宁南山区日光温室内气温变化规律与最低气温预测

利用宁南山区日光温室内气温和当地气象台站的常规气象观测资料,开展了温室内气温的变化特征和温室内最低气温预测方法研究。结果表明,不同天气条件下的温室内气温日变化规律存在明显差异;温室内的日最高气温时间分 布较为集中,主要出现在每日的12∶00—14∶00,而日最低气温主要出现在每日的7∶00—9∶00;温室内、外的最低气温呈现明显的线性关系,据此建立了温室内最低气温的线性回归方程,历史回代检验表明方程的预报绝对误差均在4℃以内,在2℃以内的占总数的80%以上,精度较好。     

基于冠层叶-气温差的温室土壤水分诊断

根据对日光温室条件下番茄全生育期的冠层温度、气温、土壤水分以及一些相关气象因素测定,分析了冠层叶-气温差与土壤容积含水率、湿度之间的关系。结果表明:在日光温室条件下,番茄全生育期内冠层叶-气温差的日变化呈曲线分布,冠层叶-气温差的最高值出现在每天的13∶00～15∶00之间。通过对主要生育期13∶00～15∶00的数据分析发现,冠层叶-气温差(△T)与土壤容积含水率(SW)以及棚内湿度(RH)之间有较好的复相关关系,结合容积含水率与湿度对冠层叶-气温差的综合影响,可以得出△T与SW呈负相关关系,与RH呈正相关关系,相关系数R2为0.778。通过偏相关分析,冠层叶-气温差与容积含水率的相关性最大,呈负相关关系,相关系数R2为0.778,并通过数据验证,实测值(Y)与模拟值(X)相关性较好,相关系数R2为0.723。因此可通过监测13∶00～15∶00的冠层叶-气温差来了解作物的水分状况,为农田土壤水分诊断提供科学依据。     

苹果果实日灼预测预报计算机模型

为了及时准确地预测预报苹果果实日灼发生的时间,提高预防措施的效果,特研制了本计算机模型.通过对树上活体果实表面温度进行生长季全程连续监测,同步对比相应的气象资料,研究了主要气象因子(包括气温、日照、风速和相对湿度)与果实表面温度的相关性,确定了上述气象要素与果实表面温度变化的多元回归方程.此外,通过比较研究不同品种、果实发育期以及树势对果实日灼敏感性的差异,确定了不同品种果实日灼阈值温度以及这些因子在影响果实日灼中的效应参数.将模型预测值与田间果实温度实测值进行对比,验证该模型预报结果符合率达85.22%.近两年该模型已开始在美国华盛顿州果园试用.通过在本模型的用户界面下拉菜单中选择品种、月份和树势,并在相应位置输入当日11∶00～14∶00平均日照、气温、风速和相对湿度数值,即可得到当日是否发生果实日灼的预测预报结果.     

痕量灌溉管作地埋滴灌带对基质栽培樱桃番茄生长发育的影响

利用痕量灌溉管滴头独特的膜过滤特点,将痕量管作为滴灌带埋设于栽培介质中,以‘釜山88’樱桃番茄为试材,研究了该模式应用于日光温室樱桃番茄基质栽培的可行性及其不同布设方式对樱桃番茄生长、品质、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明：痕量灌溉管作为地埋式滴灌带用于基质栽培樱桃番茄是可行的。不同布设方式对基质栽培条件下樱桃番茄生长、品质、产量和水分生产效率均有一定影响,且不同处理间存在一定程度差异,其中痕量管埋深15 cm为所有处理中影响最明显的布设方式。与表层覆基质处理相比,痕量管埋深15 cm时,植株株高、茎粗、果实纵径、果实横径、果实可溶性固形物含量、产量和水分生产效率分别增加5.62%、7.33%、5.70%、2.80%、8.80%、16.54%和34.61%。基质栽培条件下,痕量灌溉管可作为地埋式滴灌带使用,且痕量管埋深15 cm是该试验条件下日光温室樱桃番茄基质栽培较适宜的埋设深度。     

温室番茄结果期关键管理技术

正此时正值初春,是外界环境变化较大的时期,温室番茄一旦开始进入开花结果期,外界温度变化,日照时间变长,若管理不当,易造成植株长势弱、果实膨大慢、果实着色不均匀等现象,影响产量和效益。番茄结果期管理应掌握好以下关键技术:一、温度调控温度调控是番茄结果期管理的重中之重。番茄为喜温作物,白天适宜温度为25~28℃,晚上为15~18℃。白天温度过高或晚上温度过低,易造成番茄落花落果或畸形果,影响果实品质。在夜间要     

