黄土高原不同轮作次序对土壤有机质和有效态微量元素分布的影响

对长武县十里铺村长期定位试验旱地土壤,用重铬酸钾容量法对土壤有机质进行测定,用DTPA浸提-原子吸收法对有效态微量元素进行测定,研究不同轮作次序对土壤有机质和有效态微量元素分布的影响。结果表明,土壤有效态微量元素的分布除受微量元素总量的影响外,还与作物的轮作次序有关。不同轮作次序土壤有机质均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,有效铁由上到下持续增加,有效锰和有效锌呈现上高下低的趋势,有效铜的分布趋势是由上到下先增加后缓慢减少。粮草轮作体系80~100 cm土层有机质含量在11.08~11.89 g·kg~(-1)之间,粮豆轮作体系该土层含量为11.04~11.72 g·kg~(-1)之间。粮草轮作系统中3年小麦的土壤有效铁和有效锰含量较低,种植苜蓿和马铃薯可以提高土壤有效锰含量,连续种植小麦和连续种植苜蓿土壤有效锌和有效铜含量出现下降的趋势。粮豆轮作系统中小麦+糜子茬口土壤有效铁含量较高,小麦茬口的土壤有效锰含量最低,比小麦+糜子茬口和豌豆茬口的含量平均低7.73%~30.55%。粮草轮作系统中土壤有效态微量元素的含量高于粮豆轮作系统,在80 cm以上土层,两个轮作系统中土壤有效态微量元素的含量差异较大,在该土层以下,两个系统间的差异减小。     

小麦连作、迎茬和轮作对麦田杂草群落的影响

通过定位试验,研究了小麦8-12年长期连作、小麦-大豆-小麦迎茬和玉米-大豆-小麦轮作条件下麦田杂草群落变化。结果表明,小麦长期连作区杂草密度最大,杂草最多,小麦-大豆-小麦迎茬次之,玉米-大豆-小麦轮作杂草最少。小麦-大豆-小麦迎茬和玉米-大豆-小麦轮作区之间差别小于两者与连作区的差别。3种茬口杂草密度、杂草数量顺序为连作区＞小麦-大豆-小麦迎茬＞玉米-大豆-小麦轮作。随着连作年限的增加,小麦连作区一些杂草种类增加,同时也有些杂草种类减少。小麦连作10年增加的杂草有龙葵、鸭趾草、鬼针、苋及野苏,连作12年增加的杂草有问荆、扁竹菜和猪秧秧,而减少了龙葵、鬼针、野苏和苣荬菜。小麦连作区主要杂草为藜、龙葵、荠、稗、鬼针、鸭趾草和卷茎蓼。     

不同轮作制度对定西地区农田杂草群落的影响

为探讨不同轮作制度对定西地区农田杂草群落的影响,采用倒置"W"九点取样法,调查了定西地区7种不同轮作制度下田间杂草的种类、数量、地上生物量等。在试验田发现11个科共15种杂草;从杂草发生密度、地上生物量上看,苦苣菜、藜是农田优势杂草,防除的目的杂草;不同轮作田的杂草群落由优势杂草组成;从不同轮作田杂草群落的物种多样性来看,马铃薯胡麻轮作马铃薯小麦轮作胡麻小麦轮作胡麻连作小麦胡麻轮作小麦马铃薯轮作胡麻马铃薯轮作;对不同轮作田杂草群落进行聚类,可分为四类。通过对不同轮作田中杂草的密度、地上生物量和综合优势度比的综合分析,可以看出胡麻连作、小麦胡麻轮作、马铃薯胡麻轮作、小麦马铃薯轮作中杂草的危害性较大。马铃薯小麦轮作、胡麻小麦轮作和胡麻马铃薯轮作对杂草有一定的控制作用。     

菹草腐烂分解过程中污染物的动态释放

采用分解袋法,对典型沉水植物菹草进行了连续100天的室外腐烂分解试验,分析了菹草干物质的损失及营养元素释放的动态变化规律。结果表明:在100天的分解实验中,菹草干物质量急剧减少,且表现为前期损失快,后期损失减缓的趋势,第100天时,菹草干物质质量损失了92.51%,残留率为7.49%。采用Olson指数模型菹草枯落物干物质的动态变化,计算其分解速率常数(k)为0.028g/d,分解50%干物质所需时间为24.47天,分解95%干物质量所需时间为105.57d,年残留率为0,表明菹草枯落物在一年内能彻底分解。植物枯落物中氮磷含量随着分解时间的延长而呈波动变动,但氮磷营养元素的损失与干重的损失速率并不同步。分解初期氮含量上升,随后呈下降-上升的变化趋势,而磷含量总体呈现波动下降趋势。试验结束后,氮、磷元素分别释放了9.14%、32.02%。此外,菹草枯落物氮、磷元素积累指数(NAI)平均值分别为46.10和32.23,表明菹草在腐烂分解过程中,氮磷元素均以净释放为主。     

