土壤水分调亏处理膜下滴灌马铃薯耗水特征及生长动态

以青薯"168"为试验材料,通过大田试验,研究了膜下滴灌调亏对河西绿洲马铃薯土壤水分动态、耗水特征、生长动态及产量的影响。试验设5个水分调亏处理,即块茎形成期和块茎膨大期分别进行轻度(55%~65%田间持水量,FC)和重度(45%~55%FC)调亏,淀粉积累期轻度(55%~65%FC)调亏,以全生育期充分供水(65%~75%FC)为对照。结果表明:受水分调亏影响,上层0~40 cm土壤水分变化较下层40~60 cm明显,马铃薯块茎膨大期经受轻度和中度水分亏缺土壤贮水量显著(P0.05)低于充分供水8.1%和18.7%,耗水强度则显著降低60.0%和73.0%。块茎形成期进行不同程度水分调亏后复水,其叶面积指数(LAI)、光合势(LAD)、相对生长率(RGR)均表现出补偿效应,而块茎膨大期进行轻度和中度水分调亏以及淀粉积累期轻度水分调亏LAI、LAD及RGR均呈下降趋势,其薯块产量与全生育期充分供水相比分别降低22.3%、26.5%、38.7%。因此,马铃薯生长后期应注重供水以延长绿叶面积,对作物产量的形成有利。     

不同轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

在连续种植2年马铃薯的土壤上进行不同轮作方式田间试验,探讨轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响。试验结果表明:与对照(裸地)相比,小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作时土壤过氧化氢酶活性有增加的趋势;豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作条件下,土壤的蔗糖酶活性提高,且在马铃薯成熟期提高幅度最大,为47.95%。轮作条件下土壤多酚氧化酶活性低于连作;轮作方式不同,土壤脲酶活性变化明显,在马铃薯块茎膨大期,豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作方式的土壤脲酶活性比小麦-马铃薯-小麦高14.73%。马铃薯块茎膨大期根区土壤微生物数量测定结果显示:随着连作年限的增加,细菌数量及微生物总量降低,真菌数量升高了54.66%;小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作后,土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量最高,分别为6.40×106CFU·g-1和2.22×106CFU·g-1。     

绿洲膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯水分生产函数及灌溉制度优化

通过田间试验研究了绿洲膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯各生育期耗水规律及其影响因素,建立了以Jensen模型为基础的水分生产函数并对马铃薯灌溉制度进行了优化。结果表明:块茎膨大期马铃薯水分敏感指数最大,块茎形成期次之,苗期和淀粉积累期较小;块茎形成期轻度调亏对马铃薯产量无显著影响(P0.05),而块茎形成期中度调亏、块茎膨大期轻度和中度调亏对其产量均有显著影响(P0.05);块茎形成期轻度调亏的水分利用效率比块茎形成期中度调亏、块茎膨大期轻度调亏和全生育期充分灌水分别提高了6.2%、8.3%和6.7%;膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯产量随耗水量增加而增加,水分利用效率随之降低,全生育期充分灌水比块茎膨大期中度水分调亏耗水量增加22.4%,产量增加20.4%,水分利用效率降低14.0%。采用遗传算法并结合水分生产函数进行灌溉制度优化,结果表明:河西绿洲区膜下滴灌马铃薯全生育期灌溉定额为225 mm时,产量最高,为43.86 t·hm-2,灌溉水利用效率为19.5 kg·m-2;灌溉制度为苗期灌水20~30 mm,块茎形成期灌水70~75 mm,块茎膨大期灌水100~115mm,淀粉积累期灌水20~25 mm,灌水间隔为7 d。因此,膜下滴灌调亏在降低马铃薯耗水量的同时,提高了水分利用效率,在块茎形成期轻度水分调亏不影响产量,可达到节水增产的目的。     

半干旱区全膜覆土穴播对春小麦耗水特征和产量的影响

为研究甘肃半干旱地区全膜覆土穴播小麦的耗水特征及其对产量的影响，以春小麦陇春27号为材料，于2012-2014年，通过3年大田定位试验，设全膜覆土穴播（PMS）和露地穴播（CK）2个处理，分析了不同生育阶段耗水量、耗水模系数、耗水速率、生长速率、耗水效率和水分利用效率等指标。结果表明，PMS处理0~300 cm土层土壤贮水量高于CK，苗期、拔节期和灌浆期分别增加了15.6~34.1 mm、20.7~22.1 mm和15.1~42.1 mm。在播种-拔节期，PMS处理在2013、2014年的耗水模系数和耗水速率较CK分别增加了16.9%、10.5%和20.0%、5.8%，灌浆期分别降低了28.2%、10.6%和26.3%、14.4%。在2012-2014年PMS处理的生长速率较CK分别提高了87.0%~153.7%、42.8%~366.1%、87.4%~133.0%；耗水效率分别提高了73.3%~200.2%、93.8%~288.2%、77.1%~155.5%，均差异显著。PMS处理的株高、单株重、小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重均显著高于CK，产量增加了35.4%~61.9% ，水分利用效率（WUE）提高了44.6%~63.3%。表明全膜覆土穴播能显著调节春小麦在不同降水年型的耗水进程和耗水特性，提高地上部生物量、生长速率和耗水效率，在全生育期耗水量无显著增加的条件下，显著提高产量和WUE。     

