不同复种油菜-轮作模式对马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响

为探讨马铃薯不同轮作系统复种饲用油菜对马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响,2017年在长期大田定位试验基础上选取4个处理,即马铃薯连作（CK）、马铃薯-小麦复种油菜-马铃薯（WPRP）、马铃薯-豌豆复种油菜-马铃薯（PPRP）、小麦-豌豆复种油菜-马铃薯（WPPR）,研究不同复种轮作模式对马铃薯耗水特性、水分利用效率和产量的影响。结果表明：马铃薯块茎增长期到收获期,CK 160~200 cm土壤水分含量和播前无差异,而WPRP、PPRP、WPPR 0~200 cm土壤各层含水量均大于播前,其中,块茎增长期到淀粉积累期,各层土壤平均含水量分别提高了43.02%、38.58%、24.63%,淀粉积累期到收获期,分别提高36.47%、33.63%和21.43%; 120~200 cm土壤各层含水量表现为：WPRP＞PPRP＞WPPR＞CK。WPRP、PPRP、WPPR耗水深度和贮水量均大于CK,其中,块茎增长期到淀粉积累期,耗水深度较CK分别增加42.86%、42.86%、42.86%,土壤贮水量较CK分别增加10.36%、12.91%和8.49%;淀粉积累期到收获期,耗水深度较CK分别增加了25.00%、12.50%、12.50%,土壤贮水量分别增加了12.56%、6.78%和2.95%,且WPRP贮水量较CK显著提高12.56%。块茎形成期、块茎增长期和淀粉积累期,WPRP耗水量较CK分别减少了16.2%、25.2%和5.1%。WPRP、PPRP、WPPR较CK产量分别增加33.51%、40.05%、14.47%,WUE分别提高54.83%、52.32%、19.78%。综上,马铃薯轮作系统复种油菜增加了降雨入渗深度、土壤贮水量和耗水深度,降低了阶段性耗水量,提高了马铃薯产量和WUE。且马铃薯-小麦复种油菜-马铃薯为该地区较佳的轮作模式。     

黄土高原马铃薯不同连作年限土壤 理化性质及微生物特性

以黄土高原旱作区马铃薯不同连作年限土壤为研究对象，采用空间代替时间序列方法，对撂荒（CK₁）、小麦/豌豆/马铃薯轮作（CK₂）、连作2 a、连作4 a和连作6 a等不同连作年限的土壤容重、结构分维、总有机碳、酶活性与微生物数量及变化规律进行研究。结果表明：(1）不同处理土壤容重差异显著，连作6 a土壤容重最小；(2）连作可以改变土壤中不同粒级团聚体的比例，各处理中＞4 mm粒径的土壤含量最高；(3）马铃薯长期连作显著降低土壤有机碳含量，连作6 a土壤总有机碳含量较撂荒降低14.27%； (4）马铃薯主要生育期内土壤转化酶、过氧化氢酶变化动态呈“S”型曲线，脲酶呈“M”型变化趋势，3种酶活性与土壤肥力因子均呈极显著正相关，与土壤容重呈极显著负相关；(5）细菌是连作土壤中优势菌，真菌和放线菌也占一定比重；细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在0～10 cm土层显著高于10～20 cm土层；马铃薯长期连作显著降低土壤微生物数量，群落结构随连作年限明显改变。     

