中生菌素对水稻白叶枯病菌的作用及田间小区试验

中生菌素对水稻白叶枯病菌的作用及田间小区试验朱昌雄，谢德龄史志国，徐德生（中国农业科学院生物防治研究所，北京１０００８１））（北京市通县植保站，北京１０１１００）ＬＡＢＯＲＡＴＯＲＹＡＮＤＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＳＯＮＴＨＥＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＦＴ...     

球形芽孢杆菌C3-41和2362菌株的发酵特性和毒力比较

球形芽孢杆菌Ｃ３－４１和２３６２菌株的发酵特性和毒力比较①袁志明刘娥英蔡全信张用梅（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）ＣＯＭＰＡＲＩＳＯＮＳＯＦＴＨＥＦＥＲＭＥＮＴＡＴＩＯＮＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＹＡＮＤＴＯＸＩＣＩＴＹＯＦＢＡＣＩＬＬＵＳＳＰＨＡ...     

农抗120防治花生叶斑病的试验

农抗１２０防治花生叶斑病的试验鲍林歧刘元文（山东省即墨市农业局，即墨市２６６２００）（山东省即墨市温泉镇农技站，温泉镇２６６２００）ＢＩＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＦＴＨＥＰＥＡＮＵＴＬＥＡＦＳＰＯＴ，ＣＥＲＣＯＳＰＯＲＡＡＲＡＣＨＩＤＩＣＯＬＡ...     

近12kaBP以来南疆博斯腾湖气候环境演化

根据博斯腾湖沉积物自生碳酸盐稳定同位素以及孢粉和地化元素资料的分析,建立了近１２ｋａＢＰ以来此地区的气候环境的演变序列,并得到以下结论：（１）其气候演变特征同新疆地区由其他地质记录所反映的基本一致,气候演变具有明显的西风型环境演变特征,表现为冷与相对湿润、暖与相对干旱的水热配置关系;（２）由δ（１８）Ｏ所反映的温度波动存在显著的后期增温特征,结合δ（１３）Ｃ及Ｃａ－ＣＯ３等指标的变化,可以划分出若干具有广泛区域一致性的冷暖阶段,其中暖峰主要出现于１１．５－１１．０ｋａ、９．４ｋａ、７．５－７．０ｋａ、６．０－５．５ｋａ、３．０ｋａ和２．０ｋａＢＰ;而冷峰主要出现于１１．０－１０．０ｋａ、８．８ｋａ、５．０－４．５ｋａ、３．３ｋａ和１．５ｋａＢＰ和２．０－１．５ｋａＢＰ期间快速的冷暖变化都具有显著的突变性特征;（４）在７．０－５．０ｋａＢＰ期间相对暖湿的环境特征可能是全新世大暖期鼎盛期的反映,这也是剖面中唯一的最为显著的暖湿期。     

EB-82灭蚜菌对蔷薇长管蚜的毒力及温湿度对其的影响

ＥＢ－８２灭蚜菌对蔷薇长管蚜的毒力及温湿度对其的影响马江龙厚茹（中国农科院生物防治研究所,北京１０００８１）ＴＯＸＩＣＩＴＹＯＦＥＢ┐８２ＡＰＨＩＤＩＣＩＤＥＯＮＭＡＣＲＯＳＩＰＨＵＭＲＯＳＡＥＡＮＤＴＨＥＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ...     

枣尺蠖核型多角体病毒增殖制备的研究

枣尺蠖核型多角体病毒增殖制备的研究邢同（山东省无棣县棉花生产办公室，２５１９００）ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＰＲＥＲＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＮＵＣＬＥＡＲＰＯＬＹＨＥＤＲＯＳＩＳＶＩＲＵＳＯＦＳＵＣＲＡＪＵＪＵＢＡ［ＬＥＰ．：ＧＥＯＭＥＴＲＩＤＡＥ］Ｘ...     