不同灌溉处理下旱稻光合生理特征及水分利用效率

在中国农业大学昌平实验站定点定位测定了充分灌溉、前期胁迫后期充分灌溉、前期充灌后期胁迫、全生育期胁迫4种灌溉处理下旱稻品种HD 297不同生育期内光合蒸腾等农田生理生态特征。结果表明:旱稻的光合速率日变化规律为,在旱稻生长前期,日变化曲线呈现“双峰”趋势,在作物生长后期,曲线呈现“单峰”变化趋势;旱稻的蒸腾速率日变化规律则在全生育期内均呈现“单峰”变化趋势,与温度日变化规律一致;旱稻的水分利用效率日变化规律呈“L”型,6∶00最高,随后急剧下降,到18∶00达到最低值。不同的灌溉处理只影响作物光合、蒸腾和水分利用效率值的大小,不改变其变化趋势。在4个灌溉处理中,前期胁迫后期充分灌水的处理产量水平的水分利用效率最高。     

秸秆生物反应堆对秋冬茬温室番茄生长特性的影响研究

通过温室内小区试验的方法,研究秸秆生物反应堆对秋冬茬温室番茄生长特性的影响,包括对植株形态、光合特性、品质、产量进行分析。结果表明：秸秆生物反应堆能够有效促进温室番茄植株生长,提高品质。应用秸秆生物反应堆的试验区,番茄的株高和茎粗较对照区平均分别提高8％和10％;番茄果实的蛋白质、可溶性糖、Vc、有机酸含量平均分别提高11％、17％、14％、12％;当土壤水分大于田间持水量的60％～70％时,有利于植株的净光合速率及有机质的形成;应用秸秆生物反应堆的小区,在滴灌条件下,若秋冬茬番茄土壤水分下限控制范围为苗期田间持水量60％～70％θf,开花着果期70％～80％θf,结果期70％～80％θf,能够达到高产、优质、高效的目的。     

滴灌灌水均匀系数对温室番茄生长的影响

为探究适宜温室番茄生长的滴灌灌水均匀系数,试验设置了65%(C1)、75%(C2)、85%(C3)不同滴灌灌水均匀系数及190 mm(I1),220 mm(I2),250 mm(I3)不同的灌水量处理,以裂区试验法研究各处理对番茄生长、光合色素及品质的影响。结果表明,滴灌灌水均匀系数对番茄株高增长无显著影响(P0.05),对茎粗增长有显著影响(P0.01),灌水量、灌水量与灌水均匀系数二者的交互作用对株高、茎粗增长无显著影响(P0.05);灌水量对番茄可溶性糖、番茄红素、维生素C、可溶性固形物(除有机酸)均有极显著影响(P0.01),灌水均匀系数及二者的交互作用对以上番茄品质指标无显著影响(P0.05);在灌水量、灌水均匀系数及二者的交互作用对果实形态指数均无显著性影响(P0.05)。灌水均匀系数为75%、灌水量为190 mm条件下番茄综合品质最佳。整个生育期内滴灌灌水均匀系数65%～85%处理下,土壤含水率均匀系数为85%～95%,能满足番茄生长需要,因此针对西北地区温室作物建议下调现行滴灌灌水均匀系数标准。     

北京地区日光温室草莓灰霉病发生 动态监测和影响因素分析

 草莓灰霉病是由灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea Pers.)引起的一种真菌病害,可造成草莓烂果,严重影响草莓产量和采后保存。为了探明日光温室草莓灰霉病的发生流行规律,在2013—2014年生长季和2014—2015年生长季,对北京地区草莓日光温室空气中灰葡萄孢分生孢子数量、草莓花瓣带菌率和灰霉病病果数进行了动态监测和调查,同时对日光温室中气象因子进行了系统监测和记录。结果表明,在草莓日光温室中,利用孢子捕捉器捕获的灰葡萄孢分生孢子数量在一天中主要集中在5:00-18:00,以11:00-14:00数量最大。在一天中每小时捕获的分生孢子数量与温度和光照强度呈极显著正相关(P≤0.01),与相对湿度呈极显著负相关(P≤0.01)。新增草莓灰霉病病果数与7 d前当天捕获的分生孢子数量呈极显著正相关(r=0.872,P≤0.01),与7 d前当天的新鲜花瓣带菌率亦呈极显著正相关(r=0.807,P≤0.01),这为利用捕获的分生孢子数量和新鲜花瓣的带菌率预测7 d后草莓灰霉病的发生情况提供了重要参考。本研究结果有助于了解日光温室中草莓灰霉病的发生规律和影响因素,为该病害的防控和预测测报提供了依据。     

节能日光温室中番茄灰霉病发生规律的研究

通过 3年对节能日光温室环境温湿度监测、病菌孢子捕捉和番茄灰霉病发生规律研究明确 ,一般年份 ,灰霉病在番茄叶片上表现为明显的始发期、盛发期和末发期等 3个阶段 ;果实发病后 ,即进入盛发期。温室中病菌的发生与病害呈正相关 ,病菌的高峰期较病害的高峰期提前10～15d。持续的低温、高湿、苗期带病等是引起番茄灰霉病发生的重要因子。提出要从优化设施环境等方面来控制番茄灰霉病的危害。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.