轮作小麦消减胡麻连作障碍的效应研究

为探讨轮作小麦对胡麻连作障碍的消减作用,通过田间试验研究了轮作小麦对胡麻株高和产量的影响,并通过测定土壤酶活性和土壤水提液化感作用,探寻消减连作障碍的机制。结果表明:重茬种植胡麻导致连作障碍现象突出,表现为连作3 a时株高、出苗率、千粒重和单株产量分别降低14.0%、7.75%、33.8%和43.2%,而第二年轮作小麦可以消减连作障碍,使下茬胡麻株高和产量保持在胡麻连作1 a水平,分别为69.7 cm和1.43 g·株~(-1)。轮作小麦后土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别为2.41 mL·g~(-1)·h~(-1)、2.32 mg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和9.04 mg·g~(-1)·d~(-1),与连作1 a胡麻地土壤酶活性无显著性差异,但连作将使部分土壤酶活性发生较大变化,表现为连作2a后土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性分别降低至2.16 mL·g~(-1)·h~(-1)、8.18 mg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和2.01 mg·g~(-1)·d~(-1),表明轮作小麦可通过保持部分土壤酶活性消减连作障碍,从而利于下茬胡麻生长。与胡麻连作相比,轮作小麦使土壤水提液对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感自毒作用减弱,并表现出综合化感效应为0.21%的促进作用,使发芽指数(46.0)、发芽势(92.0%)、活力指数(3.36)、根长(8.35 cm)及根重(23.17 mg)等指标与CK和TC1处理下无显著性差异,而连作加剧土壤水提液自毒作用,对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用增强,且综合化感效应随连作年限增加分别降低至-8.61%和-17.01%,表明轮作小麦可以通过影响土壤自毒作用消减胡麻连作障碍。综上所述,胡麻重茬种植将导致明显的连作障碍,合理轮作小麦有利于维持胡麻地土壤酶活性、降低土壤自毒作用,从而消减胡麻连作障碍的发生。     

连作对马铃薯生长和土壤健康的影响及机制研究

以连作马铃薯土壤及不同连作年限马铃薯为材料,通过分析不同连作年限(分别连作0、3、6 a)马铃薯生长发育及土壤健康各因素的变化,对连作马铃薯生长发育及土壤健康的变化及机制进行了探讨。结果表明,随连作年限增加,土壤有机质、速效磷含量以及土壤pH值逐渐降低,在连作6 a时,土壤有机质含量、速效磷含量和土壤pH值分别比对照下降了50.72%、34.10%和8.68%;碱解氮含量上升,在连作3 a和6 a时,碱解氮分别比对照升高了84.62%、169.23%;土壤肥力相关酶活性下降,在连作6 a时,土壤中碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别比对照下降了36.34%、35.72%、29.83%和74.16%;酚酸类化感物质含量升高,在连作6 a时,土壤中羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、阿魏酸和总酚酸的含量比对照升高了33.61%、31.30%、51.64%、40.57%;细菌和放线菌数量下降,真菌数量升高,在连作6 a时,细菌和放线菌数量比对照降低了88.59%和84.21%,真菌数量在连作6 a时比对照升高了253.85%,说明连作造成土壤健康状况下降。研究还发现随着连作年限增加,马铃薯叶片MDA含量升高,连作6 a时MDA含量比对照增加了142.47%,说明马铃薯叶片遭受了一定程度的脂质过氧化;马铃薯叶片相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率和气孔导度下降,连作6 a时分别比对照降低了13.30%、13.98%和50.00%;株高、茎粗、地上生物量和块茎产量逐渐下降,连作6 a时分别比对照下降了42.49%、54.40%、58.35%和61.79%,说明连作严重影响了马铃薯的光合能力和生长发育。可见,马铃薯连作导致了土壤理化性质恶化,代谢活力降低,养分失去平衡,土壤酚酸类物质大量累积,最终导致微生物群系发生变化,从而从整体上降低了土壤的健康状况,严重影响马铃薯生长发育。     

施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。     

连作对马铃薯根系生物学特征和叶片抗逆生理的影响

针对连作导致马铃薯生长发育受阻和产量下降等问题,在甘肃省景泰县条山农场设置了不同连作年限的大田试验,从植株自身形态和生理响应方面初探马铃薯连作障碍的可能机制。结果表明：连作明显降低了马铃薯地上和地下部生物量,增加了总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比,且随着连作年限的延长,生物量下降越大,而总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比增加越大,连作5年的总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比比轮作分别增加了39.35%、26.60%、31.67%和70.90%;连作明显增加了块茎膨大期叶片MDA活性, 叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性随连作年限表现为先上升后下降,从连作3 a开始,叶片MDA活性急剧增加,而叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性急剧下降;连作1 a和2 a地块的块茎产量差异不显著,但连作3 a后块茎产量较轮作下降了45%以上。由此可见,在当地生态环境和栽培及品种条件下连作的阈值年限可能为2 a,根系生长增加是马铃薯应对连作逆境的主动性适应机制。     