不同轮作模式下小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生动态和种群密度

轮作是防治小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的重要农业措施,为了明确青海省春麦区不同轮作模式对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的控制效果,采用田间大区试验法对生产中应用的6种轮作模式进行了研究。结果表明:不同轮作模式下,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度变化差异极显著,其中小麦与马铃薯、油菜、蚕豆轮作两年或以上能有效降低小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度,土壤中的孢囊量减少39.31%~84.39%,单孢虫口数量减少73.21%~95.35%,虫口密度减少83.76%~97.82%;不同作物间,小麦与马铃薯或蚕豆的轮作效果(虫口密度减少74.39%~79.37%)显著优于小麦与油菜的轮作效果(虫口密度减少67.16%)。在同一地块相同条件下,种植油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯、小麦4种作物,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫均能正常孵化,4月底土壤中的2龄幼虫(J2)量增加,5月上旬达到高峰期,5月中旬开始,土壤中的J2、孢囊量、虫口密度和单孢虫口数量均急剧下降,6月至7月份下降幅度小,趋于稳定;田间空孢囊率于5月中旬至6月中旬急剧增加,7月份趋于稳定,8月份以前,4种作物田禾谷孢囊线虫的孵化动态和种群密度变化趋势一致,8月中旬,小麦田随着新孢囊脱落到土壤中,禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度开始上升,小麦收获后土壤中的孢囊量比播种前增加28.62%,虫口密度增加41.30%;而油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田土壤中的孢囊量比播种前减少32.27%~48.36%,虫口密度减少70.91%~81.73%,8月中旬至10月份小麦田禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度极显著高于油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田。     

黄土高原马铃薯不同连作年限土壤 理化性质及微生物特性

以黄土高原旱作区马铃薯不同连作年限土壤为研究对象，采用空间代替时间序列方法，对撂荒（CK₁）、小麦/豌豆/马铃薯轮作（CK₂）、连作2 a、连作4 a和连作6 a等不同连作年限的土壤容重、结构分维、总有机碳、酶活性与微生物数量及变化规律进行研究。结果表明：(1）不同处理土壤容重差异显著，连作6 a土壤容重最小；(2）连作可以改变土壤中不同粒级团聚体的比例，各处理中＞4 mm粒径的土壤含量最高；(3）马铃薯长期连作显著降低土壤有机碳含量，连作6 a土壤总有机碳含量较撂荒降低14.27%； (4）马铃薯主要生育期内土壤转化酶、过氧化氢酶变化动态呈“S”型曲线，脲酶呈“M”型变化趋势，3种酶活性与土壤肥力因子均呈极显著正相关，与土壤容重呈极显著负相关；(5）细菌是连作土壤中优势菌，真菌和放线菌也占一定比重；细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在0～10 cm土层显著高于10～20 cm土层；马铃薯长期连作显著降低土壤微生物数量，群落结构随连作年限明显改变。     

胡麻-小麦轮作更替土壤的细菌群落多样性分析

采集胡麻-小麦轮作更替土壤,分别为第一年胡麻种植土壤(TC1)、第二年小麦轮作土壤(TR)和第三年胡麻种植土壤(TC2),利用高通量测序技术对不同土壤细菌群落进行测定,旨在揭示胡麻-小麦轮作更替对土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明,TC2根际土壤样本细菌OTU数目最多,为1778条,细菌群落丰度指数(Chao指数1700.02和Ace指数1689.03)最低,而细菌群落多样性指数中,shannon指数表现为TC1(6.51)TR(6.42)TC2(6.21),simpson指数表现为TC2(0.0088)TR(0.0049)TC1(0.0030),即随着更替年限而降低。3种不同土壤样本内共获得细菌33门,且优势菌门(相对丰度0.01)均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和绿湾菌门(Chloroflexi)等11个菌门,各优势菌门在各处理中所占的丰度存在差异。随着种植更替,变形菌门(TC1 31.65%, TR 24.52%, TC2 28.53%)和芽单胞菌门(TC1 8.04%, TR 5.41%, TC2 6.01%)丰度先降低再升高,酸杆菌门(TC1 19.36%, TR 26.13%, TC2 11.18%)和绿湾菌门(TC1 9.69%, TR 12.68%, TC2 10.53%)丰度先增加后降低,放线菌门(TC1 12.14%, TR 13.79%, TC2 22.82%)丰度逐渐增加。细菌群落β多样性分析显示,轮作使土壤细菌的群落结构与TC1保持较小差异,而后续胡麻种植使其发生较大变化。通过Tax4Fun法在更替土壤中检测到细胞新陈代谢、遗传信息加工和环境信息处理等基因功能。大部分功能基因在TR的丰度与TC1相近。这些结果说明,小麦轮作能降低土壤细菌多样性和细菌群落结构组成的改变程度,从而利于下茬胡麻的种植。     