不同覆盖种植模式对马铃薯土壤温度、水分及产量的影响

以陇薯6号为试验材料,研究了不同覆盖种植模式对甘肃定西马铃薯田土壤温度、水分和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行分析比较。结果表明,全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播和全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播处理在马铃薯整个生育期0~30 cm平均土壤温度较CK增加2.2℃和2.5℃,秸秆带状覆盖处理平均土壤温度较CK降低了1.0℃。覆膜垄沟集雨和秸秆带状覆盖技术都能明显改善土壤水分状况,在马铃薯生长前期集雨保墒效果尤为明显,出苗期全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播、秸秆带状覆盖在0~100 cm平均土壤含水量分别较CK提高2.6%和2.2%和1.6%。各处理马铃薯土壤温度和含水量垂直变化随着土壤深度的增加而减弱。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播和秸秆带状覆盖增产效果明显,产量分别较CK增加33.6%、28.6%和23.2%。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播纯收益最高,秸秆带状覆盖次之,纯收益较CK分别增加7 201.56元·hm~(-2)和5996.04元·hm~(-2)。因此,黑膜全覆盖双垄垄作侧播技术在改善土壤水温效应的同时能显著增产增收,是定西地区马铃薯种植的高效栽培模式。     

半干旱区雨养农田绿肥作物轮作休耕技术措施研究

为探索休耕地科学合理的管护方式，以半干旱生态退化区耕地为研究对象，设置毛苕子→春油菜→箭筈豌豆(R1)、春油菜→箭筈豌豆→毛苕子(R2)、箭筈豌豆→毛苕子→春油菜(R3)3个不同绿肥作物轮作序列，及撂荒(CK1)、裸闲(CK2)共5个处理，开展3年定位试验，通过系统监测不同处理条件下农田土壤水分、养分等指标参数，明确不同处理对休耕地农田土壤质量的影响。结果表明，绿肥轮作处理可年生产绿肥干物质2257.5-3478.3kg·hm^-2,其年均农田土壤水分耗散量分别较对照增加了17.69-71.36mm,但绿肥干物质还田使0-20cm土层有机质较撂荒和裸闲处理显著提高了8.87%-32.8%。R3处理一个轮作周期的绿肥总干物质还田量较R1、R2处理增加了54%、19.9%,水分总耗散量较R1、R2、CK1、CK2处理增加了62.98mm、29.14mm、140.34mm、202.78mm,水分生产效率较R1、R2处理提高了39.3%和21.4%;3年轮作结束后，0-40cm土壤容重不同处理间差异不显著，介于1.151-1.219g·cm^-3之间；R...     

不同降水年型下秸秆带状覆盖对西北旱地马铃薯品质和产量的影响

为探明不同覆盖方式对马铃薯品质和产量的影响，于2019—2021年在西北半干旱雨养农业区设置秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、地膜覆盖(PM)、无覆盖露地(CK)3个处理，通过测定马铃薯块茎维生素C、淀粉、直链淀粉、还原糖、粗蛋白含量及产量指标，研究不同覆盖方式对马铃薯品质和产量的影响。结果表明：不同降水年型下秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖均可以显著改善马铃薯的品质，丰水年(2019年和2020年),与CK相比，SM处理显著提高了块茎淀粉、直链淀粉的含量，增幅分别为15.2%和31.9%,PM处理显著提高了粗蛋白含量，增幅为26.6%;平水年(2021年),与CK相比，SM处理维生素C、还原糖含量分别显著提高20.4%和5.1%,PM处理维生素C、还原糖、粗蛋白含量分别显著提高35.2%、8.3%、14.6%;覆盖方式对马铃薯品质的影响整体表现为SM>PM。主成分分析和灰色关联度分析表明，SM和PM处理均可提高马铃薯品质，且SM处理马铃薯品质与产量关联度高于PM处理，SM处理下淀粉、直链淀粉含量与产量的关联度最高。覆盖栽培方式均显著提高了马铃薯鲜薯产量，SM、PM分别较CK提高13.7%～19.5%...     

施锌肥对马铃薯干物质积累、生理特性及块茎营养品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了施锌肥对马铃薯干物质积累规律、生理特性及块茎主要营养品质的影响.结果表明:1)全生育期,施锌处理(Zn)马铃薯叶片中叶绿素含量和叶片的SPAD值均高于CK处理,花期(出苗后44d、54d)喷施锌肥后,叶绿素含量差异,上叶部达1％显著水平,下叶部达5％显著水平.上、中、下叶部SPAD值Zn处理比CK处理分别增加5.7％、7.6％,6.3％、9.2％,4.5％、6.7％;2)出苗后30d马铃薯根系活力差异出现变化,在此前,CK处理＞Zn处理,此后CK处理＜Zn处理;3)产量、淀粉含量和块茎中的锌含量,Zn处理分别比CK处理高17.93％、18.81％、244.58％,其中产量、淀粉含量和块茎中的锌含量差异达到极显著水平,VC含量差异达到显著水平.     