榆林沙土区马铃薯根层土壤因子、微生物数量及酶活性特征

选取16个当地种植的马铃薯品种进行试验,采取单因素分析法和冗余分析法对榆林沙土区马铃薯田的土壤含水量、pH值、电导率、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量和过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,以及土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量进行研究,分析其特征。结果表明：在0~60 cm土层中,榆林沙土区马铃薯根层土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性随着土壤深度的增加均呈现降低的趋势,土壤蔗糖酶活性随土壤深度的增加呈现先增大后降低的趋势, 0~20 cm土层过氧化氢酶活性比20~40、40~60 cm土层分别高0.03％、28.74％,0~20 cm土层脲酶活性比20~40、40~60 cm土层分别高14.10％、169.70％,20~40 cm土层蔗糖酶活性比0~20、40~60 cm土层分别高21.74％、59.53％;在0~40 cm土层中,随土壤深度的增加土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均呈现降低的趋势,细菌数量在3类微生物中占有绝对优势,占微生物总数的83.11％~97.28％,其次是放线菌,占微生物总数的2.49％~16.49％,真菌的数量最少,占微生物总数的0.13％~0.44％;不同品种马铃薯根层（0~60 cm）土壤含水量、pH值、电导率分别为2.94%~8.00％、8.30~8.79、101.92~210.87 μS·cm^-1,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质的含量为16.47~30.14 mg·kg^-1、15.37~25.49 mg·kg^-1、95.83~163.60 mg·kg^-1、2.85~5.43 g·kg^-1。相关性分析表明,马铃薯根层土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均与土壤碱解氮、有机质含量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌均与土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);马铃薯块茎产量与土壤细菌呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),块茎可溶性总糖与土壤放线菌呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)。冗余分析表明,碱解氮和有机质是土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性变化的主要驱动因子,有机质和有效磷是土壤细菌数量变化的主要驱动因子,速效钾是土壤真菌、放线菌数量变化的主要驱动因子。     

娃娃菜不同轮作模式下根际土壤微生物群落多样性特征

为探明不同作物与娃娃菜轮作后的效果，在宁夏南部山区进行定位试验，采用高通量测序技术，结合土壤理化性质及酶活性，比较分析了娃娃菜-西兰花(CMB)、娃娃菜-大葱(CMG)、娃娃菜-洋葱(CMO)、娃娃菜-土豆(CMP)和以娃娃菜连作(CCC)为对照的5个处理的微生物多样性，旨在筛选出适宜与娃娃菜轮作的作物，为从栽培模式选择角度缓解或避免娃娃菜连作障碍提供理论依据。试验结果表明：与连作相比，轮作马铃薯土壤硝态氮含量最高为12.8 mg·kg^-1,轮作大葱土壤速效磷含量最高为75.74 mg·kg^-1,但不同轮作模式下速效钾和有机质含量有所下降。轮作马铃薯土壤的碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与轮作洋葱土壤的过氧化氢酶、脲酶显著低于娃娃菜连作和轮作其他作物。细菌丰度在属水平上的结果表明轮作导致大部分有益细菌属丰度升高，如贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)等，有害菌及其他部分未分类功能作用菌属丰度降低，如伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaceae)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium...     

生物有机肥对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性 及根系活力的影响

针对大量化肥长期施用对马铃薯田土壤造成的生物活性降低等问题，利用根际益生菌（PGPR）制成生物有机肥，通过盆栽试验，研究了不施肥（对照，CK）以及分别施化肥（CF）、普通有机肥（OF）和5种生物有机肥（BOF1，BOF2，BOF3，BOF4和BOF5）对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性和根系活力的影响。结果表明，在马铃薯的成熟期，5种生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量平均比CF及OF高52%和37%，微生物量碳比CF和OF处理平均增加了30%，其中以BOF3效果最明显,比其它生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量和微生物量碳增加达3%～7%和2%～7%；且土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)，相比CF和OF，5种生物有机肥处理土壤酶活性的增幅为11%～114%；根系活力分别增加了265%和224%，块茎产量分别增加了16%和21%，根系活力和块茎产量的提高也以BOF3效果最明显，其根系活力比BOF5高出166%，其块茎产量比其它生物有机肥处理的增幅为5%～9%。说明生物有机肥有助于提高土壤的生物活性，改善马铃薯的根际环境，进而提高了马铃薯的根系活力，增加了马铃薯的块茎产量。     

