太白山土壤放线菌分离方法及生态分布规律

研究了改良高氏培养基、甘油-天门冬酰胺培养基、R2A培养基、改良高氏二号培养基、海藻糖-脯氨酸培养基对太白山不同植被土壤放线菌的分离效果,并分析放线菌的生态分布规律。结果表明:太白山南北坡土壤养分大体呈现为中海拔林地含量相对较高,有机质和全氮含量最高分别为77.81 g·kg~(-1)和5.35 g·kg~(-1),低海拔林地与高海拔林地含量相对较低,有机质和全氮含量最低分别为11.77 g·kg~(-1)和0.85 g·kg~(-1),即自低海拔至高海拔不同林地类型土壤养分整体呈现先升高后降低的趋势;甘油-天门冬酰胺培养基分离的放线菌数量与种类均高于其它培养基,其数量最高可达258×10~4cfu·g~(-1)土,种类最多为35种;改良高氏培养基分离南坡的效果优于北坡;R2A培养基分离中高海拔林地土壤优势更明显。中海拔林地类型,如北坡的红皮桦、牛皮桦,南坡的牛皮桦,分离的放线菌数量均显著高于其它林地类型;土壤速效磷和全氮含量对放线菌的分离效果影响较大。     

青岛泊子盐场放线菌多样性及其功能酶的筛选

采用平板涂布法利用3种培养基从青岛即墨市田横镇泊子盐场盐池底泥样中共分离纯化出15株放线菌,对分离菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序分析。发现这15株放线菌分属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)和1个新属,其中Streptomyces属为优势菌属;菌株CXB832与Nocardiopsis arabia DSM 45083T和Haloactinospora albus DSM 45015T最接近,同源性分别为95.4%和94.9%,根据其表型和分子特征可以初步判定该菌株为放线菌新属。培养基及培养温度对盐池环境中放线菌的分离效果均有影响,利用淀粉酪素培养基在37℃分离的放线菌种类和数量较多。在15株放线菌中,分别有12株、3株、2株和1株放线菌产淀粉酶、酯酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶。     

纳木错盐湖中度嗜盐放线菌区系研究

为探明纳木错盐湖中度嗜盐放线菌的数量、种类组成、拮抗活性和酶活性。采用盐浓度为5%和10%的4种分离培养基,利用稀释平板倾注法对盐湖土壤和水样放线菌进行分离,通过形态特征、培养特征和细胞壁化学组成对放线菌进行初步鉴定,并对分离到的放线菌进行抑菌和酶活性试验。结果表明：从纳木错盐湖土壤和水样中分离到36株中等嗜盐放线菌,其中土样中26株,水样中10株。分别属于链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardia）、拟诺卡氏菌属（Nocardiopsis）和红球菌属（Rhodococcus）。放线菌形态学排重后合并为13株,抑菌活性实验结果表明,分别有4株放线菌对小麦赤霉菌、小麦根腐病菌和烟草赤星病菌有抑菌活性,抑菌率占30.8%。其中对小麦根腐病菌的抑制活性最强,最大抑菌圈直径达22 mm。酶活性测定发现,纳木错盐湖中度嗜盐放线菌的酶活性菌株数少且弱。     

CaCl_2对干旱地区钙质土壤放线菌分离效果的影响

采用稀释平板法研究了高氏1号培养基中加入CaCl2对钙质土壤放线菌分离效果的影响。结果表明:(1)加入CaCl2对干旱区钙质土壤放线菌的出菌量有一定影响,大部分土壤的放线菌总数较对照增长23.9%~47.0%,加钙处理与对照的差异达到显著水平(P0.05);加钙后链霉菌数量有增有减,增、减幅度分别为17.5%~123.3%、18.0%~42.5%,减少幅度未达到显著水平(P0.05)。(2)向高氏1号培养基中加钙有利于广谱高效拮抗性放线菌的分离。     

青海渔水河嗜盐耐盐放线菌的初步研究

对青海渔水河河水、底泥及河旁沙土进行盐分离子及pH值的测定,并通过不同培养基、盐种类和添加量的设计对渔水河中嗜盐耐盐放线菌资源进行了初步研究.结果表明:渔水河样品均偏碱性;河水的水溶性总盐及盐分离子含量均远远低于沙土,其中泥土的水溶性总盐含量最高,为158.67 g/kg;盐分阴离子中Cl-含量最高,阳离子中K+和Na+含量最高,所以推断样品盐分离子主要以NaCl和KCl的形式存在;分离共获得89株放线菌,其中底泥中分离到的放线菌最多,且改良淀粉酪素培养基的分离效果最好;通过嗜盐耐盐放线菌的筛选,得到8株嗜盐放线菌,其中极端嗜NaCl菌3株,极端嗜KCl菌7株,还有1株嗜K型放线菌.     