干旱与复水对马铃薯块茎膨大期碳氮转运的影响

为探讨干旱及复水对马铃薯块茎膨大期碳氮物质转运影响的生理机制，采用盆栽控水法研究了干旱胁迫、旱后复水过程中马铃薯叶片与块茎中碳水化合物、氮素同化物以及碳氮转运相关酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：干旱胁迫下马铃薯叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性显著增强，增幅为54.9%，可溶性糖与蔗糖含量显著增加，分别增加84%、25%；块茎蔗糖与淀粉含量显著下降，分别降低25%、11.8%。复水后叶片可溶性糖含量变化较小，叶片SPS活性仍保持较高水平；块茎中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性下降6.25%(P＜0.05)，蔗糖与淀粉含量分别增加21.8%、29.8%。干旱胁迫下马铃薯叶片中硝酸还原酶（NR）活性下降49.3%，谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性与对照差异不显著，叶片游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量分别降低29.4%、38.4%，全氮含量降低13%；块茎中游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量增加16.8%、270.9%。复水后叶片中NR与GS活性高出对照3.5%、12.1%，叶片游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质以及全氮含量仍保持较低水平；块茎游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白含量较高，增幅分别为24.6%、178.4%，全氮含量增加，与对照差异不显著。说明干旱胁迫显著阻碍了马铃薯碳水化合物与氮素同化物的合成与转运，使马铃薯叶片碳水化合物积累，但干旱促进了氮素向块茎转运，块茎中的碳氮比下降；复水后马铃薯植株能够快速修复干旱胁迫造成的损伤，表现为块茎中淀粉含量增多，块茎碳氮比增加。     

玉米和马铃薯根系分泌物对马铃薯生长的影响

通过溶液培养法获取供体玉米和马铃薯根系分泌物，用来浇灌盆栽受体马铃薯“会-2号”，设单株马铃薯浇玉米根系分泌物（P+M-RE）、单株马铃薯浇马铃薯根系分泌物（P+P-RE）和单株马铃薯浇自来水（CK）3个处理，研究玉米、马铃薯根系分泌物对盆栽马铃薯生长的影响。结果表明：（1）盛花期和成熟期，P+M-RE处理的块茎生物量比P+P-RE增加了42.4%和28.5%，比CK增加了28.8%和8.2%，P+P-R比CK减少了23.7%和28.4%，差异分别为显著和极显著；（2）分枝期、盛花期和成熟期与CK相比，P+M-RE处理地上和地下部分生物量分别提高了8.3%~12.7%和7.5%~45.6%，P+P-RE处理分别降低了1.7%~12.9%和5.5%~20.9%；两处理的茎叶比均比CK低，根冠比在盛花期和成熟期比CK提高了64.1%、42.5%和56.8%、40.0%；(3)观测期内，P+M-RE处理叶片、茎秆、根系和块茎的化感敏感指数RI>0，表现为促进作用，敏感程度为根系>叶>块茎>茎秆；P+P-RE处理根系RI<0，叶片、块茎在分枝期和盛花期RI>0，成熟期为RI<0，整体表现为抑制作用；（4）盛花期马铃薯干物质转移率(DMME)及贡献率（DMCR）P+M-RE处理比CK分别提高了45.6%和48.0%，P+P-RE处理比CK分别提高了30.7%和43.9%。由此说明，玉米根系分泌物对马铃薯地上茎叶和地下根系及块茎生长具有净促进作用，有利于块茎的膨大，而马铃薯根系分泌物对自身地上和地下生长则具有抑制作用，影响了块茎膨大，这为揭示玉米||马铃薯体系增产机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

A Survey of Trunk Disease Pathogens within Rootstocks of Grapevines in Spain

Grapevine trunk disease pathogens, and specifically Petri disease pathogens, can be spread by planting infected plants. Due to the increasing incidence of Petri disease and other young grapevine declines reported lately in Spain, a sampling of plants used before for new vineyards were carried out in 2002 and 2004. A total number of 208 plants (grafted and non grafted) were collected, of which 94 plants (45.2%) were infected with at least one of the following pathogens: Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, and species of Phaeoacremonium, Botryosphaeria, Cylindrocarpon, and Phomopsis. Species of the genera Phaeoacremonium and Botryosphaeria isolated in 2004 were identified using morphological and molecular characters. Species of Phaeoacremonium identified were P. aleophilum and P. parasiticum; and those of Botryosphaeria were B. obtusa, B. dothidea and B. parva. This is the first report of P. parasiticum and B. parva occurring on grapevines in Spain. Distribution of pathogens within the plants was studied in 2004. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora was not detected in the graft union of any plant; however, species of Botryosphaeria and Phomopsis were detected along the plant, but mainly in the graft union; Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was detected along the grafted plants, but not in rooted rootstocks. The results suggest that infected plants used for new plantings in Spain are an important source of primary inoculum of the pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases in the field.