浑善达克沙地榆树生长状况与根际土壤微生物的关系研究

从浑善达克沙地三个不同地点、三种不同立地类型区采集榆树根际土壤样品,在实验室对土壤中微生物进行培养、分离,力求探索榆树疏林的生长状况与土壤微生物之间的关系.结果是:总体上讲三大类微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌数量上差异显著,平均值分别为细菌46.84(106· g-1)、放线菌34.69(106·g-1)、真菌5.49(106 ·g-1).在榆树的生长状况较好的丘间地和阴坡上,三大类微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌数量比榆树生长较差的沙丘阳坡上明显多;细菌在丘间地上、阴坡、阳坡上的数量分别为59.46(106·g-1)、42.82(106·g-1)、38.25(106· g-1).榆树各项生长指标均较高的沙地中部正蓝旗,土壤三大类微生物数量明显多于西部的正镶白旗和东部的克什克腾旗,细菌数量在正蓝旗、正镶白旗、克什克腾旗分别为59.87(106·g-1)、49.10(106·g-1)、41.54(106·g-1).由此可见,榆树的生长状况与微生物的数量呈正比关系.     

Effects of different 3-year cropping systems on soil microbial communities and rhizoctonia diseases of potato

ABSTRACT Eight different 3-year cropping systems, consisting of soybean-canola, soybean-barley, sweet corn-canola, sweet corn-soybean, green bean-sweet corn, canola-sweet corn, barley-clover, and continuous potato (non-rotation control) followed by potato as the third crop in all systems, were established in replicated field plots with two rotation entry points in Presque Isle, ME, in 1998. Cropping system effects on soil microbial community characteristics based on culturable soil microbial populations, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were evaluated in association with the development of soilborne diseases of potato in the 2000 and 2001 field seasons. Soil populations of culturable bacteria and overall microbial activity were highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn crops, and lowest following continuous potato. The SU profiles derived from BIOLOG ECO plates indicated higher substrate richness and diversity and greater utilization of certain carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids associated with barley, canola, and some sweet corn rotations, indicating distinct differences in functional attributes of microbial communities among cropping systems. Soil FAME profiles also demonstrated distinct differences among cropping systems in their relative composition of fatty acid types and classes, representing structural attributes of microbial communities. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among cropping systems included 12:0, 16:1 omega5c, 16:1 omega7c, 18:1 omega9c, and 18:2omega6c. Based on FAME biomarkers, barley rotations resulted in higher fungi-to-bacteria ratios, sweet corn resulted in greater mycorrhizae populations, and continuous potato produced the lowest amounts of these and other biomarker traits. Incidence and severity of stem and stolon canker and black scurf of potato, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, were reduced for most rotations relative to the continuous potato control. Potato crops following canola, barley, or sweet corn provided the lowest levels of Rhizoctonia disease and best tuber quality, whereas potato crops following clover or soybean resulted in disease problems in some years. Both rotation crop and cropping sequence were important in shaping the microbial characteristics, soilborne disease, and tuber qualities. Several microbial parameters, including microbial populations and SU and FAME profile characteristics, were correlated with potato disease or yield measurements in one or both harvest years. In this study, we have demonstrated distinctive effects of specific rotation crops and cropping sequences on microbial communities and have begun to relate the implications of these changes to crop health and productivity.     

Cumulative and residual effects of different potato cropping system management strategies on soilborne diseases and soil microbial communities over time

Soilborne potato diseases and soil microbial community characteristics were evaluated over 8 years in different potato cropping systems designed to address specific management goals of soil conservation, soil improvement and disease suppression. Results were compared to a standard rotation and non‐rotation control in field trials in Maine. Standard rotation consisted of barley underseeded with red clover, followed by potato (2‐year). Soil‐conserving system (SC) featured an additional year of forage grass and reduced tillage (3‐year, barley/timothy–timothy–potato). Soil‐improving system (SI) added yearly compost amendments to SC, and the disease‐suppressive system (DS) featured crops with known disease‐suppressive capability (3‐year, mustard/rapeseed–sudangrass/rye–potato). Systems were established in 2004, evaluated with and without irrigation, and actively managed until 2010, with potato also planted in 2011 and 2012 to examine residual effects. All rotations reduced soilborne diseases black scurf and common scab, and increased yield after one rotation cycle (3 years), but diseases increased overall after two rotation cycles. DS maintained lower soilborne disease levels than all other rotations, as well as high yields, throughout the study. Cropping system effects became more pronounced after multiple cycles. SI system and irrigation both resulted in higher yields, but also higher levels of soilborne disease. Cropping system and irrigation effects were significant even after systems were no longer maintained. Soil microbial community data showed significant changes associated with cropping system, and differences increased over time. Cropping system strategy had significant and lasting effects on soil microbiology and soilborne diseases, and can be used to effectively enhance potato production.     

