Ecosystem service values of gardens in the Yellow River Basin,China

Studies on the ecosystem service value(ESV)of gardens are critical for informing evidence-based land management practices based on an understanding of the local ecosystem.By analyzing equivalent value factors(EVFs),this paper evaluated the values of 11 ecosystem services of gardens in the Yellow River Basin of China in 2019.High-precision land use survey data were used to improve the accuracy of the land use classification,garden areas,and spatial distribution of the ESVs of gardens.The results showed that garden ecosystem generally had high ESVs,especially in terms of the ESV of food production,which is worthy of further research and application to the practice of land use planning and management.Specifically,the value of one standard EVF of ecosystem services in 2019 was 3587.04 CNY/(hm²·a),and the ESV of food production of gardens was much higher than that of croplands.Garden ecosystem provided an ESV of 1348.66×10⁸CNY/a in the Yellow River Basin.The areas with the most concentrated ESVs of gardens were located in four regions:downstream in the Shandong-Henan zone along the Yellow River,mid-stream in the Shanxi-Shaanxi zone along the Yellow River,the Weihe River Basin,and upstream in the Qinghai-Gansu-Ningxia-Inner Mongolia zone along the Yellow River.The spatial correlation of the ESVs in the basin was significant(global spatial autocorrelation index Moran's I=0.464),which implied that the characteristics of high ESVs adjacent to high ESVs and low ESVs adjacent to low ESVs are prominent.In the Yellow River Basin,the contribution of the ESVs of gardens to the local environment and economy varied across regions.We also put forward some suggestions for promoting the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River Basin.The findings of this study provide important contributions to the research of ecosystem service evaluation in the Yellow River Basin.     

2005-2015年石羊河流域生态系统服务时空分异

生态系统服务研究是目前生态学领域的热点和前沿。以石羊河流域为研究区，借助GIS技术和方法，对流域2005、2010年和2015年的水源涵养、土壤保持、水质净化、碳储存、生物多样性、食品供给6项服务进行定量评估，并对不同地类的服务变化规律及生态系统功能分区进行探索与研究。结果表明：① 各服务类型在空间上表现出差异性规律：水源涵养、生物多样性、碳储存在空间上呈现西南高东北低，高值沿河流及周围带状分布的空间格局；水质净化高值区分布较为零碎；武威、永昌和民勤盆地等地为食品供给服务的高值区。② 在不同土地利用类型中，草地和耕地是承担生态系统供给服务的关键角色。③ 研究区划分为3项生态功能区，即祁连山生态保育区、流域绿洲生态功能区、荒漠生态功能区。通过对石羊河流域生态系统服务时空分异特征进行深入分析，以期为相关研究提供数据和方法支持，并为相关流域生态保护与建设目标提供科学参考。     

内陆河流域土地利用/覆盖变化的生态效益评价——以疏勒河中下游地区为例

依据疏勒河中下游地区1985、2000和2010年的土地利用数据,从生态系统服务功能的角度,运用Costanza的方法,结合谢高地等修正的我国生态服务价值当量因子表,分析了该地区土地利用/覆被变化的生态效益。结果表明:研究区内土地利用强度在迅速增加,受其影响,生态服务总价值呈缓慢增长态势,从1985-2010年只增加0.02亿元,部分地区由于土地生态超载,土地过度利用的生态效应已经凸显;草地在研究区内生态系统起着相当重要的作用,并且耕地、林地和草地的面积变化对研究区内的各项生态服务价值的变化有着较大影响;通过敏感度分析表明,研究区生态服务价值对生态服务价值系数的变化是缺乏弹性的,因此结果是可信的。     

青海省土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

以1999年、2006年、2013年3年期青海省土地利用变更调查数据为基础,采用生态系统服务价值定量评估模型、土地利用动态度及敏感性指数对青海省土地利用变化情况及其对生态系统服务价值的影响情况进行分析。结果表明:(1)1999—2013年间,青海省林地、牧草地、园地及建设用地呈增长趋势;耕地、水域及未利用土地呈减少趋势。(2)区域生态系统服务总价值总体呈现出增长趋势,由1999年的4 477.29×108元提高至2013年的4 507.07×108元。研究期间,牧草地、林地、水域面积变化对区域生态系统服务价值起着决定性的作用,3类土地利用类型生态服务价值占总价值的96%以上。(3)各项生态系统服务功能中,水源涵养、土壤形成与保护及废物处理功能贡献率最大,表明青海省生态系统的服务性功能远高于生产性功能。(4)研究区生态系统服务价值对生态服务价值系数缺乏弹性,研究结果具有可信性。     

