水稻品种间纹枯病的严重度与产量损失的关系

在田间人工接种条件下,比较江苏省10个水稻生产品种的纹枯病发病程度及其产量损失率。结果表明:水稻品种间的发病程度和产量损失率均有明显差异。增施氮肥后纹枯病的严重度增加,但对产量的影响则因品种而异。在按株测定7个水稻生产品种的病害严重度与产量损失的关系中获知:用来衡量病害严重度的病级(病斑高度)与产量损失之间有十分密切的关系,从而建立了病级(x)与产量损失率(y)之间的回归方程:y=4.487x-1.416。     

水稻抗纹枯病苗期快速鉴定技术研究

 以抗感反应不同的5个水稻品种为试验材料,在人工气候箱、控温室中进行水稻苗期抗纹枯病接种试验,并与田间相应的成株期抗性试验进行比较,研究水稻苗期快速鉴定技术。结果表明:85%的相对湿度为纹枯病菌侵染危害水稻苗期植株的适宜湿度;苗期5个水稻品种对纹枯病抗性差异极显著,可将其分为相对感病(Lemont、武育粳3号)和相对抗病(YSBR1、Jasmine85、特青)2大类;接种叶龄对发病程度有显著的影响,5个品种在四叶期接种时的平均病级显著高于五叶期接种的平均病级;苗期水稻品种间抗感差异小于田间鉴定试验结果,但两者间品种抗感趋势基本一致。苗期快速鉴定技术可用于大规模水稻品种(组合)的抗性筛选或初步鉴定。     

近年我国水稻五大产区主要病害发生情况分析

为系统全面地掌握我国水稻病害的发生形势,为我国水稻病害分区域治理提供科学依据,本文以2010—2020年《全国植保专业统计资料》为主要依据,重点分析了我国水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病、病毒病、稻曲病、白叶枯病和恶苗病的发生及防控情况,并对水稻五大产区间病害发生情况进行了比较研究。结果表明,水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病和稻曲病是我国水稻的三大病害,广泛发生于我国水稻主产区。我国水稻五大产区病害发生为害情况不同,华中稻区和华南稻区以水稻纹枯病为害最重,造成产量损失占病害造成总损失的比例高达73.13%和69.26%,西南稻区水稻纹枯病和稻瘟病造成的产量损失接近,东北稻区稻瘟病造成的产量损失高于水稻纹枯病,华北稻区稻瘟病造成的产量损失低于水稻纹枯病。我国水稻三大病害不同年份间的防控产量损失挽回率维持在较高水平,且相对稳定,而水稻病毒病、白叶枯病和恶苗病的产量损失挽回率在不同年份间展现出一定波动。其中,水稻白叶枯病是挽回损失率最低的病害。     

糯玉米种质资源对纹枯病的抗性评价

为了明确糯玉米种质资源对玉米纹枯病的抗病性,2014—2015年连续2年对广西83个糯玉米农家品种进行田间接种纹枯病菌鉴定。田间接种鉴定方法:以纹枯病麦粒培养菌物在玉米拔节期进行田间人工接种,按照国内通用的病害分级评定方法进行鉴定评价。结果表明,广西糯玉米农家品种间的抗感性存在差异;同一品种在同一年度内病害的表现春植和秋植没有差异。在83个品种中没有发现免疫和高抗的品种,其中抗病品种占所鉴定品种总数的42.2%,中抗水平占40.9%,感病占13.3%,高感占3.6%。     

2011—2020年河南省审定小麦品种抗病性评价

为了解河南省小麦品种抗病性水平,对2011年以来河南省审定的302个小麦品种进行条锈病、叶锈病、纹枯病、白粉病和赤霉病等5种病害的抗病性评价。结果表明,供试材料中具有抗病性的品种数量比例较小,未发现对叶锈病、白粉病和赤霉病表现高抗的品种;65%以上的品种对条锈病、叶锈病、白粉病和纹枯病表现中感,95%以上的品种对赤霉病表现高感;2个品种兼抗3种病害,35个品种兼抗2种病害,兼抗多种病害的品种比例少。今后河南省小麦育种中应加大抗病育种的研发力度。同时,做好小麦主要病害的防控。     