两种轮枝菌对15种豆科牧草的致病性

 室内人工接种测定了两种轮枝菌3个菌株对15种豆科牧草的致病性,一个菌株是来自加拿大感病苜蓿上的Verticillium albo-atrum(Vaa),两个V.dahliae菌株中,Vd来自加拿大感病的马铃薯,CVd来自中国的沙打旺。两次试验结果表明,3个菌株对15种豆科牧草表现了不同程度的致病力。沙打旺、鹰嘴黄芪、紫花苜蓿、百脉根、埃及三叶草对3个菌株均感病,每次试验病株率都在50%以上。箭叶三叶草表现中等抗病,而白花草木樨、毛荚野豌豆、长柔毛野豌豆、波斯三叶草、杂三叶草、红三叶草和白三叶草等7种对3个菌株都表现抗病。红豆草对Vaa和CVd两个菌株感病,但抗Vd。山黛豆感染CVd,但抗Vaa和Vd。     

马铃薯长期连作对土壤真菌群落特征的影响

利用田间长期定位试验,2019年基于ITS高通量测序研究马铃薯/春小麦/碗豆轮作（R）、马铃薯连作1 a（C1）、3 a（C3）、5 a（C5）、7 a（C7）和9 a（C9）的土壤真菌群落结构的演替特征。结果表明：随着马铃薯连作年限的增加,土壤真菌菌群丰度和Chao1显著增加,C7和C9马铃薯土壤真菌菌群丰度最高,R土壤真菌菌群丰度最低,C7和C9真菌群落的相似度较高,C7、C9处理与R处理的真菌群落相似度低,C1、C3、C5的真菌群落结构介于C7、C9与R之间;土壤真菌群落的相似度在纲水平上分为两类,C7和C9为一组,R、C1、C3、C5为一组;在不同连作年限的马铃薯农田土壤中,共检测到273个真菌属,其中有13个真菌属处理间差异显著,其中,青霉菌(Penicillium)在C5、C7和C9土壤中数量显著高于R,绿僵菌属（Metarhizium）在C5、C7、C9中相对丰度显著高于R、C1、C3,镰刀菌属（Fusaruim）在C5中相对丰度达最高,显著高于R、C1、C3以及C7、C9;马铃薯连作5 a后引起农田真菌群落分布发生变化。青霉菌、绿僵菌属在长期连作农田中大量富集,镰刀菌属数量下降,连作障碍程度趋于减缓。     

马铃薯干腐病菌和黑痣病菌拮抗芽胞杆菌的筛选及鉴定

从甘肃国营条山农场马铃薯连作试验田的96个小区以五点取样法采集根际土样,稀释平板法在LB培养基上分离得到625株芽胞杆菌菌株。统计分析表明,土壤中总芽胞杆菌的数量正茬〉连作2年〉连作4年,但连作6年的土壤中总芽胞杆菌的数量又有上升的趋势。以马铃薯干腐病菌接骨木镰刀菌FusariumsambucinumFSM、茄病镰刀菌FsolaniFSI、黑痣病菌立枯丝核菌RhizoctoniasolaniRSl和RS2为靶标病原菌,平板对峙培养法筛选有抑菌效果的拮抗芽胞杆菌,发现抑菌带宽度大于2mm的拮抗芽胞杆菌的数量随连作年限的增加而减少。以形态学特征、生理生化特性为基础,结合gyrB基因序列分析,将筛选出的2株拮抗效果较好且不引起马铃薯块茎腐烂的芽胞杆菌Bacillusspp．D1—0—1和D1—0—2鉴定为萎缩芽胞杆菌B．atrophaeus。     

不同轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

在连续种植2年马铃薯的土壤上进行不同轮作方式田间试验,探讨轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响。试验结果表明:与对照(裸地)相比,小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作时土壤过氧化氢酶活性有增加的趋势;豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作条件下,土壤的蔗糖酶活性提高,且在马铃薯成熟期提高幅度最大,为47.95%。轮作条件下土壤多酚氧化酶活性低于连作;轮作方式不同,土壤脲酶活性变化明显,在马铃薯块茎膨大期,豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作方式的土壤脲酶活性比小麦-马铃薯-小麦高14.73%。马铃薯块茎膨大期根区土壤微生物数量测定结果显示:随着连作年限的增加,细菌数量及微生物总量降低,真菌数量升高了54.66%;小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作后,土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量最高,分别为6.40×106CFU·g-1和2.22×106CFU·g-1。     