黄土高原不同轮作次序对土壤有机质和有效态微量元素分布的影响

对长武县十里铺村长期定位试验旱地土壤,用重铬酸钾容量法对土壤有机质进行测定,用DTPA浸提-原子吸收法对有效态微量元素进行测定,研究不同轮作次序对土壤有机质和有效态微量元素分布的影响。结果表明,土壤有效态微量元素的分布除受微量元素总量的影响外,还与作物的轮作次序有关。不同轮作次序土壤有机质均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,有效铁由上到下持续增加,有效锰和有效锌呈现上高下低的趋势,有效铜的分布趋势是由上到下先增加后缓慢减少。粮草轮作体系80~100 cm土层有机质含量在11.08~11.89 g·kg~(-1)之间,粮豆轮作体系该土层含量为11.04~11.72 g·kg~(-1)之间。粮草轮作系统中3年小麦的土壤有效铁和有效锰含量较低,种植苜蓿和马铃薯可以提高土壤有效锰含量,连续种植小麦和连续种植苜蓿土壤有效锌和有效铜含量出现下降的趋势。粮豆轮作系统中小麦+糜子茬口土壤有效铁含量较高,小麦茬口的土壤有效锰含量最低,比小麦+糜子茬口和豌豆茬口的含量平均低7.73%~30.55%。粮草轮作系统中土壤有效态微量元素的含量高于粮豆轮作系统,在80 cm以上土层,两个轮作系统中土壤有效态微量元素的含量差异较大,在该土层以下,两个系统间的差异减小。     

Inoculum density and spatial pattern of Rhizoctonia solani in field plots of Solanum tuberosum: effects of cropping frequency

Bait plants, comprising micropropagated and commercial seed tubers, were used to estimate the effects of rotation on the density and spatial pattern of inoculum of Rhizoctonia solani in large field plots of potatoes. Soilborne inoculum of R. solani produced economically significant levels of stem canker and its incidence and severity varied with rotation, with most disease in 2-year and less in 4- and 6-year rotations. The rates of loss of inoculum during intercrop periods differed amongst rotations with a rapid fall to low levels occurring after 1 year in a 6-year rotation and after 2 years in a 4-year rotation. Replenishment of inoculum to soil was rapid following the growth of a susceptible crop, with comparatively high levels of infection and disease, even in long rotations. Disease occurred in patches and the size of patches and the density of R. solani within patches differed with cropping frequency. The degree of spatial autocorrelation also differed amongst rotations but there was no evidence for any significant differences in the rate of change of spatial autocorrelation during intercrop periods in the three rotations.     

Effect of crop rotation on Globodera rostochiensis and on potato yield1

A crop rotation field study was conducted in 1981–1989 to assess the effect of six crop rotation sequences on a soil population of potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis, and on potato yield. In the plots with potato monoculture, the tuber yield decreased from 35 to 4.6 t ha^?1. All other cropping systems maintained the yield at the original or an even higher level. In monoculture, the population density of the nematode was raised during the first 3 years from 0.1 to 265 larvae g^?1 soil, and the density fluctuated afterwards between 30 and 136 larvae g^?1 soil. Three of the cropping systems, (1) susceptible potato once in 5 years, (2) susceptible potato once in 4 years, and (3) potato once in 3 years using resistant (H1) and susceptible cultivars alternately, decreased the nematode density under the economic threshold or even under the level of detection. The nematicide treatments (oxamyl) did not control nematode multiplication but prevented yield losses. No nematicide is currently registered nor needed for the control of PCN in Finland. The nematode can be controlled effectively with crop rotation, resistant cultivars and early harvesting.     

