Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

气候变化对黄河源区水资源的影响及未来趋势预估

利用黄河源区有关水文、气象台站观测资料,分析了黄河源区年平均流量变化与气候条件的响应关系,发现气温、降水及蒸发的波动变化对流量有很大影响,依此关系建立了流量预估模型;并根据气候模式输出数据经降尺度处理生成的未来气候情景,对未来源区流量进行了预估。结果表明:近49a间,源区气温呈波动上升态势;蒸发量显著增大,年均降水量没有出现明显的趋势性变化,但具有明显的年际和年代际振荡。源区流量的变化与降水量、气温及蒸发的变化之间存在显著的线性关系,近49a年来,由于气温的持续上升导致径流蒸散发损耗超过降水量的补给作用,源区流量总体呈减少趋势,但近几年随着降水量的增加而有所回升。未来两个时期(2020s、2050s)源区年平均流量为593.61m3/s和525.11m3/s,较气候标准期(1961年-1990年)分别减少14.9%和24.7%,据此,未来气候变化对黄河源区水资源的影响可能弊大于利,但仍具有较大不确定性。     

胶东半岛大沽河流域径流变化特征

大沽河是胶东半岛最大的河流,被称为青岛市的“母亲河”,近年来受气候变化与人类活动的共同影响,河川径流量急剧减少,河道断流形势严峻。基于1964-2008年大沽河3个水文站点（南村、产芝水库和尹府水库）的径流资料以及青岛气象站点的气象资料,初步探讨了大沽河流域径流的年际年内特征、变化趋势及其原因。结果表明：大沽河年径流存在明显的年代际特征,45 a间有一定下降趋势,特别是20世纪80年代以来,南村站河道常出现全年断流现象;3个水文站均于60年代初发生了突变,而且尹府水库站的年径流还存在显著的准4 a的变化周期;南村站径流的季节特征及变化趋势均比较显著,年径流量的89.8%集中在汛期,汛期径流量及各月径流（除8-9月）在45 a间均呈显著下降趋势,非汛期径流变化趋势虽不明显,但其径流量自80年代以来大多年份为0;相对而言,产芝水库和尹府水库站径流的季节差异及趋势相对较小;由基准期（1964-1980年）到变化期（1981-2008年）,降水变化与人类活动分别导致年径流量减少的比例为52.38%和47.62%,说明两者对径流的减少作用均比较显著,而且在全球气候变化的背景下,人类活动进一步加剧了径流的减少,并促使大沽河演变为季节性河流。     

黄河宁-蒙河段流量变化及周期研究

采用小波分析法,对黄河宁夏-内蒙古河段青铜峡站和头道拐站46 a(1961-2006年)的流量资料进行多时间尺度分析。结果表明：不同频域尺度下2站流量随时间的变化具有同步性。通过进一步分析小波方差图,确定了黄河宁-蒙河段年均流量具有18 a和31 a的主周期变化规律。对其结果进行小波系数过程线的检验,得到2站流量丰枯变化趋势,并预测今后一段时间内宁-蒙河段流量将处于偏枯期。流量变化的主要因素除了降水量减小和用水量增加外,水库的运行也起到关键作用。此成果可为黄河上游的水资源保护和预测及宁-蒙河段水沙防治工作提供参考依据。     

基于作物缺水指数法的渭河流域干旱特征

选取作物缺水指数（CSWI）对渭河流域进行干旱监测,并利用监测数据对模拟结果进行验证,在此基础上分析渭河流域干旱状况。结果表明:① 模拟值和实测值的相关系数达到0.80,在一定程度上验证了模型的有效性。② 渭河流域2006、2007年和2009年均属于轻度干旱,2008年属于中度干旱;3-7月作物缺水指数逐渐减小;8-12月逐渐增大,1-3月又逐渐减小。③ 对于不同植被类型,林地的作物缺水指数最高,草地和农田的作物缺水指数相当,属于轻度干旱。      

