旱稻农田土壤水分变化特征研究

试验研究旱稻不同灌溉处理土壤水分变化特征结果表明,不同供水条件下农田土壤水分变化的主要层次均为80cm以上,120cm以下土层土壤水分处于相对稳定状态,且维持在相对较高水平;供水较多时旱稻水分耗散量、耗水强度也较大,而相同供水条件下旱稻水分耗散量和耗水强度又小于水稻对照;相同灌溉处理旱稻产量和水分利用效率均高于水稻对照;而充足供水有利于旱稻根系在0~20cm表层发育,但不利于其根系在下层生长,而W2可促使根系下扎,更充分利用下层水分。     

基于ORYZA2000模型的旱稻生长模拟及氮肥管理研究

以旱稻田间试验资料为基础，对水稻生长模拟模型ORYZA2000模拟旱稻生长进行参数校正和验证，图解和回归分析结果显示ORYZA2000模拟旱稻生物量、产量、作物吸氮量的模拟值与观测值基本呈线性关系，模拟效果良好，但对土壤水分的模拟效果欠佳，需做进一步研究。应用校正和验证的结果，结合肥料效应函数原理，对旱稻不同灌溉方式和密度管理下的氮肥经济最佳施肥量做了探讨，初步得出了该地区旱稻栽培氮肥经济最佳施肥量，丰富了作物模拟和节水农业的理论和实践，对以后旱稻发展及栽培管理有一定的参考价值。     

Progress and Yield Bottleneck of Aerobic Rice in the North China Plain: A Case Study of Varieties Handao 297 and Handao 502

Aerobic rice has been considered a promising rice cultivation system as water scarcity is increasing in the world. This article summarizes the advances in aerobic rice management researches in the North China Plain, focusing on yield formation and its bottleneck. High-yielding and good-quality aerobic rice varieties adapted to aerobic soil conditions have been released officially and adopted by farmers in North China. The varieties Handao 502 and Handao 297 have been recognized as the most promising varieties reaching a yield level ranging 3.5-5.0 t ha-1 with 450-650 mm water input. Compared with lowland rice, water input in aerobic rice was more than 50% lower, and water productivity was 60% higher. Researches on responses of rice cultivars to nitrate nitrogen （N） and ammonium N supplied at early growth stages provided the first evidence for a preference of aerobic rice HD297 for nitrate N supply, compared with the lowland rice variety. Zinc uptake studies demonstrated that introduction of aerobic rice system on calcareous soils may increase zinc deficiency problems. Sink size was identified as the limitation of aerobic rice yield, because its spikelet number m-2 was too low （20000-24 000） compared with the lowland rice. For future research, more attention is suggested to be paid to yield formation focusing on effects of water regimes on tiller dynamics. Understanding of nutrient uptake and response to fertilization effects are also urgently required to establish optimized crop management technology. Additionally, alternative cropping systems based on aerobic rice should be established, and key sustainability and environmental impact issues in the systems need to be identified.     

The estimation of ground cover of potato by reflectance measurements

Summary In nine field trials, the proportion of ground covered by potato canopy was estimated using near-infrared and visible reflectance measurements. The data set spanned a range of cultivars, treatments, soil types, soil moisture regimes and growing conditions that ranged from severely stressed to near-potential growth. Near-infrared reflectance of the canopy, corrected for soil reflectance (WDVI), was related to ground cover estimated by a trained expert with or without the use of a grid-frame. Different linear regressions between ground cover and WDVI for the early phase of growth and for the late phase, allowed the calculation of ground cover of potato from WDVI with anabsolute accuracy of 3.5–6.5%. The derived regression lines are expected to have a general applicability for potato grown on soils of temperate regions. It is concluded that reflectance measurement is an objective, fast and reliable method for estimating the proportion of ground covered by potato canopies.     

应用ORYZA2000模型制定北京地区旱稻优化灌溉制度

通过优化灌溉提高水分利用效率,使有限的水资源发挥最大的效益,是推行节水农业的一个重要方面.在模型验证的基础上,利用ORYZA2000模型和多年气象资料,分析了北京地区不同降水年型条件下早稻产量和水分利用效率与灌溉定额之间的关系,在此基础上制定不同降水年型和产量水平的北京地区旱稻优化灌溉制度.结果表明:当灌溉定额达到一定水平后,最高产量趋于不变.干旱和平水年型条件下旱稻均有较大的增产潜力,灌溉定额为300～500 mm可增产约3000 kg/hm2;丰水年型灌溉定额为250 mm时可增产1000 kg/hm2.70%、80%和90%产量潜力3个产量水平的最优灌溉制度分别需要保持根层土壤相对含水率在67%、73%和83%左右,灌水定额不宜过高,以50～60 mm为宜.灌溉次数和灌溉定额随产量水平的提高而增加,并取决于实际的降水情况:干旱年型3个产量水平的灌溉次数为3～8次;平水年型为2～5次;丰水年型为1～5次.水分利用效率变化范围为0.92～1.28 g/kg,受各年型降水量影响灌溉水水分利用效率变化在1.61～7.76 g/kg之间,丰水年型的灌溉水水分利用效率高于平水年型和干旱年型.80%产量潜力水平时的水分利用效率最高,不同年型灌溉定额在98～239 mm之间,灌溉次数为2～5次.     

Optimizing yield,water requirements,and water productivity of aerobic rice for the North China Plain

Water resources for agriculture are rapidly declining in the North China Plain because of increasing industrial and domestic use and because of decreasing rainfall resulting from climate change. Water-efficient agricultural technologies need to be developed. Aerobic rice is a new crop production system in which rice is grown in nonflooded and nonsaturated aerobic soil, just like wheat and maize. Although an estimated 80,000 ha are cultivated with aerobic rice in the plain, there is little knowledge on obtainable yields and water requirements to assist farmers in improving their management. We present results from field experiments with aerobic rice variety HD297 near Beijing, from 2002 to 2004. The crop growth simulation model ORYZA2000 was used to extrapolate the experimental results to different weather conditions, irrigation management, and soil types. We quantified yields, water inputs, water use, and water productivities. On typical freely draining soils of the North China Plain, aerobic rice yields can reach 6–6.8 t ha⁻¹, with a total water input ranging between 589 and 797 (rainfall = 477 m and water application = 112–320 mm). For efficient water use, the irrigation water can be supplied in 2–4 applications and should aim at keeping the soil water tension in the rootzone below 100–200 kPa. Under those conditions, the amount of water use by evapotranspiration was 458–483 mm. The water productivity with respect to total water input (irrigation plus rainfall) was 0.89–1.05 g grain kg⁻¹ water, and with respect to evapotranspiration, 1.28–1.42 g grain kg⁻¹ water. Drought around flowering should be avoided to minimize the risk of spikelet sterility and low grain yields. The simulations suggest that, theoretically, yields can go up to 7.5 t ha⁻¹ and beyond. Further research is needed to determine whether the panicle (sink) size is large enough to support such yields and/or whether improved management is needed.