马铃薯病毒性退化与温度的关系及冀中南平原的留种技术

1.通过試驗証明生育期长短不同的馬鈴薯在同时收获的条件下,生育期短,块茎未充分成熟的处理,并未減輕退化程度;在芽眼尚不可能萌动的結薯初期,馬鈴薯植株如处于高温条件下也可能加重退化,从而说明馬鈴薯的退化并非由于过度成熟产生自然衰老,亦非因为高温影响了萌动的芽眼,使其衰老所致。 2.早收及夏播的馬鈴薯,除去可能因为低温有利于馬鈴薯抗病力的增強外,更主要的是由于低温条件不利于花叶型病毒的增殖和运轉,降低了新生块茎內病毒浓度的結果。 3.为了从根本上解决馬鈴薯退化問題,应采取以隔离病源,严格汰除病株病薯,防治媒介昆虫,控制传播等措施为中心,生产无毒种薯,并結合选用耐病品种和二季栽培的留种技术,进行综合防治。 4.在推行二季栽培留种技术时,应适当推迟夏播播期,夏播所用种薯必須春季提早收获,并結合选株、选薯等措施。     

长期轮作对旱地黑垆土纤维素分解菌数量及分解强度的影响

采用最大或然数法(MPN法)和埋片法研究了黄土高原旱地粮草长周期(苜蓿→苜蓿→苜蓿→苜蓿→马铃薯→小麦→小麦→小麦)和粮草短周期(红豆草→小麦→小麦+红豆草)轮作制度及茬口年限对黑垆土纤维素分解菌数量和分解强度的影响。结果表明:轮作制度及茬口年限对黑垆土纤维素分解菌数量的影响程度大于分解强度。纤维素分解菌数量呈现显著性差异变化,分别在粮草长周期轮作中第1年苜蓿茬和粮草短周期轮作中第2年小麦茬达到最高值,在粮草长周期轮作中马铃薯茬和粮草短周期轮作中第1年小麦茬达到最低值;纤维素分解强度在同一轮作制度中各茬口差异不显著,但换茬可提高分解强度;随着苜蓿和小麦种植年限延长,纤维素分解菌数量和分解强度均大致呈现降低趋势。红豆草茬纤维素分解菌数量低于苜蓿茬,但粮草短周期轮作更有利于提高黑垆土纤维素分解强度。     

Effect of crop rotation on the incidence of soil-borne fungal diseases of potato

Effects of crop rotation on the incidence of soil-borne pathogens and on the performance of potato were investigated in five field experiments. Rotations differed in cropping frequency of potato and in crop sequence.Incidence of stem canker caused byRhizoctonia solani was strongly influenced by the cropping frequency of potato and not by crops with which the potato was alternated in the rotation. Cropping frequency of potato also affected the occurrence of black scurf, but less pronounced than for stem canker. The antagonistVerticillium bigutatum slightly reducedR. solani (black scurf) in plots on sandy soil continuously cropped with potato. Incidence of stem canker was also strongly affected by granular nematicides applied to the soil, nitrogen level and the cultivar grown.Stem infections byVerticillium dahliae depended on the cropping frequency of potato, by the crop with which the potato was alternated in the rotation and by the density and virulence of endoparasitic nematodes, especiallyMeloidogyne spp.Crop rotation had no effect at all on incidence of common scab on tubers, whereas the effect of cropping frequency of potato on netted scab was highly significant. When cultivars were grown susceptible to both scab types, netted scab supressed common scab.     

Effect of crop rotation on the incidence of soil-borne fungal diseases of potato

Effects of crop rotation on the incidence of soil-borne pathogens and on the performance of potato were investigated in five field experiments. Rotations differed in cropping frequency of potato and in crop sequence.Incidence of stem canker caused byRhizoctonia solani was strongly influenced by the cropping frequency of potato and not by crops with which the potato was alternated in the rotation. Cropping frequency of potato also affected the occurrence of black scurf, but less pronounced than for stem canker. The antagonistVerticillium bigutatum slightly reducedR. solani (black scurf) in plots on sandy soil continuously cropped with potato. Incidence of stem canker was also strongly affected by granular nematicides applied to the soil, nitrogen level and the cultivar grown.