粳稻品种抗纹枯病性鉴定与筛选

对190份粳稻品种进行抗纹枯病性鉴定与筛选,其结果无一免疫品种,抗病材料6份,占供鉴总数的3.2%,中感、感病及高度感病品种150份,占供鉴总数的78.9%。研究表明粳稻品种抗纹枯病性与抗稻瘟病性互不相关,与品种成熟期关系密切,早熟品种比晚熟品种易感纹枯病。     

粳稻品种抗纹枯病性鉴定与筛选

对190份粳稻品种进行抗纹枯病性鉴定与筛选,其结果无一免疫品种,抗病材料6份,占供鉴总数的3.2%,中感、感病及高度感病品种150份,占供鉴总数的78.9%。研究表明粳稻品种抗纹枯病性与抗稻瘟病性互不相关,与品种成熟期关系密切,早熟品种比晚熟品种易感纹枯病。     

水稻抗病性的研究 Ⅱ.水稻品种对白叶枯病的抗病性和抗病机理的初步分析

水稻不同品种对白叶枯病的抗病性不同。用人工接种的方法测定1209个品种,未发现有完全不发生白叶枯病的品种,但是发病较轻可列为抗病的,约占23%左右。高度抗病的品种26个,占2.15%。(禾山)稻和粳稻品种都有发病很重的,但是,粳稻抗病品种比(禾山)稻多。晚稻此早稻和中稻多。抗病品种叶片的有机物成分和含量与感病品种不同,抗病品种的多元酚和糖的含量高于感病的品种,游离氨基酸中的谷氨酸和门参氨酸的含量低于感病的品种。     

大豆灰斑病叶部病害普遍率与严重度关系初步探讨

 1992~1995年在田间接种条件下对大豆灰斑病叶部发病情况进行系统调查,获得86组感病品种(合丰22)和66组抗病品种(合丰25)普遍率与严重度间对应关系数据,在计算机上分析了两者的关系(I-S关系)。结果表明,感病品种和抗病品种叶部病害的I-S关系均可用直线方程描述,其直线回归方程分别为:#br#SS_感=-2.8029+0.5252IS±6.4364(SS、IS-感病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#SR_抗=-0.3843+0.6334IR±3.7679(SR、IR-抗病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#协方差分析结果表明,大豆品种的抗病性对大豆灰斑病叶部病害的I-S关系有一定影响。     

烟草花叶病普遍率与严重度的关系及感病品种与转基因抗病品系间的比较

 利用田间调查取得的数据,分析了烟草花叶病在转基因抗病品系上和感病对照品种上的普遍率与严重度的关系(I-S)。结果表明感病品种的I-S关系以指数函数拟合较好;在普遍率小于35%左右时可以用直线方程(b₁)拟合。在转基因抗病品系上I-S关系呈现为直线方程(b₂)。b₁、b₂两直线方程的斜率不同,感病品种的斜率显著大于转基因抗病品系的。根据两品种(系)间的I-S关系的显著差异,从流行学角度探讨了转基因抗病品系对压低流行强度的作用、并分别用抗感品种(系)建模以外的另一种数据对利用普遍率估测严重度的可行性进行验证,抗感品种(系)预测的平均准确度分别为85.9%和83.3%。     

深水稻品种对稻纹枯病抗性鉴定初报

12个深水稻品种对稻纹枯病抗性进行盆栽接种测定和品种农艺性状调查的结果显示,深水稻品种与感病对照在抗性水平上存在极显著的差异。大部分供试深水稻品种的抗性都在抗至中抗之间,个别品种还表现出较高的抗性水平。深水稻品种间抗性存在显著差异,但抗性与品种的生育期以及株型性状等没有显著的相关性。     

Infection of Rice Plants with the Sheath Blight Fungus Causes an Activation of Pentose Phosphate and Glycolytic Pathways