焉耆盆地绿洲区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值影响研究

以新疆焉耆盆地为例,利用从1964-2007年遥感影像中获取的景观数据,分析了焉耆盆地绿洲区域土地利用变化。在此基础上,采用中国陆地生态系统服务价值的测算方法,评估了焉耆盆地绿洲区域生态服务价值并分析了景观之间的转化所引起的生态服务价值的变化。结果表明:在过去的近50年间,焉耆盆地土地利用变化趋势是以农田取代草地而发展的。绿洲区域生态服务价值总量变化不大,2007年比1964年只下降了37570万元,但各景观生态服务价值变动很大,其中农田生态服务价值增加了9.8亿元,草地的生态服务价值减少了8.8亿元,其变化率分别达到350.14%和-76.77%。各景观类型中湿地景观的生态服务价值贡献系数最大,达到3.7;其次是水域,生态服务价值贡献系数为2.71。因此,在绿洲开发建设的过程应加强对湿地和水域的保护,以实现焉耆盆地的可持续发展。     

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10⁸m³.This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

基于径流量模拟的渭河流域有机污染负荷削减方案研究

采用分布式水文模型(GBHM2),基于GIS/RS平台,按照渭河流域现状地理、地貌、土地利用类型、植被覆盖条件和2004年社会经济情况,构建了模型需要的空间数据库与属性数据库,模拟了研究区域渭河流域现状条件下,9个子流域日径流量的变化,取得了满意的成果。在此基础上,借助GIS技术,分析了流域工业与生活污染源CODCr在各模拟子流域中的分布情况,结合流域丰、枯水期CODCr这一特征指标的变化,同时考虑了流域点源与面源有机污染负荷的影响,确定了各模拟子流域年CODCr污染负荷消减系数,实现流域水环境功能目标,流域模拟年CODCr污染负荷削减总量为15.7万t。     

土地整治的生态系统服务价值评估--参数优化与实证

为定量研究具体区域土地整治前后生态系统服务价值的变化情况,本研究以庆阳市土地整治子项目为例,依据生态系统服务价值评估方法的局限性对其参数进行相应优化的基础上,对研究区内土地整治前后的生态系统服务价值变化进行实证分析。结果表明:①通过尺度推演,将宏观大尺度的生态系统服务价值评估方法进行了市场因素修正、特殊生态系统类型价值当量的制定以及针对区域内部差异的NPP修正,降低了当量因子法应用到具体尺度上的局限性,使其更具合理性。②基于优化参数的实证得到,土地整治前后4 a间生态系统服务价值由2.88×10^8元减少到2.76×10^8元,减少了4.31%。在一级分类体系下,只有调节服务的生态系统服务价值减少了1.84×10^7元,其余服务均相对增加;在二级分类体系下,多项服务较土地整治前均有所增加,且食物生产服务的增加量最大为8.35×10^6元,原料生产、生物多样性以及4项调节服务均相对减少。本研究的实证结果更符合具体区域实际情况,参数优化后的方法可用于坡耕地转变为梯田的生态系统服务价值评估,为区域内部残丘陵、沟谷、坡地等地貌类型的黄土丘陵沟壑区土地整治的生态系统服务价值评估可提供参考。     

额济纳盆地1977～2005年景观格局演化及其生态学机制

基于1977、1993、2001和2005年四期Landsat遥感影像资料,综合运用遥感与GIS技术,分析了近30年来额济纳盆地景观格局的演化特征及其生态学机制。结果表明:(1)乔木林的结构不合理和回复力较低导致其始终处于退化之中,对黑河输水量变化的响应具有滞后和延迟效应;(2)灌木物种生态型的多样性较高,使得灌木林对水分变动的响应表现出一定的弹性,在快速退化后保持相对稳定;(3)草本植物对水分变动的响应十分敏感,草地的面积和空间分布受黑河输水量影响最为显著;(4)沙地总面积持续增加,单个沙丘的规模增大,与沙尘暴发生频率减少但强度持续增大的趋势相一致;(5)水域和干湖盆的景观格局具有明显的波动特点,主要受黑河向盆地内的输水量与输水方式控制。     

