阴山北麓农牧交错带不同沟垄宽度集雨技术对马铃薯的影响

为研究和解决阴山北麓农牧交错带地区降水资源不足、雨养农业产量不稳的问题,于2011~2012年在内蒙古武川县进行了不同垄宽和沟宽的集雨措施栽培马铃薯的试验,测定了沟垄集雨处理下土壤水分状况、马铃薯生长、产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:沟垄集雨技术提高了种植区土壤水分,增幅16.1%~26.0%。马铃薯生育期内的叶面积指数和单株干物重均高于对照处理。沟垄集雨处理的商品薯率较平作高5.0~30.5%,商品薯产量高于平作,垄宽1.0m沟宽1.0m集雨处理商品薯产量平作增产52.0%~81.0%。较平作相比,集雨处理提高了马铃薯水分利用效率。沟垄集雨技术对阴山北麓农牧交错带地区雨养农业规避干旱气候风险以实现马铃薯稳产具有重要的应用价值。     

冀西北旱坡地南瓜田间沟垄集雨种植模式研究

在怀安县前所堡旱作示范区以南瓜为试材,采用窄土垄沟、宽土垄沟、窄膜垄沟、宽膜垄沟4种不同沟垄处理方式,常规平作为对照,研究不同的沟垄措施对南瓜地土壤水分含量、水分利用及产量的影响.结果表明:沟垄栽培可使水分聚集于种植沟中较小有效栽培面积中,改善土壤水分分布状况,不同处理间效应大小依次为:宽膜垄沟＞窄膜垄沟＞宽土垄沟＞窄土垄沟＞平作,且覆膜效应大于垄的宽窄效应;沟垄处理对土壤水分在表层影响大,在较深土层影响小.沟垄处理均可提高水分利用效率,其中土垄与平作差异不明显,而膜垄水分利用率宽膜垄沟(40.85 kg·hm-2·mm-1)、窄膜垄沟(39.03 kg·hm-2·mm-1)均显著高于平作(30.27 kg· hm-2· mm-1)(P＜0.05),宽垄比窄垄水分利用率高,但差异不显著.不同沟垄处理对南瓜的产量影响较大,产量增加4.23％～32.39％,增产效益176.2～1 210.4元·hm-2,两膜垄组南瓜产量与对照平作差异显著(P＜0.01),尤以宽膜垄沟增产效益为最高.综上所述,宽膜垄沟的栽培方式对南瓜水分利用和增产增效作用显著,是目前坡耕旱地南瓜生产中较为理想的田间沟垄微型集雨种植模式.     

宁南旱区沟垄集雨结合补灌对土壤水分利用及冬小麦产量的影响

为探明沟垄集雨结合不同时期补灌措施的集雨保墒效果,2013-2015年在宁南半干旱区设置不同补灌模式(全生育期不灌溉、前期(拔节期)补灌、后期(抽穗期)补灌、前后期均补灌)结合补灌方式(集雨补灌和传统畦灌),研究集雨补灌措施对土壤水分、冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:沟垄集雨补灌模式可有效改善0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量,尤其对0~40 cm土层提高较为明显。在2013-2014年(枯水年)灌水量减半的情况下,前期补灌和全生育期不灌溉处理的小麦产量均高于相对应的畦灌处理,分别提高了2.6%和6.2%,其余处理和对应的畦灌处理相比无增产效应;在4种补灌模式下,集雨补灌处理的水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率均显著高于对应的畦灌处理,其中前期补灌最为显著,分别提高8.5%和105.1%。2014-2015年(丰水年),除集雨前后期均补灌处理外,前期补灌、后期补灌和全程不灌溉处理的产量均高于对应的畦灌处理,分别提高4.5%、7.4%(p0.05)和4.9%;在四种补灌模式下,除集雨前后期均补灌和不灌溉处理的水分利用效率与对应的畦灌处理相差不大外,其余各补灌处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均显著高于相对应的畦灌处理,最大增幅分别为3.8%和114.7%。可见,沟垄集雨结合适量补灌措施可显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率。     