Effect of crop rotation on Globodera rostochiensis and on potato yield1

A crop rotation field study was conducted in 1981–1989 to assess the effect of six crop rotation sequences on a soil population of potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis, and on potato yield. In the plots with potato monoculture, the tuber yield decreased from 35 to 4.6 t ha^?1. All other cropping systems maintained the yield at the original or an even higher level. In monoculture, the population density of the nematode was raised during the first 3 years from 0.1 to 265 larvae g^?1 soil, and the density fluctuated afterwards between 30 and 136 larvae g^?1 soil. Three of the cropping systems, (1) susceptible potato once in 5 years, (2) susceptible potato once in 4 years, and (3) potato once in 3 years using resistant (H1) and susceptible cultivars alternately, decreased the nematode density under the economic threshold or even under the level of detection. The nematicide treatments (oxamyl) did not control nematode multiplication but prevented yield losses. No nematicide is currently registered nor needed for the control of PCN in Finland. The nematode can be controlled effectively with crop rotation, resistant cultivars and early harvesting.     

Effects of different 3-year cropping systems on soil microbial communities and rhizoctonia diseases of potato

ABSTRACT Eight different 3-year cropping systems, consisting of soybean-canola, soybean-barley, sweet corn-canola, sweet corn-soybean, green bean-sweet corn, canola-sweet corn, barley-clover, and continuous potato (non-rotation control) followed by potato as the third crop in all systems, were established in replicated field plots with two rotation entry points in Presque Isle, ME, in 1998. Cropping system effects on soil microbial community characteristics based on culturable soil microbial populations, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were evaluated in association with the development of soilborne diseases of potato in the 2000 and 2001 field seasons. Soil populations of culturable bacteria and overall microbial activity were highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn crops, and lowest following continuous potato. The SU profiles derived from BIOLOG ECO plates indicated higher substrate richness and diversity and greater utilization of certain carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids associated with barley, canola, and some sweet corn rotations, indicating distinct differences in functional attributes of microbial communities among cropping systems. Soil FAME profiles also demonstrated distinct differences among cropping systems in their relative composition of fatty acid types and classes, representing structural attributes of microbial communities. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among cropping systems included 12:0, 16:1 omega5c, 16:1 omega7c, 18:1 omega9c, and 18:2omega6c. Based on FAME biomarkers, barley rotations resulted in higher fungi-to-bacteria ratios, sweet corn resulted in greater mycorrhizae populations, and continuous potato produced the lowest amounts of these and other biomarker traits. Incidence and severity of stem and stolon canker and black scurf of potato, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, were reduced for most rotations relative to the continuous potato control. Potato crops following canola, barley, or sweet corn provided the lowest levels of Rhizoctonia disease and best tuber quality, whereas potato crops following clover or soybean resulted in disease problems in some years. Both rotation crop and cropping sequence were important in shaping the microbial characteristics, soilborne disease, and tuber qualities. Several microbial parameters, including microbial populations and SU and FAME profile characteristics, were correlated with potato disease or yield measurements in one or both harvest years. In this study, we have demonstrated distinctive effects of specific rotation crops and cropping sequences on microbial communities and have begun to relate the implications of these changes to crop health and productivity.     

青海高原长期复种绿肥毛叶苕子对土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的影响

为了深入了解青海高原地区麦后复种绿肥,翻压、留茬条件下小麦田土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)数量的响应以及微生物群落结构的变化,基于麦后复种绿肥毛叶苕子9 a定位试验,利用荧光定量PCR、高通量测序技术测定土壤氨氧化细菌和古菌数量及微生物群落结构。结果表明:在复种绿肥毛叶苕子的情况下,翻压绿肥可减施化肥30%,绿肥留根茬可减施化肥20%,且小麦、油菜表现为增产;化肥与绿肥毛叶苕子配施,土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤微生物生物量氮均显著提高,其中处理70%化肥+绿肥翻压最高,提高幅度为1.26%～26.33%;绿肥不论翻压还是留根茬;与化肥配施产量增加且土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量显著增加,尤其是AOA在数量上远高于AOB;其中施肥70%化肥+毛苕子翻压还田处理的土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量最高,增幅为54.84%～72.51%;小麦苗期土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量含量最低,至抽穗期土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量含量达到最高,成熟期又有所降低;绿肥不论全量翻压还是留根茬,与化肥配施土壤AOA、AOB数量均有增加,尤其是AOA在数量上远高于AOB,表明不同土壤微生物丰度受种植模式、施肥量影响很大,长期复种绿肥、减施化肥提高了土壤微生物丰度和多样性,明显改变了微生物群落组成和结构。     