赤峰市生态系统服务价值变化研究

研究土地利用格局变化引起的区域生态系统服务价值的改变,可定量评价土地利用活动对区域生态环境的影响。基于1995、2000、2003年的土地利用数据,应用谢高地等人制定的中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,估算了地处农牧交错区的赤峰市土地利用格局变化引起的生态系统服务价值的改变。结果表明:1995~2000年间,赤峰市耕地增加5.04%,林地减少2.44%,草地减少1.32%,水域减少0.74%,城乡工矿及未利用地减少0.74%;其生态系统服务价值由782.88亿元减至778.49亿元,净减少值为4.39亿元,减幅为0.56%;2000~2003年间,赤峰市土地利用类型动态度变化为耕地-17.71,林地31.56,草地2.95,水域-27.71,城乡及未利用地3.29,其生态价值由778.49亿元增至849.75亿元。表明前5年间毁林垦草播耕等不合理土地利用现象仍存在,至使生态系统服务功能下降;后3年土地利用格局的合理化,大面积的退耕还林,植树造林是生态服务价值增加的主要原因。     

延河流域土地利用格局时空变化与驱动因子分析

利用GIS技术和景观生态学的方法,对延河流域1985~2000年的土地利用格局特征及其动态变化的驱动因子进行了分析,得出以下结论:1)从1985年至2000年,耕地、草地仍占据明显的优势,二者始终占流域总面积的88%以上。中、低覆盖度草地之间转化比例较大,草场退化严重。2)延河流域15年间平均斑块面积在增加,斑块密度增大,景观趋于破碎化。景观多样性减小,优势度增加,景观异质性程度在降低。3)耕地面积有所增加,毁林(草)开荒与退耕还林(草)并存,人为开荒活动仍在加剧;建设用地面积大幅度增加,主要来自于农村住宅和开发油田等工矿建设用地的扩张。4)土地利用格局变化的驱动因子主要包括:水土流失、水资源短缺的自然因素及人口压力、宏观政策等人文因素。     

浑善达克地区生态环境劣化原因分析及治理对策

本文阐述了浑善达克沙化草原区的自然环境特征、社会经济情况和生态环境退化现状。从系统物流平衡、环境气候变化 ,以及人类活动对草地生态系统的影响等方面探讨了该地区生态环境劣变的原因。分析结果表明 ,放牧畜牧业是该地区的牧业主要生产方式 ,家畜是生态系统中植被的主要控制者 ,系统内物流 (以 N为例 )的出入失调和季节性的草 -畜供求失衡是引起草地生态系统迅速退化的主要因素。而其它因素 (如气候变化、垦荒、挖药材等 )对系统的劣变起了推波助澜的作用。著者指出 ,增加向系统内的物质投入 ,调整四季放牧的自然畜牧业生产方式 ,积极引种入牧 ,缓解草地春季敏感期放牧压力等 ,是治理和维护该地区草地生态系统健康的有效措施     

Runoff characteristics and its sensitivity to climate factors in the Weihe River Basin from 2006 to 2018