The response of key regulatory enzymes of the pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathways in disease development was assessed in genetically-related rice plants resistant and susceptible to the sheath blight fungus, Rhizoctonia solani. The plants were grown and maintained under greenhouse conditions and inoculated at 50% flowering. Uninoculated healthy plants served as controls. The activities of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) increased more than two-fold in both the resistant and susceptible plants. Activities of ATP- and pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase increased in infected plants while activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in infected plants was lower than in the healthy plants. Furthermore, for enzymes with increased activity, the levels were higher in the resistant line than in the susceptible line. The enhancement of the enzyme activities correlated well with the post infection period. These data suggest that altered carbohydrate metabolism in sheath blight infections may play an important role in modulating the rice plant's response to infection. The isolation of an infection-induced gene encoding a basic enzyme of pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathways could be used to develop plants with more resistance towards sheath blight disease.     

Sensitivity to a Phytotoxin from Rhizoctonia solani Correlates with Sheath Blight Susceptibility in Rice

ABSTRACT Sheath blight is one of the most important and intractable diseases of rice (Oryza sativa) where limited control has been achieved using traditional approaches. Quantitative inheritance, extraneous traits, and environmental factors confound genetic analysis of host resistance. A method was developed to isolate and utilize a phytotoxin from Rhizoctonia solani to investigate the genetics of sheath blight susceptibility. Infiltration of the toxin preparation into plant leaves induced necrosis in rice, maize, and tomato. Using 17 rice cultivars known to vary in sheath blight resistance, genotypes were identified that were sensitive (tox-S) and insensitive (tox-I) to the toxin, and a correlation (r = 0.66) between toxin sensitivity and disease susceptibility was observed. Given the broad host range of R. solani, genotypes of host species may be both tox-S and tox-I. A total of 154 F(2) progeny from a cross between Cypress (tox-S) and Jasmine 85 (tox-I) segregated in a 9:7 ratio for tox-S/tox-I, indicating an epistatic interaction between two genes controls sensitivity to the toxin in rice. This work provides the means to genetically map toxin sensitivity genes and eliminate susceptible genotypes when developing sheath blight-resistant rice cultivars.     

山东省玉米生产品种和部分自交系对纹枯病抗性鉴定

连续两年对山东省72份玉米生产品种和30份自交系材料在田间进行纹枯病抗性鉴定,采用被病原菌侵染的高粱粒作为接种物,在玉米拔节中后期接种,按照国家玉米区域试验抗性鉴定标准进行病害分级评定和抗性评价。在102份材料中抗性级别为高抗、抗、中抗、感、高感的比例分别为1.96%、20.59%、24.51%、33.33%、19.61%,生产品种‘登海3号’和‘聊玉22号’对纹枯病表现高抗。     

Reaction of three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars to single and mixed isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum

Cotyledons of resistant and susceptible cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) cultivars were inoculated artificially with four isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum from Africa (H V1, HV3, H V7 and Sudan) and USA race 18. Each isolate was used as single inoculum and in combinations of mixed inoculum. Disease reactions were graded 15 days after inoculation on a scale of I (immunity) to 10 (fully susceptible). Inoculation with HVI alone produced the highest disease grade of all inoculum treatments. When HVI was included in a mixed inoculum, disease grades were greatly reduced compared to HVI alone. Disease grades were highest for the inoculum mixture of the most virulent isolates HVI and race 18, but were still reduced compared to those from HVI alone. The efficiency of selection when screening cotton germplasm for bacterial blight resistance may be reduced if the highly virulent HVI isolate is included in an inoculum mixture composed of non-virulent isolates.     

水稻近等基因系与白叶枯病菌互作的生理指标研究

用抗水稻白叶枯病的近等基因在ＣＢＢ３（Ｘａ－３）、ＣＢＢ４（Ｘａ－４）、ＣＢＢ１２（Ｘａ－１２）和感病轮回亲本沈农１０３３一两个致病力不同的白叶枯病菌株７５－１、７６－２５组成非亲和性和亲和性反应的组合。以无菌水模拟接种为对照,成株期剪叶接种后分别在不同时间取样测定叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性。ＰＡＬ活性在处理后４８ｈ达到高峰,且接种病菌后的酶活     

