禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺敏感性基线的建立及药剂田间防效

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类新型吡啶酰胺杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺在中国小麦赤霉病防治中的应用潜力,分别采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定了氟唑菌酰羟胺对湖北省6个地区106株禾谷镰孢菌的室内毒力、田间防效及其与多菌灵和氰烯菌酯的交互抗性。结果显示:氟唑菌酰羟胺对106株禾谷镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀值为 (0.018 0 ± 0.209 0) mg/L,平均值为 (0.072 8 ± 0.025 9) mg/L;对分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀值为 (0.052 7 ± 0.473 2) mg/L,平均值为 (0.176 0± 0.059 6) mg/mL;且其EC₅₀值频率分布均呈单峰曲线,因此可分别将菌丝生长和孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值作为禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性基线。初步的交互抗性测定结果表明,抗多菌灵或氰烯菌酯的菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺均未表现出抗性。田间试验显示,氟唑菌酰羟胺有效剂量200 g/hm2处理的防效 (超过90.0%) 显著高于对照药剂氰烯菌酯600 g/hm2的防效 (78.0%),与空白对照相比增产效果在127%~135%之间。经氟唑菌酰羟胺处理后,小麦籽粒中由禾谷镰孢菌产生的毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON) 的含量比空白对照降低了55.09%。研究表明,氟唑菌酰羟胺对禾谷镰孢菌呈现出较高的室内活性且田间防效优越,同时还能降低小麦籽粒中DON毒素的含量及提高小麦产量,因此可作为生产中防治小麦赤霉病的替代或后备药剂,同时也可考虑用作为禾谷镰孢菌对多菌灵抗性治理的替代药剂。     

氟啶胺等杀菌剂对不同发育阶段小麦赤霉病菌的毒力及其作用方式

为筛选高效防治小麦赤霉病的药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了5种杀菌剂对不同发育阶段小麦赤霉病菌的毒力,并测定了田间接种条件下对小麦赤霉病的保护和治疗效果。结果表明,氟啶胺对小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发、芽管伸长和产孢的毒力均较高,EC_(50)≤0.249μg/m L;咯菌腈可抑制该病菌菌丝生长、芽管伸长和产孢,EC_(50)≤0.881μg/m L,但对孢子萌发几乎无抑制作用;菌毒清对分生孢子萌发、芽管伸长和产孢的毒力稍低,EC_(50)在5.726~10.244μg/m L之间,但高于其对菌丝生长的毒力;甲基硫菌灵和嘧菌酯对各发育阶段病菌的毒力均较低。在田间,接种前3 d施药,咯菌腈和氟啶胺对小麦赤霉病的保护效果较好,200 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理的效果在80.01%以上,可作为保护剂在发病前使用;菌毒清在接种前3 d和接种后3 d使用时保护效果和治疗效果均较高,200 g(a.i.)/hm~2处理的防效均在69.99%以上,既可作为保护剂在发病前使用,也可作为治疗剂在发病后使用。     

芽胞杆菌SM905的鉴定及其对铁皮石斛胶孢炭疽菌的抑菌活性研究

芽胞杆菌Bacillus sp.SM905是本实验室分离并保存的一株活性细菌，为进一步明确其分类地位及其对铁皮石斛胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides的抑菌活性，利用形态学、生理生化特性及16S rDNA和gyrB序列分析对SM905进行种属鉴定；采用菌丝生长速率法、插片法和琼脂平板法测定了不同浓度的SM905发酵上清液对靶标菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响；并通过盆栽试验考察其防效。结果表明，SM905为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。不同稀释倍数的SM905发酵上清液对胶孢炭疽菌均有一定的抑制作用，其中5倍稀释液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高，为97.89%，20倍稀释液的抑制率也达90%左右。处理组残留胶孢炭疽菌气生菌丝表现为畸形、空洞、色素积累等，基内菌丝产生大量的分生孢子。SM905发酵上清液不影响胶孢炭疽菌孢子的萌发率，但是导致萌发后的菌丝生长稀疏、膨大。盆栽试验结果表明，SM905粉剂100倍液间隔7 d喷施2次对铁皮石斛炭疽病的防效为80.74%，优于10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂800倍液。本研究表明，芽胞杆菌SM905可以作为铁皮石斛炭疽病生物防治用生防菌，具有良好的应用前景。     

苯醚甲环唑和吡唑醚菌酯混合物对炭疽病菌的联合毒力及药效

为了明确苯醚甲环唑与吡唑醚菌酯混合物对胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）的毒力增效作用,本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯及其不同比例混合物对炭疽病菌的毒力,并通过田间试验评价了其对炭疽病的防治效果和产量的影响。结果表明：苯醚甲环唑与吡唑醚菌酯质量比为2∶1的混合物对抑制菌丝生长增效最为明显,增效系数为2.41。在田间药效试验中,2种药剂2∶1混用对祁山药炭疽病的防效明显,增产率为45.02%。     

旁路氧化作用对嘧菌酯抑制辣椒炭疽菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

 研究表明,旁路氧化作用能够降低辣椒炭疽菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性。离体培养条件下,旁路氧化在辣椒炭疽菌野生菌株的孢子萌发中提供大于95倍生理功能的补偿作用;在菌丝生长中提供20~35倍的补偿作用。但在接种前用嘧菌酯处理辣椒,旁路氧化作用并不明显,嘧菌酯对辣椒炭疽病有良好的保护、治疗、铲除和抗产孢作用。用嘧菌酯处理过的病斑产生的分生孢子萌发活力和致病力下降。炭疽菌离体下的菌丝耗氧率测定表明,10μg/mL嘧菌酯处理1 h对菌丝呼吸耗氧有良好的抑制作用,其抑制效果随药剂浓度提高而略有增加。随处理时间延长,药剂对菌丝耗氧的抑制作用下降,但仍然抑制菌丝生长。研究证明:延长处理时间,呼吸作用对药剂的敏感性下降的机理不是因为旁路氧化途径增强,也不是因为基质中药剂效力的下降,而是存在其它机制。     

