄主细胞壁下产生多层次结构的乳突,在寄主细胞壁与质膜之间有黑色物质沉积;吸器外质膜皱褶,染色加深,吸器外基质中出现染色加深的颗粒状电子沉积物;寄主细胞质紊乱,细胞器解体,整个寄主细胞解体、坏死。     

Lithium chloride and cucumber powdery mildew infection

Lithium chloride solutions (1 mM), supplied to cucumber plants via the root system, conferred protection against powdery mildew infection of the leaves by Sphaerotheca fuliginea. The development of infection structures was significantly inhibited by this treatment. Effective concentrations of the lithium salt increased the growth of shoots but resulted in some reduction of root growth, The incorporation of lithium by different parts of plants was assessed during a 20-day treatment period, The possible mode of action of lithium on this host-pathogen system is discussed.     

A foliar spray of micronutrient solutions induces local and systemic protection against powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginia) in cucumber plants

A single spray of solutions of 0.005M H₃BO₃, 0.0025M CuSO₄, and 0.0025 MnCl₂, on the upper surface of the first true leaf of cucumber plants 2 h before inoculation with a conidial suspension of Sphaerotheca fuliginea, induced systemic protection against powdery mildew in leaves 2 and 3 without causing any damage on the induced leaf (first leaf). A similar level of systemic protection was observed when plants were induced by micronutrients, 2, 24 and 72 h before challenge with S. fuliginea. The level of protection induced by various concentrations varied from solution to solution. In general, the systemic protection induced by K₂HPO₄ was similar to that by the microelements. Spraying of a 1:1 mixture of phosphate and micronutrient solutions did not improve the systemic protection over that obtained with each of the solutions alone. Increasing the inoculum concentration of S. fuliginea increased the number of powdery mildew colonies produced on both induced and non-induced plants and has relatively affected the systemic protection on induced plants. A single foliar spray of micronutrient solutions, as a prophylactic treatment, on the upper surface of all the leaves of 3-leaf stage cucumber plants significantly inhibited powdery mildew development. A single spray of MnCl₂ on leaf 1 elevated peroxidase activity in the soluble fraction and caused an enhancement of -1,3-glucanase content in the ionically bound fractions of leaf 2 of non-inoculated plants. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, the level of both fractions of the enzymes increased in non-treated plants and decreased (-1,3-glucanase) or remained unchanged (peroxidase) in treated (induced) plants as compared to non-treated plants. The possible mechanism for this protection, and the use of microelements and phosphate solutions as inducers for systemic protection and as agents for disease control are discussed.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ1诱导黄瓜抗白粉病的研究

解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ1是从土壤中分离得到的一株对黄瓜白粉病具有较好防效的生防细菌。田间试验发现,用LJ1发酵上清100倍稀释液喷施黄瓜幼苗,在施药后14 d时其对黄瓜白粉病的防效可达83.45%。为研究LJ1防治病害的作用机制,用LJ1发酵上清100倍稀释液喷施黄瓜幼苗,测定黄瓜叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)等与诱导抗病性相关的酶活性和信号分子水杨酸含量的变化,并检测了苗期根围土壤中真菌的动态。结果显示,经过LJ1发酵液处理后3种酶的活性和水杨酸的含量在不同时间点均有一个骤增的过程,其活性显著高于对照,并且7 d后土壤中的可培养真菌数量急剧减少。说明LJ1发酵液中有诱导黄瓜产生抗病性的物质,并且诱导后分泌的抗性物质对真菌具有广谱性。     

Phytogeny and Cross-infectivity of Powdery Mildew Isolates (Podosphaera fuliginea s. lat.) on Cosmos and Cucumber

To clarify the relationship between the phylogeny and infectivity of isolates of Podosphaera fuliginea s. lat. (= Sphaerotheca fuliginea s. lat.) from cosmos and cucumber, more than 50 powdery mildew isolates from these two plants were subjected to nucleotide sequencing or PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and cross-inoculation tests. The isolates from both cosmos and cucumber are genetically monotypic, and there are six nucleotide substitutions in the rDNA ITS region between isolates from cosmos and cucumber. Cross-inoculation tests of these isolates revealed that isolates from cosmos are not pathogenic on cucumber. Although isolates from cucumber produced conidia on leaves of cosmos in the laboratory, the conidial density was much lower than that from isolates from cosmos. This result, as well as the fact that the cucumber strain was not isolated from cosmos in fields, suggests that isolates from cucumber do not infect cosmos in the field. Therefore, powdery mildews on cosmos and cucumber can be regarded to have become specialized for their hosts both genetically and pathogenically. The present study reconfirms the close relationship between phylogeny and infectivity of powdery mildew fungi. Host specialization may be a trigger that causes genetic divergence of powdery mildew fungi. Received 28 June 2000/ Accepted in revised form 4 September 2000     

