小麦黄矮病(BYDV)抗病性材料的研究

 大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)可引起小麦黄矮病。自我国首次报道了BYDV的抗源材料中5和中4后,明确了治小麦黄矮病应用抗病品种的这一重要途径。作者对国内外8424份小麦品种资源材料进行系统鉴定,取得了新进展.     

小麦黄矮病红穗症状的研究

小麦黄矮病(BYDV)的症状特征是,早期及传病中心的病株叶片褪绿黄化,植株亦多矮化;后期及流行阶段的病株,则一般仅褪绿黄化。1980年该病大流行时明显发生“红穗”现象。杨陵历年小麦品种抗黄矮病性鉴定试验地,1983至1986的4年均于5月下旬小麦黄熟前,大量急剧发生“红穗”现     

关于小麦品种抗黄矮病毒的鉴定问题

小麦黄矮病(BYDV)是我国北方麦区主要的病毒病,特别在干旱、半干旱地区,是低产小麦稳产丰产的重大障碍之一。关于小麦黄矮病的综合防治,除研究采取有效的治蚜防病措施外,最根本的具有战略性的,就是选用抗、耐病丰产品种。1973年该病历史上第3次大面积流行后,就开展了小麦品种抗病性研究工作,根据对1983和1984年田间人工鉴定的2050份重要小麦品种资源,及以往室内外人工鉴定的557份材料的结果分析归纳,试论小麦抗黄矮病毒鉴定的以下有关问题:     

小麦黄叶病与小麦黄矮病复合感染鉴定初报

小麦黄矮病是六十年代以来我国北方麦区多次流行的重要蚜传病毒病。小麦受黄矮病感染后的典型症状是,由叶尖向下变黄,变色部分占全叶的三分之一到二分之一,病叶增厚,挺举,背面光润,黄色鲜明。这样的症状特点,在以往的田间调查与室内接种试验中,一直未见有异常变化。1981年10月,用采自本院农场田间自然感染的黄化病株(小麦品种:阿魁雷)作毒源,用麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)饲毒,接种感染郑引1号小麦,从分离繁殖黄矮病毒源的过程中,观察到一种不同于黄矮病的症状:由植株下部叶片开始,渐次向上     

抗黄矮病小麦新品系的分子标记检测研究

本研究对以小麦-中间偃麦草异附加系L1和小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二倍体‘无芒中4’为抗源选育出的抗黄矮病小麦新品系进行分子检测和抗病性鉴定.通过应用RAPD、SSR、SCAR 3种分子标记OPF15、Xgwm37、SC-W37进行分子检测,并采用人工接种和大田自然感病的方式进行抗黄矮病鉴定,筛选到了‘93646’、‘2003-2’等高抗黄矮病的小麦新品系.分子检测抗黄矮病基因与田间抗病鉴定结果基本一致,应用的3种PCR标记都可以检测出抗病材料,但SCAR标记SC-W37特异性强、稳定性好,可在小麦抗黄矮病育种早代选择过程中发挥重要作用.     

晋南冬麦区大麦黄矮病毒流行株系监测及防治策略探讨

连续5年(1996～2000年)采集晋南冬麦区小麦黄矮病标样,采用生物学和血清学(酶联免疫吸附法)相结合的诊断方法对该地区的大麦黄矮病毒流行株系进行了鉴别。结果表明,该小麦黄矮病流行区近五年以GAV株系为主流株系,兼有少量GPV、PAV和混合株系存在。同时对小麦抗黄矮病新品种“临抗1号”进行了GPV和GAV两种株系的抗性测定,明确了该品种兼抗GPV和GAV两种株系。根据小麦黄矮病发生现状,提出了一套以选育推广抗耐病品种为主,以药剂防治为辅的综合防治措施。以期为当地小麦生产服务。     