图们江干流区间流域径流变化特征

以图们江干流区间为研究对象，应用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法分析干流区间4个水文站点径流年际与年内变化趋势。在此基础上，采用R/S分析方法分析年径流、季节径流和月径流变化趋势在未来的可持续性，利用Mann-Kendall突变检验方法分析各水文站点年径流、季节径流和月径流发生突变的年份。结果表明：图们江干流区间各水文站径流年际和年内变化趋势均与干流径流变化趋势一致，呈下降趋势，非汛期径流下降的贡献主要来自春季和冬季径流的下降；Hurst指数表明，上游径流变化趋势的持续性最强，下游的持续性相对较弱；1985年是图们江干流区间年径流发生突变的年份，且降水量也发生了变化，可以推测降水量可能是径流不断减少的重要因素。     

近30 a来开都河上游径流量变化的气候响应

利用巴音布鲁克水文站1980-2010年逐日径流量观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、多元回归分析等方法,研究了近30 a来开都河上游4-9月径流量的变化特征。同时,基于同期巴音布鲁克气象站气温、降水资料,探讨开都河上游气温与降水变化对春季径流量的影响。结果显示：开都河上游年径流量在过去30 a呈明显增加趋势。其中4-6月月平均径流量没有明显变化趋势,7-9月径流量增加明显。虽然年径流量主要分布在夏季,但年最大日径流量大多发生在春季4、5月份。进一步分析表明,前期冬季降水量与当年春季增温均对春季径流量有极显著的影响。     

Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas (in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning from 2000 to 2020 with digital elevation model (DEM) data to study the change in snow cover and the hydrological response of runoff to snow cover change in the Jingou River Basin under the background of climate change through trend analysis, sensitivity analysis and other methods. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in the study area increased and snow cover fraction (SCF) showed obvious signs of periodicity. Furthermore, there were significant regional differences in the spatial distribution of snow cover days (SCDs), which were numerous in the south of the basin and sparse in the central of the basin. Factors affecting the change in snow cover mainly included temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope and aspect. Compared to precipitation, temperature had a greater impact on SCF. The annual variation in SCF was limited above the elevation of 4200 m, but it fluctuated greatly below the elevation of 4200 m. These results can be used to establish prediction models of snowmelt and runoff for alpine mountainous areas with limited hydrological data, which can provide a scientific basis for the management and protection of water resources in alpine mountainous areas.     

近50年来喀什噶尔河流域气温、降水及径流的变化趋势

应用喀什噶尔河流域内7个气象站、3个水文站的观测资料,分析了全流域、平原区和帕米尔高原的气温、降水以及出山口控制站年径流量的变化特征.结果显示:①从20世纪90年代开始,喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年以及冬、秋季明显增暖,近5年春季迅速增温.从90年代起,全流域与高原区的年降水量明显增加,近5年平原区也明显增加;自90年代起全流域的春季、夏季降水明显增加,而近5年秋、冬季增湿迅速;近5年平原区的秋、春季以及冬季降水增加明显,高原区却以夏、秋季增湿最明显.②喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年气温与降水量都呈显著的线性增加趋势.平原区的秋、冬季气温显著上升,冬季最明显,夏季呈不显著的下降趋势;平原区的四季降水呈不显著的上升趋势.帕米尔高原的夏、秋、冬季气温呈显著的上升趋势,秋季最明显;帕米尔高原的四季降水呈上升趋势,只有夏季的增湿趋势较显著.③喀什噶尔河年径流量(3站合计)近47年来呈显著的线性上升趋势,以3.0%·(10 a)-1的速率增加.流域内3条河流情况有所不同,克孜河径流量的线性增加趋势最明显,而盖孜河呈不显著的下降趋势.     

Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin,China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources management of the WRB.     