农抗120防治苹果炭疽病效果

农抗１２０防治苹果炭疽病效果曾现春（山东滨州地区果树站，滨州２５６６００）ＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＦＧＬＯＭＥＲＥＬＬＡＣＩＮＧＵＬＡＴＡＷＩＴＨＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＡＬＡＮＴＩＢＩＯＴＩＣ１２０ＺＥＮＧＸｉａｎｃｈｕｎ（ＢｉｎｚｈｏｕＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔＦｒｕ...     

茶树有益微生物对茶树病原菌的抑制作用

茶树有益微生物对茶树病原菌的抑制作用①胡淑霞（安徽农业大学茶业系，合肥２３００３６）ＦＵＮＧＩＳＴＡＴＩＣＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＡＢＥＮＥＦＩＣＩＡＬＭＩＣＲＯＢＥＯＮＴＨＥＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＦＴＷＯＴＥＡＰＡＴＨＯＧＥＮＳＨＵＳｈｕ－ｘｉａ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍ...     

渗透胁迫对绵刺(Potaninia mongolica Maxim.)嫩枝保护酶活性的影响

分别用不同浓度的 Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ（ Ｍ Ｗ ６０００）对当年生绵刺嫩枝进行渗透胁迫处理,测定其超氧化物歧化物（ Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ）、过氧化氢酶（ Ｃ Ａ Ｔ）的活性和丙二醛（ Ｍ Ｄ Ａ）含量的变化。结果表明：绵刺嫩枝在渗透份胁大于－ ２．０ Ｍ Ｐａ 迫条件下,能维持较高的 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性,脂质过氧化作用较弱,膜系统基本完整; 渗透胁迫小于－ ２．０ Ｍ Ｐａ。 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性明显下降,脂质过氧化作用加强,膜透性增加。 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ 含量与 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性呈负相关关系（ｒ＝ － ０９４２１７）; Ｃ Ａ Ｔ 的活性随渗透胁迫强度增大而逐渐增强,达到一个峰值（－ ２．５ Ｍ Ｐａ）后,呈现下降趋势。说明绵刺嫩枝中 Ｃ Ａ Ｔ 和 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性具很强的抗水分胁迫能力。     

渗透胁迫对梭梭幼苗体内保护酶活性的影响及其抗旱性研究

分别用浓度为０、－０．５、－１．０、－１．５和－２．０ＭＰａ的ＰＥＧ（６０００）处理梭幼苗１２ｈ，测定体内ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ和ＰＯＤ活性，ＭＤＡ和蛋白质含量以及膜透性。结果表明：Ｄ 渗透胁迫小于－１．５ＭＰａ情况下，梭梭幼苗具有较高的ＳＯＤ活性，ＣＡＴ和ＰＯＤ活性随渗透胁迫加强而升高；ＭＤＡ含量和膜透性维持在较低的水平。表明梭纪苗具有较强的抗旱性。     

水稻品种与水稻细菌性条斑病菌的互作机制

水稻叶片接种3d后，水稻细菌性条斑病菌开始在叶片上大量增殖；接种10d后，病菌数量开始保持相对的稳定，但感病品种上的菌量比抗病品种上的菌量在10倍左右，病斑在接种后第3d开始出现，接种10d以后，病斑在感病品种上能继续快速发展，而在抗病品种上开始受到抑制，通过对抗病和感病品种叶片上的气孔观测发现，感病品种的气孔密度和气孔长度一般都较抗病品种大，相关分析表明，气孔长度理发师品种抗性相关。接种后对PAL酶的活性测定结果表明，PAL酶的活性与品种抗性呈负相关关系。     

黄瓜-酸黄瓜渐渗系霜霉病抗性及感病前后几种酶活性的变化

 Using resistant and susceptible cultivars as controls, the resistant evaluation to Pseudoperonospora cubensis was carried out in 12 introgression lines from wide cross between cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.) and sour cucumber(Cucumis hystrix Chakr.). Three enzyme activities including POD, SOD and PAL were analyzed before and 7 d after inoculation, and the POD isozyme was detected by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The inoculation results showed that, of the 12 accessions, 3 were identified as high resistant, 5 were moderately resistant and 4 were moderately susceptible to downy mildew. The enzyme activities of POD, SOD and PAL were greatly increased in resistant accessions after inoculation. PAL enzyme activities showed close correlation with disease rating before or after inoculation, which implicated that PAL enzyme activity might be used to estimate the resistance to downy mildew. POD isozyme electrophoresis showed that the number and intensity for the bands of resistant lines were significantly increased more than those of susceptible lines after inoculation.     