麦类品种与种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒GAV的田间抗性鉴定

为明确不同小麦品种对大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf viruses, BYDV)GAV的抗性差异,采用堆测法田间人工接种鉴定了215份小麦品种及种质资源的抗病性.结果表明,不同材料对黄矮病的抗病性存在较大差异,00中13、中4、西农979、临优21号、878和H9020-17-25-6-4的病情指数分别为18.9、9.6、16.3、21.1、21.1和22.6,表现出较好的抗病性;荔高6号、偃展4110、新麦13、豫麦49、徐麦856、金穗1号、中国春和7182的病情指数分别为68.9、55.2、58.5、54.0、56.2、51.5、55.8和53.0,均高于50.0,表现为高感;其余材料病情指数在25.0~50.0之间,表现为感病.此外,红须麦、豫麦34、小冰麦和晋麦47初期表现感病,后期恢复健康,有一定的耐病性.抗病性不同的小麦品种感染GAV后,对小麦产量的影响差异很大,抗病品种如中5产量损失为5.6%,中4产量损失7.6%,耐病品种小冰麦、晋麦47和红须麦的产量损失依次为19.9%、15.2%和18.3%,而感病品种荔高6号产量损失达到47.5%.     

关于小麦黄矮病分级标准的商榷

依据小麦黄矮病症状表现规律及其特征,笔者认为小麦黄矮病的分级标准,仍用以往的3级分级标准比较切实可行。其主要理由如下: 1.小麦黄矮病主要发生流行于黄淮中熟冬麦区,通常在小麦开始灌浆期病情趋于终     

水稻感染小麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)初步研究

 小麦黄矮病是我国北方小麦的主要病毒病。寄主范围较广,人工接种可侵染水稻,近几年发现大田水稻发生类似于小麦黄矮病的症状特征。     

玉米感染小麦黄矮病的研究

我国北方小麦黄矮病的分布流行区,以1年两熟小麦复种玉米和两年三熟小麦轮作玉米为主要耕作方式。我们1980年于室内在天单1号玉米上接种小麦黄矮病植株发病率达50％;1986年秋季持续干旱,关中和渭北普遍发生黄矮病,据在杨陵、扶风、武功、礼泉、乾县和蒲城等县(区)调查植株发病     

从麦类种质资源中筛选大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)抗原

用 ELISA 法鉴定了小麦近缘种赖草属(Leymus)、披碱草属(Elymus)、鹅冠草属(Roegneria)3个属的21个种,其中17个种抗 BYDV。21145份小麦品种中筛选到症状轻、病毒含量高的耐病品种忻县冬麦、江西早等29份。3604份大麦品种中筛选到症状轻、病毒含量低的抗病品种C13208、小麦近缘种(Agropyronintemedium)和普通小麦杂交的异源八倍体中4无芒,中5,远中7,陇远45、46,远中1001,忻4079以及附加系 L1。现已获得抗 BYDV 的以中4无芒、L1为亲本的杂交后代。     

青海省小麦种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒的抗性鉴定

为明确青海省不同小麦种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)的抗性差异,于2014—2015年采用堆测法人工接种鉴定了178份种质资源的抗病性。结果显示,不同小麦种质资源对黄矮病的抗性存在较大差异,甘A100、川766、陕1059、兰麦-2的病情指数依次为14.83、23.60、23.99和24.66,表现出较好的抗病性;病情指数在50.00以上的高感品种有69份,包括尕老汉、白板麦、兴热密穗等,其中白板麦病情指数高达72.35,高于感病对照阿勃;其余种质资源病情指数在25.00~50.00之间,表现为感病;甘A101、甘A99、藏515、藏519、木汉麦、群科大白麦、拉胎板麦、小红麦-2和朗县折达25初期表现感病,后期恢复健康,有一定的耐病性;抗病性不同的种质资源感染BYDV后,对小麦产量的影响差异很大,抗病对照中4产量损失8.96%,耐病品种产量损失在13.64%~19.74%之间,高病品种尕老汉产量损失达41.91%,表明小麦种质资源中抗BYDV的品种极少。     

兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒的小麦种质田间鉴定筛选

为鉴定筛选兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV)的小麦种质,采用自然感蚜/感病系数法,对36个外引和远缘杂交选育的小麦种质材料进行了2年的田间鉴定,并分析了感虫性与感病性的相关关系。结果表明,2年中均兼抗麦长管蚜和BYDV的种质仅有KOKIPPCAS、KOK、Amigo-3和PI137739共4个材料,占总鉴定材料的11.11%;对二者均敏感的有98-10-35q-9、186Tm39、Tam200e12-14a、Tam200(27)7、小偃22、西农1376和小偃6号共7个材料,占19.44%。其它材料仅抗虫或仅抗病,或仅在一年中表现抗病或抗虫,如材料98-10-30和98-10-35a8抗麦长管蚜,但对BYDV敏感;材料Tam200(13)G和PIG23(2)C感蚜,但对BYDV有抑制作用。BYDV发生普遍率(发病株率)和严重度(病情指数)与有蚜株率显著相关,严重度还与感蚜指数显著相关,但感病植株的病级均值与有蚜株率无显著相关性。表明自然界长期的进化和选择使许多抗病虫基因得以保存下来,但较多抗性基因只在抗病或抗虫的某一方面表现有效,需给予更多关注。     

231份麦类种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒的田间抗性鉴定

为明确不同麦类种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf viruses,BYDV)的抗性差异,于2015—2016年连续两年采用堆测法在田间人工接种鉴定了231份麦类种质资源的抗病性。结果表明,不同麦类种质资源对BYDV引起的黄矮病的抗性存在较大差异,2015—2016年,克群、加麻白芒麦、墨沙、绿见口和灰木头的平均病情指数分别为20.40、22.28、23.08、22.34和13.08,对黄矮病表现出较好的抗性;团结红壳麦-K、红矮子、定兴寨、旱地小麦、小红狼、榔头麦、峥白毛、金包银、红四楞、赤壳须麦及和穗板麦的平均病情指数分别为74.68、71.62、70.36、68.44、65.17、64.74、63.29、60.97、55.78、56.42和53.21,均大于50.00,表现为高感;其余种质资源的平均病情指数在25.00~50.00之间,表现为感病。此外,长芒芒、冰糖色小麦、苏麦、红皮麦、小红穗和青兰麦初期表现感病,后期可恢复健康,有一定的耐病性。抗病性不同的麦类种质资源感染BYDV后,对产量的影响差异很大,其中抗病资源绿见口的产量损失率最低,为8.87%,耐病资源长芒芒、冰糖色小麦、苏麦、红皮麦、小红穗和青兰麦的产量损失率依次为16.90%、17.40%、15.04%、13.13%、18.94%和11.57%,而感病资源和穗板麦的产量损失率达43.57%。     

A comparative study of the Barley yellow dwarf virus species PAV and PAS: distribution,accumulation and host resistance

This study investigated the distribution and characteristics of the Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) species BYDV‐PAS, which was recently separated from BYDV‐PAV, the most commonly studied BYDV species. Throughout 3 years of experimental monitoring of BYDV incidence, PAS was the most frequently occurring species infecting cereals and grasses in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, Rhopalosiphum maidis and Metopolophium dirhodum were recorded as BYDV‐PAS vectors, even though M. dirhodum does not usually transmit BYDV‐PAV. In field experiments with barley and wheat, where virus accumulation, symptoms and effect on the yield were tested, BYDV‐PAV was more severe than PAS. Infection with the BYDV‐PAV isolate resulted in greater expression of symptoms and also in a greater reduction in plant height and grain weight per spike than BYDV‐PAS. In a sensitive cultivar of barley (Graciosa), the amount of viral RNA of BYDV‐PAV was also significantly higher than that of BYDV‐PAS. In a tolerant line (Wbon‐123), however, no such differences were found. In conclusion, although BYDV‐PAS seems to be dominant in the Czech Republic, BYDV‐PAV has the potential to cause more significant crop losses in barley and wheat.     

Effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on some varieties of Italian, hybrid and perennial ryegrasses and their implication for grass breeders

With the exception of chlorotic streaks in a few plants, a severe strain of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) transmitted by Rhopalosiplum padi caused no obvious foliar symptoms in 54 varieties of ryegrass when they were defoliated monthly. When defoliation ceased and yellow or red discoloration of the leaf tips was allowed to develop, it was a poor indicator of the seventy of disease effect on yield. Thus, some varieties which developed marked discoloration were less severely damaged than some with little or none While BYDV induced yield significant in some varieties of ryegrass, it increased it significantly in others. In some varieties these BYDV-induced yield increases occurred throughout the year, but in others they occurred in 1 month and were offset by a yield decrease in another. BYDV infection caused a greater yield reduction in roots than in shoots. Even varieties giving increased shoot yield gave decreased root yield. The possible disadvantages of the resulting increase in shoot to root ratio are discussed. It is concluded that breeding ryegrass for BYDV-induced yield increases may be easier and more rewarding than breeding for resistance or tolerance.     

蛋白质激发子Hrip1对小麦黄矮病的诱抗作用

小麦黄矮病是由大麦黄矮病毒（barley yellow dwarf virus，BYDV）引起的一种小麦病毒病，其传播介体是小麦蚜虫，在小麦生产中造成巨大的经济损失。近年来，植物诱导抗性作为一种新兴的植物病虫害防治措施引起了广泛的关注。蛋白质激发子Hrip1可以激活多种植物的免疫防御反应诱导植物产生广谱抗性。本研究评价了Hrip1对小麦黄矮病的诱抗效果。用30 μg/mL的Hrip1溶液进行小麦浸种和幼苗喷雾，随后接种BYDV，接种后第14 d，Hrip1对小麦黄矮病控制效果在50%以上，接种后第21 d控制效果仍在30%以上。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示，在Hrip1处理的小麦幼苗体内，BYDV外壳蛋白mRNA的数量显著低于对照组；EPG结果显示，在Hrip1处理的小麦幼苗上，麦二叉蚜寻找叶片刺吸位点和韧皮部取食位点的时间增加。以上结果表明：Hrip1能够有效地抑制BYDV在小麦体内的增殖；影响传毒媒介麦二叉蚜的取食行为，抑制其传毒能力。此外，Hrip1处理小麦能有效缓解BYDV引起的叶片黄化和植株矮化的症状。因此，Hrip1可以作为生物诱导剂综合控制小麦黄矮病。     

Expression of Thinopyrum intermedium-Derived Barley yellow dwarf virus Resistance in Elite Bread Wheat Backgrounds

ABSTRACT Resistance to Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is not found in wheat but is available in a Thinopyrum intermedium translocation (Ti) carried on chromosome 7DL of bread wheat recombinant lines. We used one of those lines (TC14/2*Spear) to introgress the Ti into bread wheat cultivars and to determine the influence of wheat backgrounds, with and without known tolerance to BYDV, on the expression of resistance. Two single and three backcross populations, segregating for the presence of the alien fragment, were tested under field conditions and artificial inoculation with BYDV isolates MAV-Mex and PAV-Mex. Lines containing the fragment were identified using the microsatellite marker gwm37. Tillering, biomass, grain yield, thousand-kernel weight, and seed quality were evaluated in inoculated and noninoculated plots. Resistance was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In early generations, the alien fragment followed expected Mendelian segregation, whereas in the advanced ones a slight bias against its transmission was observed. No positive nor negative effects of Ti on agronomic performance and quality were found. A significant optical density reduction in individuals carrying the fragment was observed after PAV infection in crosses with lines Anza and Baviacora but not with Milan. In addition, the fragment was associated with a lower frequency of infected plants for both PAV and MAV isolates. The reduced yield loss associated with the presence of the translocation was due largely to the lower infection rate.