Exploring the current runoff characteristics after the large-scale implementation of the Grain for Green (GFG) project and investigating its sensitivities to potential drivers are crucial for water resource prediction and management. Based on the measured runoff data of 62 hydrological stations in the Weihe River Basin (WRB) from 2006 to 2018, we analyzed the temporal and spatial runoff characteristics in this study. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between different runoff indicators and climate-related factors. Additionally, an improved Budyko framework was applied to assess the sensitivities of annual runoff to precipitation, potential evaporation, and other factors. The results showed that the daily runoff flow duration curves (FDCs) of all selected hydrological stations fall in three narrow ranges, with the corresponding mean annual runoff spanning approximately 1.50 orders of magnitude, indicating that the runoff of different hydrological stations in the WRB varied greatly. The trend analysis of runoff under different exceedance frequencies showed that the runoff from the south bank of the Weihe River was more affluent and stable than that from the north bank. The runoff was unevenly distributed throughout the year, mainly in the flood season, accounting for more than 50.00% of the annual runoff. However, the trend of annual runoff change was not obvious in most areas. Correlation analysis showed that rare-frequency runoff events were more susceptible to climate factors. In this study, daily runoff under 10%-20% exceeding frequencies, consecutive maximum daily runoff, and low-runoff variability rate had strong correlations with precipitation, aridity index, and average runoff depth on rainy days. In comparison, daily runoff under 50%-99% exceeding frequencies, consecutive minimum daily runoff, and high-runoff variability rate had weak correlations with all selected impact factors. The sensitivity analysis results suggested that the sensitivity of annual runoff to precipitation was always higher than that to potential evaporation. The runoff about 87.10% of the selected hydrological stations were most sensitive to precipitation changes, and 12.90% were most sensitive to other factors. The spatial pattern of the sensitivity analysis indicated that in relatively humid southern areas, runoff was more sensitive to potential evaporation and other factors, and less sensitive to precipitation.     

黄河流域地表水资源可再生性评价

水资源具有自然再生和社会再生、水量再生和水质恢复等四种类型。本文根据水资源可再生性基本涵义建立了黄河流域地表水资源可再生性评价一般指标体系 ,并运用TOPSIS法进行评价 ,结果表明 :黄河流域主要产水区域如龙羊峡以上、湟水流域、洮河流域和渭河流域等都是水资源可再生性相对最强或较强的区域 ,北洛河流域是最弱的区域 ,其余属于中等或者较弱区域。     

石羊河流域上游生态系统服务价值的变化研究

研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响具有重要意义。以石羊河流域上游2000年和2006年30×30m分辨率的Landsat TM图像解译数据为基础,采用谢高地等人制定的中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,估算了石羊河流域上游土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值变化。研究结果表明:2000～2006的6年间,土地利用变化损害了该区域生态系统的服务功能,使生态系统服务价值从2000年的100亿元降低到2006年的97.18亿元,损失了28.82亿元,减幅达2.82%。应加强祁连山水源涵养林区、天然草场的保护和建设,加强耕地和湿地的封育保护,合理控制城镇建设用地的扩展,尽可能恢复和提高石羊河流域上游生态系统服务功能。     

Transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of ecosystem services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China

There is a growing need for both science and practice domains to collaboratively and systematically seek knowledge-based strategies for sustainable development.In recent years,transdisciplinary research has emerged as a new approach that enables joint problem solving among scientists and stakeholders in various fields. In this paper,we aim to introduce transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of the concept of ecosystem services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,Northwest China.While a large number of ecosystem service studies have helped to raise the awareness for the value of nature in China,a number of challenges remain,including an improved understanding of the relationships between ecosystem structure, functions and services,and the interaction of the various ecosystem services.A meaningful valuation of ecosystem services also requires the consideration of their strong spatial heterogeneity.In addition,ways to introduce the concept of ecosystem services into decision-making in China need to be explored.Thus,successful integration of the concept of ecosystem services into actual land and water management requires a broad knowledge base that only a number of scientific disciplines and stakeholders can provide jointly,via a transdisciplinary research process.We regard transdisciplinary research as a recursive process to support adaptive management that includes joint knowledge generation and integration among scientists and stakeholders.System,target,and transformation knowledge are generated and integrated during the process of(1)problem(re)definition,(2)problem analysis and strategy development,and(3)evaluation of the impact of the derived strategy.Methods to support transdisciplinary research comprise participatory modelling(actor-based modelling and Bayesian Networks modelling)and participatory scenario development.Actor-based modelling is a semi-quantitative method that is based on the analysis of problem perspectives of individual stakeholders as depicted in perception graphs.With Bayesian Networks,complex problem fields are modelled probabilistically in a simplified manner,using both quantitative data and qualitative expert judgments.These participatory methods serve to integrate diverse scientific and stakeholder knowledge and to support the generation of actually implementable management strategies for sustainable development.For the purpose of integrating ecosystem services in land and water management in the Tarim River Basin through transdisciplinary research,collaboration among scientists and institutional stakeholders from different sectors including water,agriculture,forestry,and nature conservation is required.The challenge is to adapt methods of transdisciplinary research to socio-cultural conditions in China,particularly regarding ways of communication and decision-making.     