小麦/玉米垄沟套作条件下施肥部位对土壤水氮分布的影响

通过旱棚小车模拟小麦/玉米垄沟套作种植试验,研究了3种不同垄沟部位(垄顶、垄底和沟中)施肥对小麦/玉米生长和产量及土壤水氮分布的影响。结果表明:相同灌水条件下,施肥部位对垄沟套作水分分布影响不显著,但土壤硝态氮的分布差异较大;垄顶施肥和垄底施肥处理下,由于水肥异区,其垄上小麦生长带的硝态氮主要分布在0~30 cm土层,有效地减少了硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,而后期沟内玉米生长带的水氮处理相同,因此其硝态氮分布差异较小;在相同灌水条件下,垄沟套作可以有效降低水分流失,减少氮肥损失,因此较传统平作更有利于作物生长,提高小麦、玉米的产量,且以垄顶施肥和垄底施肥效果最显著,小麦产量较平作分别增加11.47%、10.81%,玉米产量较平作分别增加18.87%、22.70%。     

半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响

为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决春旱问题,在西北半干旱地区设置了秋季地膜全覆盖(PA)和秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖(RH)两种覆膜方式,以裸地不覆盖(CK)为对照,对土壤水分、春玉米功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,不同秋覆膜方式显著增加了春玉米播前0~100 cm土壤储水量,2013年春旱严重,PA和RH处理分别提高了26.15%和13.40%;2014年春季有雨雪,两种覆膜方式分别提高了10.44%和11.20%。不同秋覆膜处理的春玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/F_0)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)较对照有不同程度提高,且2014年增幅高于2013年。2013年PA和RH处理的籽粒产量较CK分别提高了40.98%和25.83%,水分利用效率增加了29.70%和22.87%;2014年两个处理春玉米籽粒产量分别提高了74.60%和48.64%,水分利用效率增加了64.87%和47.08%。试验表明,不同秋覆膜方式在西北半干旱地区均可提高春玉米叶片的光合性能,并显著提高春玉米籽粒产量及水分利用效率,在偏旱的年份效果尤为明显,且秋季地膜全覆盖优于秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖,是西北半干旱区春玉米一种高效的栽培模式。     

垄沟覆盖种植对晚播夏玉米生长和产量的补偿效应

针对晚播对夏玉米生长发育造成的不利影响,采用垄覆膜沟不覆盖（LN）、垄覆膜沟覆秸秆（LJ）和垄沟全覆膜（LM）3种垄沟种植方式,以常规播期平作不覆盖（CK1）和晚播平作不覆盖（CK2）为对照,分析了不同垄沟种植方式对晚播夏玉米农田土壤水分、土壤温度及玉米生长和产量的影响,对比不同垄沟覆盖种植方式对晚播玉米生长的补偿效应。结果表明：垄沟种植显著提升了夏玉米0~25 cm土层土壤温度,促进了晚播夏玉米生长;生育期内多雨导致各处理0~200 cm土层土壤含水率一直在18%（75%田间持水率）或更高水平,覆膜对土壤水分的影响不明显;垄沟种植夏玉米整体生长状态在8月中下旬（抽雄~灌浆阶段）与CK1处理达到相同水平;地上部干物质量在成熟期达到或超过CK1处理水平;低温多雨导致晚播夏玉米生育期延长了8~9 d;垄沟种植处理倒伏率较低,最高值仅为3%,平作处理倒伏严重,CK1和CK2处理倒伏率分别达73.1%和20.1%;CK2处理全生育期各项生长及产量指标均较低,LJ处理前期生长状态差,后期贪长,最终相对CK1处理减产7.9%;LN处理产量9 783.8 kg·hm^-2,与CK1处理持平,LM处理达到最高产量11 101.7 kg·hm^-2,相对CK1处理增产12.2%。综合考虑土壤水热、夏玉米生长、产量等各方面因素,多雨条件下垄沟全覆膜方式对晚播玉米生长达到了最好的补偿效果。     