西昆仑山2个海拔位点可培养细菌多样性分析

以西昆仑山2个海拔样点的土样为对象,利用（LB和TSA）2种培养基,基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育,采用纯培养法对其可培养细菌多样性进行研究。2样点中共分离到91株细菌,分为25个属,52个种。厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）占总菌数的48.75%,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）占36.25%,γ-变...     

新疆沙漠放线菌XSS040811菌株抗生素合成条件

放线菌XSS040811菌株是从新疆吐鲁番鄯善县沙漠中采集的样品中分离获得的,该菌株能产生抗菌活性较高的抗生素,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、黄曲霉具有不同程度的抑制作用;优化发酵培养基,发酵时间、pH条件对放线菌XSS040811菌株合成抗生素的影响。结果表明:发酵培养基A、发酵时间96 h、发酵温度30~35℃,pH值7.2~8.0为抗生素合成的最佳条件。根据该菌株在高氏I号和燕麦粉培养基上的生长特性、菌落和形态特征,初步鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。     

对番茄枯萎病具防效的海洋源赤杆菌YH-07的发酵条件探究

一株分离自连云港海域的赤杆菌Erythrobacter sp.YH-07对番茄枯萎病病原菌有较好的平板抑菌效果。通过单因子水平试验、正交试验对该菌株的培养基配方及摇瓶发酵条件进行优化,最优培养基配方为酵母浸膏0.25%、蔗糖1%、蛋白胨1%、NaCl 3%和MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.03%;最优发酵条件组合为培养温度30℃,140 r/min摇床培养,接种量1%,装液量50 mL/250 mL,初始pH 7.0。优化后的平板抑菌能力提高了9.4%。温室盆栽试验表明,赤杆菌YH-07对番茄枯萎病有显著抑制作用,防治效果保持在50%以上。同时显著降低番茄根际土的真菌数量,增加细菌和放线菌数量。综上所述,赤杆菌YH-07能有效防治番茄枯萎病害,改善根际微生物数量结构,具有进一步开发应用的前景。     

放线菌YIM34165发酵提取物抗水稻恶苗病菌的活性研究

从云南土壤中分离的放线菌YIM34165,优选3种不同培养基(1号、61号和301号)进行发酵,测定其发酵提取物对水稻恶苗病菌的活性,结果表明:61号培养基的发酵提取物对水稻恶苗病菌丝生长的抑制效果明显,病菌孢子萌发抑制率为84.27%,活体平均防治效果为82.45%。     

土壤稀有放线菌的选择性分离及其抗菌活性研究

在优化土壤稀有放线菌选择性分离方法的基础上,对从安徽、浙江、山东、陕西等地采集的31份土样中的稀有放线菌进行了选择性分离。结果表明:以改进的HV培养基为分离培养基,将土壤样品稀释100倍,添加2×10-5 g/mL重铬酸钾＋2×10-5 g/mL萘啶酮酸＋1×10-5 g/mL卡那霉素作为抑制剂分离效果最好。以常见植物病原真菌和细菌为指示菌,从分离的417株放线菌中筛选出H32、H75、H223、H227、H238等5株可代谢抗菌活性物质的菌株。离体条件下,5株放线菌菌株发酵液对小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、玉米大斑病菌Exserohilum turcicum、烟草赤星病菌Alternaria alternate的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有强烈的抑制作用,其中H223和H238菌株发酵液对病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)值均小于10 mL/L;H32菌株发酵液对小麦根腐病菌、玉米大斑病菌、烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发的EC50值分别为25.5、28.9和29.9 mL/L。5株放线菌发酵液对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用显著,其中H223菌株发酵液抑制作用最强,抑菌圈达30 mm以上。盆栽实验结果表明,5株放线菌发酵液对小麦白粉病的保护效果为73.45％~82.35％,治疗效果为67.74％~70.80％。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.