土地利用变化对松嫩平原腹地生态系统服务价值的影响

应用1989年和2000年Landsat TM影像解译数据分析松嫩平原腹地土地利用变化情况,制定单位面积生态系统服务价值系数,计算松嫩平原腹地生态系统服务价值,研究土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响.结果表明,在11 a间,松嫩平原腹地土地利用变化呈现耕地、城镇用地、碱地、林地、沙地迅速增加,草地、水域和湿地大幅度减少的"5增3减"趋势.土地利用景观格局的变化降低了生态系统的服务功能,使其生态系统服务总价值从1 366.070亿元/a下降到1 017.044亿元/a.     

干旱地区生态移民土地利用变化生态风险 ——以宁夏红寺堡区为例

以全国最大的移民安置中心——红寺堡区为研究对象，基于1995、2000、2005、2010年和2015年五期遥感数据，采用RS和GIS技术，选取土地利用程度、耕地垦殖指数、景观多样性指数和景观破碎度等指数构建生态风险指数模型，并运用生态风险模型和空间分析方法对红寺堡区1995—2015年的土地利用变化及其生态风险的时空分布特征进行分析。结果显示：研究时段内草地面积下降明显，共减少29 494 hm²，耕地、林地、水域和建设用地面积呈上升趋势，其中建设用地面积增幅最大，而未利用地面积虽波动明显，但研究时段始末变化不大；1995—2015年研究区生态风险不断下降，生态风险指数由1995年0.3972下降至2015年的0.3235；红寺堡生态移民安置区各乡镇生态风险空间分布变化较大，不同类型区间均有转换，且不具有规律性，1995—2005年间以最高风险区和较高风险区为主，2005—2015年间以中等风险区和较低风险区为主。通过地理探测器对影响红寺堡生态移民安置区生态风险因子进行探测发现，林地、草地和植被覆盖度等指标因子对安置区生态风险具有较大影响，因此在通过扬黄灌溉工程和基本农田建设，增强农田生产能力，保障生态移民安置区经济发展和生态安全的同时，应注重安置区生态用地面积的增加与建设，以此来增加安置区植被覆盖度和降低其生态风险程度；生态保护、摆脱贫困和经济发展是生态移民的主要方向，因此红寺堡安置区在发展过程中在追求经济实力提升的同时，也要注重生态安全的保障，将生态安全放在全区发展的重要位置。     

塔里木河干流景观格局梯度分析

基于GIS 技术,以塔里木河干流为研究对象,通过缓冲区取样分析了流域整体景观格局及其空间分异特征;针对流域本身自然地理梯度特点,分别在流域5个河段沿横向梯度设置了35个缓冲带,并利用Fragstas 软件分别在景观水平和类型水平上选取景观指数,进行景观格局梯度分析与比较。结果表明: ① 研究区其他类型土地利用占总面积的54.88%,为整个流域景观的背景,植被占35.1%。低覆盖草地占植被面积最大、空间上呈连片的趋势,高覆盖草地空间分布较集中,林地斑块较小,被其他景观分离,空间结构破碎化较严重,耕地斑块数目最多,从上游至下游景观多样性降低,景观异质性减小。② 土地利用空间格局异质性特征比较明显,呈现出“上游-中游-下游”地域梯度和河道两侧缓冲带梯度格局,河流对景观格局的空间分布有明显影响,由不同宽度缓冲带的景观格局指数分析,塔里木河的宽度效应在河段1、2、3、4分别为8.6～10 km、6.6～8.1 km、4.8～4.9 km、1.4～5 km,各指数随缓冲带宽度的变化趋势反映出河流效应的强弱。③ 在类型水平上各景观指数反映不同景观类型对河流效应的敏感程度,有林地主要分布在1～5 km,疏林地为1～10 km,高覆盖草地为1～9 km,低覆盖草地为1～12 km。以河道为中心建立的辐射缓冲带的景观格局分析方法,很好地揭示了河流廊道-绿洲-荒漠过渡地区景观梯度动态和生态效应幅度,有利于制定更有效的发展政策,为受损生态系统的生态修复提供了有力依据。