Biochemical responses associated with common bean defence against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in defence compounds of common bean cultivars with different levels of resistance to the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and determine the relation of the compounds to pathogen tolerance. The lines were inoculated with the pathogen and assessed for enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters related to plant defence: peroxidases (POX), polyphenol oxidases (PPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), total soluble phenol and lignin contents. Stem tissue samples were collected from two regions of the plant for biochemical analyses. Stem tissue samples were collected from two regions of the plant for biochemical analyses. In the position one, 5 cm of the stem was collected from the region with necrosis caused by the pathogen, and in the position two, 5 cm of the stem was collected from the end of the position one at the times of 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after inoculation (HAI). Greater lignin and total soluble phenol contents and greater induction of POX and SOD activity in inoculated plants in the region near the inoculation (position one) indicate local activation with later signalling for activation of defence mechanisms in other regions of the plant. The genotype with a greater level of resistance was superior to the susceptible one in regard to lignin production and the activities of POX, APX and SOD defence enzymes. These results suggest that a combination of these defence responses in common bean may contribute to greater plant resistance to the pathogen and that these enzymes have potential use in selection of common bean genotypes.     

知母提取物诱导马铃薯植株抗晚疫病作用机制初探

为明确知母提取物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病的作用,本研究测试了经知母提取物处理并接种晚疫病菌后马铃薯植株的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β 1,3 葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性的变化。结果表明,经过知母提取物处理后的马铃薯植株,在受到晚疫病菌侵染后24～96 h,SOD和PAL活性显著升高并持续处于高活性水平;在接种48 h后β 1,3 葡聚糖酶活性开始显著升高,直到接种后96 h一直维持在较高活性水平;而无论是接种晚疫病菌还是经过知母提取物处理,几丁质酶活性都没有发生显著的变化。     

杨树体内苯丙烷代谢与其对溃疡病抗性的关系

 本文采用组培愈伤组织接种法研究了不同抗病类型的杨树品种受溃疡病菌(Dothiorella gregaria Sacc.)侵染后苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性以及绿原酸和木质素含量的变化与抗病性的关系。纳果发现,受病菌侵染后各品种的苯丙氨酸解氮酶活性都有一个明显消长过程,但抗病品种的酶活性升高的幅度大(为感病品种的2倍),持续的时间也长;伴随酶活性的变化,各品种的绿原酸含量也发生明显变化,与感病品种相比,抗病品种的绿原酸不仅出现得早,而且积累的量也大(为感病品种的三倍);木质素的增量也与品种的抗病性呈正相关。上述结果表明,杨树对溃疡病的抗性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性密切相关,该酶在抗病中的作用是通过其控制的代谢产物得以表达。     

多堆柄锈菌侵染玉米的细胞学及超微结构特征

为明确玉米对多堆柄锈菌Puccinia polysora侵染后病理反应的细胞学特征,利用扫描和透射电镜技术分析了玉米自交系与多堆柄锈菌互作中二者的细胞变化过程。多堆柄锈菌对玉米的侵染主要以直接穿透叶片表皮侵入为主,少量可从气孔和细胞间隙侵入。接种后,病菌夏孢子在感病自交系叶片上快速并大量萌发,在叶表生长蔓延并侵入表皮组织细胞,7 d后形成夏孢子堆;在抗病自交系上,病菌萌发、菌丝生长均受到明显抑制,少量入侵的病菌也由于寄主细胞死亡而导致菌丝和夏孢子干瘪死亡。侵染早期在感病寄主细胞间隙出现菌丝并穿透细胞壁,在胞内产生分枝菌丝,此时寄主细胞结构正常;随着菌丝进一步扩展,叶绿体等结构发生紊乱,被侵染细胞逐渐死亡。在抗病自交系上,接菌24 h后寄主即出现过敏性坏死反应,侵入位点与周围细胞快速坏死,抑制菌丝生长蔓延;叶绿体中清晰可见深色颗粒状物质;72 h后细胞壁外侧产生大量致密的深色结晶体,应为与抗病反应相关的酚类物质。表明抗多堆柄锈菌的玉米材料可能存在2种抗病途径,即寄主与病菌互作中由分子识别引起的免疫反应和病菌侵入后的系统防卫反应。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌毒素对寄主防御酶系活性的影响及诱导抗性效应