Impact of climate factors on runoff in the Kaidu River watershed:path analysis of 50-year data

Runoff formation is a complex meteorological-hydrological process impacted by many factors,especially in the inland river basin.Based on the data of daily mean air temperature,precipitation and runoff during the period of 1958-2007 in the Kaidu River watershed,this paper analyzed the changes in air temperature,precipitation and runoff and revealed the direct and indirect impacts of daily air temperature and precipitation on daily runoff by path analysis.The results showed that mean temperature time series of the annual,summer and autumn had a significant fluctuant increase during the last 50 years(P < 0.05).Only winter precipitation increased significantly(P < 0.05) with a rate of 1.337 mm/10a.The annual and winter runoff depthes in the last 50 years significantly increased with the rates of 7.11 mm/10a and 1.85 mm/10a,respectively.The driving function of both daily temperature and precipitation on daily runoff in annual and seasonal levels is significant in the Kaidu River watershed by correlation analysis.The result of path analysis showed that the positive effect of daily air temperature on daily runoff depth is much higher than that of daily precipitation in annual,spring,autumn and winter,however,the trend is opposite in summer.     

Sensitivity of runoff to climatic variability in the northern and southern slopes of the Middle Tianshan Mountains,China

Temperature and precipitation play an important role in the distribution of intra-annual runoff by influencing the timing and contribution of different water sources.In the northern and southern slopes of the Middle Tianshan Mountains in China,the water sources of rivers are similar;however,the proportion and dominance of water sources contributing to runoff are different.Using the Manas River watershed in the northern slope and the Kaidu River watershed in the southern slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains as case studies,we investigated the changes in annual runoff under climate change.A modified hydrological model was used to simulate runoff in the Kaidu River and Manas River watersheds.The results indicated that runoff was sensitive to precipitation variation in the southern slope and to temperature variation in the northern slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains.Variations in temperature and precipitation substantially influence annual and seasonal runoff.An increase in temperature did not influence the volume of spring runoff;but it resulted in earlier spring peaks with higher levels of peak flow.Damages caused by spring peak flow from both slopes of the Middle Tianshan Mountains should be given more attention in future studies.     

人类活动对泾河流域径流时空变化的影响

以泾河流域内14个水文站和189个雨量站的水文序列数据(1966-2005)为基础,分析了泾河流域径流的时空变化特征,并评估了人类活动对径流的影响.结果表明:径流呈明显的减少趋势,尤其是2000年后减少趋势极为显著;各子流域间径流变化存在明显的空间差异,以干流杨家坪以上及雨落坪、杨家坪至张家山区间各子流域的径流系列减少...     

黑河流域40多年来生态环境变化驱动力分析及对策

结合黑河流域40多年来水文,社会经济等方面的资料,采用趋势分析法估算人为因素对流域地表径流的影响,通过相关和主成分分析等数学方法分析人类活动诸因子与流域地表径流之间的关系。研究结果表明:随着从上游至中下游的顺序,各水文站年径流量差积曲线先上升,而后呈长时期连续下降的趋势,而且顺河流方向越往下,曲线的坡度越明显,即径流量减少的趋势越明显,但黑河干流上游地表径流在过去的几十年里并没有减少,且有一定程度的增加,这说明各水文站径流的差积曲线主要是由于人类活动的影响,导致下游生态环境受损。     

近50年玛纳斯河流域径流变化规律研究

玛纳斯河流域上游山区形成的径流是供给中下游平原区和玛纳斯绿洲的重要水源.文中利用玛纳斯河上游2个水文站和4个雨量站1956～2006年系列径流和降水资料,利用多种指标和小波分析法分析径流年内、年际变化特征.结果表明:玛纳斯河上游流域径流年内分配不均匀,主要集中在6～8月份,占多年平均流量的66.9%～70.3%;径流年...     