Resistance of Sorghum Line CS 621 to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA and Other Sorghum Pathogens

Sorghum line CS 621 was evaluated along with other lines and cultivars for resistance to Rhizoctonia sheath blight, tar spot and gray leaf spot for 3 years. CS 621 was consistently resistant to these diseases even under a heavy natural outbreak of tar spot in the breeding nursery. It was also found to be more resistant to Rhizoctonia sheath blight than the resistant lines from Japan during the 1993 to 1994 screening tests. Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA was expressed in the form of reduction in the severity of disease and rate of infection. Evaluation of progenies from crosses involving CS 621 and a susceptible variety, UPL Sg5, indicated that additive and dominant gene effects are important in the expression of quantitative resistance to R. solani. CS 621 could therefore serve as a source of multiple resistance genes in a breeding program for high yield and stability against sorghum diseases. Received 6 August 1999/ Accepted in revised form 18 October 1999     

Host diversity can reduce potato late blight severity for focal and general patterns of primary inoculum

ABSTRACT The use of host diversity as a tool for management of potato late blight has not been viewed as promising in the past. But the increasing importance of late blight internationally has brought new consideration to all potential management tools. We studied the effect of host diversity on epidemics of potato late blight in Oregon, where there was little outside inoculum. The experimental system consisted of susceptible potato cv. Red LaSoda and a highly resistant breeding selection, inoculated with local isolates of US-8 Phytophthora infestans. Potatoes were grown in single-genotype plots and also in a mixture of 10 susceptible and 26 resistant potato plants. Half of the plots received inoculation evenly throughout the plot (general inoculation) and half received an equal quantity of inoculum in only one corner of the plot (focal inoculation). The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was greater in single genotype stands of susceptible cv. Red LaSoda inoculated throughout the plot than with stands inoculated in one focus. The host-diversity effect on foliar late blight was significant in both years of the investigation; the AUDPC was reduced by an average of 37% in 1997 and 36% in 1998, compared with the mean disease level for the potato genotypes grown separately. Though the evidence for influence of inoculum pattern on host-diversity effects was weak (P = 0.15), in both years there was a trend toward greater host-diversity effects for general inoculation. Statistical significance of host-diversity effects on tuber yield and blight were found only in one of the two years. In that year, tuber yield from both the resistant and susceptible cultivar was increased in mixtures compared with single genotype stands and tuber blight was decreased in mixtures for susceptible cv. Red LaSoda.     

Breeding Cassava for Resistance to Bacterial Blight

Abstract

It is noted that cassava bacterial blight (CBB) has been reported in several African countries and that heavy infection with CBB can lead to total crop failure as most local varieties are very susceptible. The best control method is through varietal resistance. IITA has made progress in breeding for resistance to both CBB and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) incorporating simultaneously other desirable agronomic qualities. The cassava breeding work at IITA since 1972 is then discussed covering tests on a total of 583 cassava families from CIAT, East Africa and IITA for sources of high resistance to CBB, further tests on 748 IITA clones for CBB resistance in a given ecological setting of high rainfall, sandy and acid soil from which the cultivar 58308 emerged highly resistant. Other aspects of the breeding work treated are conditions affecting varietal selection, namely: genetic mechanism resistance: stability of resistance to CBB over time and in different areas in Africa; high heritability; genetic correlation between resistance to CBB and CMD; correlation of CBB resistance with other characteristics such as tuber yield and leaf defoliation; and finally some factors affecting CBB field scores which are time of planting, age of plant and time of observation.

It is noted that the sources of high resistance to CBB identified have been quickly and successfully incorporated into promising cassava clones.     

转cryAb基因克螟稻对水稻白叶枯病和纹枯病的抗性评价

转cryAb基因克螟稻对水稻白叶枯病、纹枯病的抗病性在田间进行了人工接种鉴定,根据亲本材料秀水11及2个转基因材料克螟稻1号(KMD1)和克螟稻2号(KMD2)的发病情况,初步明确两个转基因材料的抗病性与亲本存在显著的差异,对白叶枯病的抗性比亲本材料有所上升,但对纹枯病的抗性则不如亲本秀水11。