Crop Rotation and Soil Pathogens — Trends in Germany

The need to cut costs has led to a simplification of crop rotation in several fields of plant cultivation. The results of Thormann, who has grown wheat continuously on parts of his farmland for 10 years, are discussed. Also, the preliminary results of our own experiments with increasing proportions of wheat and barley suggest that more wheat and barley may be cultivated in crop rotation than is allowed according to the conventional limits determined by the increase of foot rot diseases and cereal root eelworm. Even in successive crops of maize the problem of soil-borne pathogens can be tackled: the spread of blister smut is stopped by the control of the frit fly and by selection of tolerant varieties; root and stem rots of maize are overcome by the selection of appropriate varieties, too. On the contrary, the potato root eelworm is a serious pest in all sites of intensive potato production. Only an integrated control including the use of resistant varieties and the application of nematicides gives success. Much research work has to be done mainly to get more information on the biotical defence mechanisms of the soil.     

Cultivation factors influencing spraing in potato-a statistical analysis

In an attempt to study the effects of cultivation factors on the incidence of spraing in potato, on the presence of tobacco rattle tobravirus (TRV) and potato mop-top furovirus (PMTV), and on the densities of trichodorid nematodes in field soils, a statistical analysis was conducted based on field records provided by a Swedish potato crisp industry. The factors studied were crop rotation, precipitation (irrigation inclusive), planting time, fertilization, plant-available P, K and B, soil texture and soil pH. The data were collected for 1979-1987, representing 50 farms (198 fields) in southern Sweden. A correlation was found between TRV infectivity in the autumn and planting time of the potato crop. Thus, late planting was correlated with lower frequency of TRV. By ANOVA test of 5 years of preceding crops, a possible spraing increase was indicated when numbers of potato or barley crops increased in the crop rotations. A possible spraing decrease was indicated when the share of wheat increased. High incidence of spraing, and high densities of trichodorid nematodes, were both correlated with low values of plant-available potassium, K_AL, in soil.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤生物及养分因子影响的后效

以连续９ａ不同施肥停肥２ａ的土壤为材料，分析了６种不同土壤微生物类群、４种土壤酶及４种生化作用强度和５项养分因子的变化。结果表明，石灰性土壤上，停肥２ａ后长期不同施肥对土壤硝化菌、氨化菌数量及硝化、氨化和纤维素分解作用的影响后效较对土壤酶大；对土壤有机质及氮素养分影响不大，而对土壤磷素特别是速效磷有明显增加作用；对作物产量亦有显著后效，而且这种后效与土壤硝化菌数量的影响密切关系。     

Minimal soil disturbance combined with spring cropping can halt soil seedbank accumulation of Alopecurus myosuroides

The basic mechanism of soil inversion tillage for control of annual weeds is based on the vertical translocation of weed seeds from the soil surface to deeper soil layers. Buried weed seeds either remain dormant in the soil seedbank and are exposed to biological and chemical decay mechanisms, or they germinate but the seedlings cannot reach the soil surface (fatal germination). However, depending on the seed biology of the respective target species, frequent inversion tillage can lead to a build-up of the soil seedbank. For soil seedbank depletion based on available knowledge of the biology of Alopecurus myosuroides seeds, soil inversion tillage is suggested to be reduced to every third or fourth year with reduced or even no-tillage (direct seeding) in between (rotational inversion tillage systems). Including spring crops in the crop rotation could further help dampening the population growth and hence the seed return into the seedbank. This study investigated the effect of rotational inversion tillage in combination with reduced tillage or direct seeding on the soil seedbank and population development of A. myosuroides. In a long-term field trial, set up in 2012, these tillage strategies were compared with continuous inversion tillage in a 3-year crop rotation with two consecutive years of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) followed by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). The results showed a significant decline in the soil seedbank following the spring crop, irrespective of the tillage system. The continuous inversion tillage system and inversion tillage before spring cropping with reduced tillage (shallow tillage with a disc harrow) before winter wheat both led to accumulation of seeds in the soil seedbank. In contrast, inversion tillage before spring cropping with direct seeding of winter wheat depleted the soil seedbank significantly after only one crop rotation. Although only covering one intensively studied field site, these findings highlight the need for diversified cropping systems and indicate potential avenues for reducing soil tillage while controlling economically important weeds.