 本文系统地研究了玉米弯孢叶斑病菌毒素对不同玉米抗性品种苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(PO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响及在一定条件下对寄主抗性的诱导效应。研究结果发现,抗病品种的PAL和PO酶活性比感病品种易被毒素激活,但抗病品种被毒素处理后的SOD活性明显低于感病品种,而且峰值出现得晚,这可能与抗病品种SOD活性的下降有利于积累活性氧、进一步激发寄主的抗性有关。此外,研究发现毒素在一定浓度下可作为抗性的诱导因子,为深入研究抗性机制和防病手段提供了新途径。     

接种根瘤菌及尖孢镰刀菌对大豆防御酶活性的影响

用尖孢镰刀菌接种盛花期（播种60 d）的结瘤大豆,接种0、24、48、72、96、120、144 h后测定叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶4种防御酶的活性变化并进行分析。结果表明,接种尖孢镰刀菌后接种根瘤菌的大豆植株防御酶活性均高于未接种根瘤菌的大豆植株和空白对照,表明大豆接种根瘤菌对尖孢镰刀菌具有一定的防御能力,同时可提高其叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶4种防御酶的活性。     

Accumulation of phytoalexins in susceptible and resistant near-isogenic lines of tomato infected with Verticillium albo-atrum or Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

The time course of accumulation of two phytoalexins, the terpenoid rishitin and the polyacetylene cis-tetradeca-6-ene-1,3-diyne-5,8-diol, was determined in near-isogenic susceptible and resistant tomato lines inoculated with either Verticillium albo-atrum or Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici.Cultivars containing the Ve gene for verticillium wilt resistance accumulated phytoalexins at a rate similar to that in susceptible plants following stem inoculation with V. albo-atrum. Higher amounts of phytoalexins were isolated from susceptible than from resistant plants at 11 days after inoculation. Inoculum concentrations of 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷ and 10⁸ conidia ml⁻¹ had no differential effect on phytoalexin accumulation at 3 days after inoculation. Also, no differences were observed between fungal growth in susceptible and resistant cultivars during that period.A cultivar containing the I-1 gene for fusarium wilt resistance contained more rishitin than did susceptible plants at 2 and 3 days after inoculation with 10⁷ conidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ml⁻¹, but at 7 and 11 days after inoculation more rishitin had accumulated in the susceptible plants.No difference was observed between the rate of accumulation of phytoalexin in stem segments from resistant and susceptible plants inoculated by vacuum-infiltration.To estimate the concentration of phytoalexins in the xylem fluid, sap was expressed from vascular tissue and amounts of phytoalexins were determined in the sap and in the expressed tissue. Less than 5% of the phytoalexins present in stem segments was recovered from the sap, indicating that their concentration in the xylem fluid may be relatively low.The role of phytoalexins in resistance to verticillium and fusarium wilt is discussed.     

水稻稻瘟病菌小种间相对生存力研究

选用水稻稻瘟病菌ZA_(49)、ZD_3和ZE_3 3个小种,各2个小种为一组合,以等孢子量混合,于相同条件下在秀水620和秀水48两个感病品种上进行继代接种,经5个世代的转接结果表明:在秀水620上ZA_(49)小种较ZD_3和ZE_3小种具更强的致病力,在秀水48上,ZE_3小种较ZA_(49)和ZD_3小种具更强的致病力,同样其相对生存力也强,两者呈正相关。病菌小种间相对生存力的强弱与病菌小种在品种上单独接种时产生的病斑数、病斑大小和产孢量有关。相对生存力强的小种在病菌群体中易取得优势,从而导致寄主品种的病害量增加。因此认为小种间相对生存力差异也是影响水稻稻瘟病菌群体小种组成发生变化的因素之一。