中国南方主要梨产区果生炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性

为明确苯醚甲环唑对果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola不同发育阶段的毒力,并建立中国南方主要梨产区(湖北、安徽、江西、江苏、浙江和福建)果生炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感基线,采用孢子萌发法测定了苯醚甲环唑对6个代表性菌株孢子萌发和芽管伸长的影响,采用离体叶片接种法评价了苯醚甲环唑对该病菌的防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了120株果生炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性。结果表明:苯醚甲环唑对果生炭疽菌菌丝生长和芽管伸长的抑制效果较强,而对分生孢子萌发的抑制效果较弱,其平均EC50值分别为(0.33±0.03)、(2.61±0.26)和(29.87±1.31)μg/mL。160μg/mL的苯醚甲环唑对梨果生炭疽病的保护作用和治疗作用防效分别为92%和79%,而1000μg/mL的多菌灵则分别为51%和23%。来源于中国南方主要梨产区的120株果生炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑均表现为敏感,EC50值范围0.27~1.12μg/mL,敏感性频率分布呈连续单峰曲线,符合正偏态分布,其平均EC50值(0.59±0.02)μg/mL可以作为我国南方主要梨产区果生炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感基线。本研究结果为监测梨果生炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑的田间抗药性发展奠定了基础,并为梨产区应用该药剂防治炭疽病提供了依据。     

氯氟醚菌唑对西红花球茎腐烂病原菌尖孢镰刀菌的生物活性

球茎腐烂病是“新浙八味”浙产中药植物西红花上最为严重的病害。本研究采用菌丝生长速率法测定了82株西红花球茎腐烂病菌——尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum对新型甾醇脱甲基酶抑制剂(DMIs)氯氟醚菌唑的敏感性，评价了其对尖孢镰刀菌生长、产孢、萌发和细胞膜透性的影响，同时测定了氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌的保护和治疗作用。结果表明：氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长的EC50值范围在0.182～2.491μg/mL之间，平均EC₅₀值为(0.838±0.438)μg/mL，敏感性频率分布符合正态分布。氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝生长和产孢都有显著的抑制作用，对病菌细胞膜表现显著的破坏作用。此外，氯氟醚菌唑对西红花球茎腐烂病的保护作用要强于治疗作用。本研究结果可为生产上有效防治西红花球茎腐烂病提供依据。     

爵床提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌的抑制作用及其苗期防效

爵床(J usticia procumbens L.)是一种传统的中药材.为探明爵床提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌的抑制作用,采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法分别测定了爵床提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝生长、孢子产生和孢子萌发的抑制作用,采用苗期盆栽试验观察爵床提取物对辣椒炭疽病的防治效果.结果表明,爵床甲醇提取物可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝生长、孢子产生和孢子萌发,其活性随着浓度的提高而增强,抑制中浓度分别为4.23、2.16和2.98 mg/mL.通过对爵床提取物处理后病菌孢子萌发形态显微观察,发现病菌孢子芽管长度受到明显抑制甚至不能萌发.当提取物浓度为16mg/mL时对苗期辣椒炭疽病的防效达73.08％.     

新杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的室内毒力及田间防效

室内采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和黄瓜子叶法测定了咯菌腈、抑霉唑、福美双、吡唑醚菌酯和嘧霉胺对番茄灰霉病菌( Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用。结果表明,菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法的测定均以咯菌腈毒力最高,EC 50分别为0.005 2 μg/mL和0.087 6 μg/mL;黄瓜子叶法测定以抑霉唑毒力最高,其EC 50为0.675 3 μg/mL。田间药效试验结果表明：50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂90 g/ hm2对番茄灰霉病的田间防效达到90%以上,显著高于对照药剂50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂300 g/hm2和40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂 480 g/hm2的防效。     

山东省辣椒上尖孢炭疽复合种对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线及吡唑醚菌酯增效配方筛选

为明确山东省辣椒炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,延缓其抗性发展及降低防治成本,在该省主要辣椒产区采集并经单孢分离获得175株尖孢炭疽复合种,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了病原菌群体对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,同时测定了吡唑醚菌酯与甲基硫菌灵、多菌灵、代森锰锌、戊唑醇和咯菌腈5种杀菌剂分别混用对尖孢炭疽复合种的联合毒力。结果表明:吡唑醚菌酯对尖孢炭疽复合种菌丝生长和孢子萌发的EC50值范围分别为0.056~0.530和0.002~0.027 μg/mL,平均值为（0.273 ± 0.067）和（0.014 ± 0.019）μg/mL,其敏感性频率分布呈连续单峰曲线,符合正态分布,可作为田间抗性监测的敏感基线;不同采集地菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性存在一定差异,其中采自菏泽市的菌株敏感性最高,而采自潍坊市的菌株敏感性最低;吡唑醚菌酯与甲基硫菌灵按体积比1:3和3:1复配,对抑制尖孢炭疽复合种的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均表现为增效作用,其中按体积比1:3混用时增效作用最明显,增效系数分别是4.82和3.94。结果可为吡唑醚菌酯的合理使用提供理论依据。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.