旱地春小麦集雨补灌增产机制初探

为查明集雨补灌对不同种植模式小麦的增产机理，于1998年在甘肃中部旱农区进行了田间试验。结果表明：少量灌水使沟播春小麦出苗率提高，小穗数及穗粒数增加；在植株生长的需水关键期补灌，小麦叶面积增大，叶绿素含量提高，地上部干物质及籽粒干物质积累量增加，有效小穗数及穗粒数增多，穗粒千重及千粒重增大，最终经济产量和生物产量提高。籽粒平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率提高是旱田补灌作物增产的主要机制。     

垄膜沟播与平膜侧播对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为了探索我国西北半湿润易旱区合理覆膜种植方式,为该区作物生产及覆膜种植制度的建立提供参考,本研究以传统平作为对照,设两种覆膜方式:垄膜沟播(R)与平膜侧播(F).结果表明,与传统平作(CK)相比,垄沟宽均为40 cm(R40)和60 cm(R60)的沟播处理全生育期0-200 cm土壤平均含水量分别提高8.82％(P ＜0.05)和10.84％ (P＜ 0.01),膜宽为40 cm(F40)和60 cm(F60)的侧播处理提高4.40％和3.96％,沟播处理较侧播处理平均提高了5.42％(P＜0.05).不同覆膜方式处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均较传统平作(CK)显著增加,同宽度的沟播处理较对应的侧播处理提高幅度明显,但胞间CO2浓度显著低于传统平作(CK).不同覆膜方式处理的小麦经济产量和水分利用效率均较传统平作(CK)显著提高,平均提高幅度达21.52％和30.97％,同宽度沟播处理的生物产量、经济产量和作物水分利用效率显著(P＜0.05)高于对应的侧播处理.试验表明,在半湿润旱作区冬小麦垄膜沟播是一种高效栽培模式.     

不同覆盖种植模式对马铃薯土壤温度、水分及产量的影响

以陇薯6号为试验材料,研究了不同覆盖种植模式对甘肃定西马铃薯田土壤温度、水分和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行分析比较。结果表明,全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播和全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播处理在马铃薯整个生育期0~30 cm平均土壤温度较CK增加2.2℃和2.5℃,秸秆带状覆盖处理平均土壤温度较CK降低了1.0℃。覆膜垄沟集雨和秸秆带状覆盖技术都能明显改善土壤水分状况,在马铃薯生长前期集雨保墒效果尤为明显,出苗期全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播、秸秆带状覆盖在0~100 cm平均土壤含水量分别较CK提高2.6%和2.2%和1.6%。各处理马铃薯土壤温度和含水量垂直变化随着土壤深度的增加而减弱。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播和秸秆带状覆盖增产效果明显,产量分别较CK增加33.6%、28.6%和23.2%。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播纯收益最高,秸秆带状覆盖次之,纯收益较CK分别增加7 201.56元·hm~(-2)和5996.04元·hm~(-2)。因此,黑膜全覆盖双垄垄作侧播技术在改善土壤水温效应的同时能显著增产增收,是定西地区马铃薯种植的高效栽培模式。     

沟覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植土壤水分和玉米根系分布的影响

为寻求半干旱地区垄沟集雨环保沟覆盖材料,探究垄沟集雨种植增产机理,在半干旱黄土高原区通过大田试验,以传统平作为对照,研究不同沟覆盖方式(无覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖)对土壤含水量、玉米根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积的影响。结果表明:垄沟集雨种植沟中的土壤含水量、玉米根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积明显大于垄中;与平作相比,无覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖耕层沟中作物生育期平均土壤含水量分别增加6.9%、10.6%和9.3%,垄中平均土壤含水量分别降低13.8%、10.9%和5.6%;玉米总根干重(沟中+垄中)分别降低15.9%、6.1%和16.8%,总根长分别增加37.6%、43.7%和34.8%,总根表面积分别增加10.5%、33.6%和15.0%。无覆盖和秸秆覆盖玉米总根体积分别降低34.5%和16.3%,生物可降解地膜覆盖玉米总根体积增加13.2%。与传统平作相比,垄沟集雨种植增加土壤水分、玉米根长和根表面积,降低玉米根干重。在不同沟覆盖方式中,生物可降解地膜覆盖具有较高土壤含水量、根长、根表面积和根体积。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.