河西地区近50a来年径流、降水和气温变化趋势分析

对河西地区不同地域和高程分布的 2 5个水文气象站点近 5 0年年降水量、年平均气温和年径流量趋势变化分析表明 ,该区年降水量、年平均气温和年径流量变化趋势存在明显的地域分布 ,并受海拔高程的影响。这些变化的产生可能为全球变暖和不同的下垫面影响所致。总体分析表明 ,该区气候趋于暖湿 ,这同 GCMs成果一致。     

开都河源区径流变化的气候响应

气候变化下的山区径流时空变异特征是干旱区水文水资源研究的热点之一。本研究选择天山南坡开都河流域源区为典型研究区,基于1958-2017年大山口水文站和巴音布鲁克水文站径流数据,及巴音布鲁克气象观测数据,采用TFPW-MK趋势检验、小波分析与小波相干等方法分析径流序列的趋势、突变和周期特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近60 a来,开都河源区径流、降水、气温呈显著增加趋势,并且径流量、降水量与最高气温的增率在加快,而平均气温与最低气温的增率减缓;径流量、降水与平均气温的突变年份集中在20世纪90年代,并且均存在28 a的周期;夏季径流量增加主要受夏季升温的影响,而早春径流量增加主要与冬季降水增加、早春升温有关;在年尺度上,降水是影响开都河径流变化的主要因素,气温主要以积温形式影响着径流的变化;在月尺度上,积温与降水均与径流呈显著正相关关系,且源区上游径流较下游径流对气温变化更为敏感。     

秃尾河流域径流对降水变化的响应特征

利用双累积曲线法、相关分析法分别对年和季降水径流关系进行了分析,探讨了径流与不同时段降水的响应关系,并通过多元线性回归法定量分析了径流对降水变化的响应程度。结果表明:(1)秃尾河流域年径流呈显著减少,年降水呈先减少后增加的趋势。(2)秃尾河流域四季径流均显著减少,夏季径流变化与年径流变化趋势一致;降水量则春季增加,夏季减少,而秋季和冬季降水先减少后增加,年降水变化主要受夏季和秋季降水变化的影响。(3)秃尾河流域夏季径流对同期降水的相关程度最强,冬季最弱;年径流与最大一个月降水的相关程度最高,其次为夏季。(4)相比于基准期,水土保持效应时期(1978—1998年),径流对降水变化的响应比重为27.4%,人类活动等其他因素的比重为72.6%,其中取用水比重为13.9%;资源开发期(1999—2000年),年径流对降水的响应比重为21.4%,人类活动等其他因素比重78.6%,其中取用水活动比重为17.4%。自人类大规模活动以来,人类活动始终是径流减少的主要影响因素,其中取用水比重有所增加;降水因素对径流减少的作用减小。     

1964—2014年青海省三江源地区日降水格局分析

三江源位于青藏高原腹地,是气候变化敏感区,尤其对降水变化十分敏感。利用1964—2014年三江源地区13个气象站的日降水资料,对三江源地区降水量、降水日数、降水间隔期分等级探讨。结果表明：1964—2014年三江源地区年均降水量为467．48 mm ,自2000年起呈现显著增加趋势,降水量以中等强度以上的降水为主,导致年降水量发生变化的主要原因是强降水量的影响;年均降水日数为137．83 d ,以中等强度以下的降水日数为主;每年降水间隔期次数为40．06次,以≤5 d 的间隔期为主,占总间隔次数的83．55％;三江源13个气象站降水量资料显示,久治县降水最稳定,沱沱河最不稳定。同时,以历年降水量与生产力研究为基础,降水是三江源西部地区生产力变化的主要限制因子之一。三江源地区干旱年份与极端弱降水量年份吻合,可初步断定年降水量和降水日数增加,＞5 d 间隔次数减少可减缓三江源地区干旱发生及干旱化程度。     

近20年来天津市降水资源的变化特征

应用1961-2009年天津地区10个气象站观测资料,分析了1991年以来天津地区年季降水量、降水日数、降水强度、蒸发量以及降雪日数等体现降水资源特征气候值的变化情况。结果表明：20世纪90年代以来天津市年降水量较前30年减少了12.7%,其中夏季降水减少幅度较大,春、秋季降水有所增加,秋季增加明显,市区受城市化影响,...