生防菌株LB-1培养液对黄瓜的抑病促生作用

 LB-1为新筛选的生防近缘毛壳(Chaetomium subaffine)菌株。为明确LB-1培养液的抑病促生效果,本研究以黄瓜为供试植物,分别采用灌根和叶面喷施的方式,测定了LB-1培养液对黄瓜枯萎病和黄瓜白粉病的抑制效果;通过种子萌发、盆栽苗和生化检测试验,分析了LB-1培养液对黄瓜的促生作用。结果发现,LB-1培养液对黄瓜枯萎病抑制作用效果甚微,但对黄瓜白粉病生防效果明显,黄瓜叶片接菌24 h后叶面喷施LB-1培养液对白粉病的防效高达48.86%。LB-1培养液浸润催芽处理24 h的黄瓜种子萌发率和根长均显著高于对照(P=0.05),且LB-1培养液浸种、灌根、叶面喷施处理均能促进黄瓜幼苗的生长发育。LB-1没有产嗜铁素、产氢氰酸、固氮和溶磷能力,但能够产生吲哚乙酸(Indoleacetic acid,IAA)。表明生防菌株LB-1培养液能有效抑制黄瓜白粉病的发生,促进黄瓜种子萌发和植株生长,而且其促生作用可能通过产生IAA来实现。     

生防菌株LB-1培养液对黄瓜的抑病促生作用

 LB-1为新筛选的生防近缘毛壳(Chaetomium subaffine)菌株。为明确LB-1培养液的抑病促生效果,本研究以黄瓜为供试植物,分别采用灌根和叶面喷施的方式,测定了LB-1培养液对黄瓜枯萎病和黄瓜白粉病的抑制效果;通过种子萌发、盆栽苗和生化检测试验,分析了LB-1培养液对黄瓜的促生作用。结果发现,LB-1培养液对黄瓜枯萎病抑制作用效果甚微,但对黄瓜白粉病生防效果明显,黄瓜叶片接菌24 h后叶面喷施LB-1培养液对白粉病的防效高达48.86%。LB-1培养液浸润催芽处理24 h的黄瓜种子萌发率和根长均显著高于对照(P=0.05),且LB-1培养液浸种、灌根、叶面喷施处理均能促进黄瓜幼苗的生长发育。LB-1没有产嗜铁素、产氢氰酸、固氮和溶磷能力,但能够产生吲哚乙酸(Indoleacetic acid,IAA)。表明生防菌株LB-1培养液能有效抑制黄瓜白粉病的发生,促进黄瓜种子萌发和植株生长,而且其促生作用可能通过产生IAA来实现。     

Biological control mechanisms of D-pinitol against powdery mildew in cucumber

D-pinitol is an effective agent for controlling powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) in cucumber. In this study, we determined the mechanisms of D-pinitol in controlling powdery mildew in cucumber plants. We compared P. xanthii development on cucumber leaf surface treated with D-pinitol or water (2 mg ml⁻¹) at different time points after inoculation. The germinating conidia, hyphae, and conidiophores of the pathogen were severely damaged by D-pinitol at any time of application tested. The highest level of suppression of fungal development was obtained at 3 days after inoculation. The contents of chlorophyll, total phenolics, flavonoid, and gallic acid and its derivatives (GAD); the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); and the expression of the genes encoding for PR-1, peroxidase (POX), lipoxygenase (LOX1), chitinase (Chit1) were higher in the cucumber leaves treated with D-pinitol and inoculated than in the leaves either treated with D-pinitol or inoculated with the pathogen. These results suggest that D-pinitol triggers several plant defense responses in cucumber leading to pathogen suppression and resistance to powdery mildew.