水杨酸和壳聚糖诱导苹果叶片对斑点落叶病抗性的研究

采用喷雾接种的方法测定了不同浓度的水杨酸和壳聚糖对苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria mali Roberts)的室内抑菌作用、诱导抗病效果及诱导苹果叶片后各种抗病性物质含量的变化.结果表明,不同浓度的水杨酸和壳聚糖对A.mali均无明显的抑制作用,其中100μ g/mL的水杨酸和500 μg/mL的壳聚糖对A.mali的抑制率较低,仅为5.33％和4.73％,但诱导抗病效果较显著,分别达到70.90％和77.77％.两种药剂诱导叶片后,叶片中POD、PAL活性以及木质素积累量明显高于对照,且随时间的增长,POD和PAL酶活性先升高后降低,在第3天,POD和PAL酶活性均达到峰值;而壳聚糖诱导后PPO活性随时间的增长呈升高的趋势,但水杨酸对PPO酶活性变化的影响较小.     

几种化学物质诱导彩色马蹄莲对软腐病抗性的研究

本试验测定了纳米硅、草酸、硅酸钠和硫酸亚铁4种化学物质在不同浓度下对彩色马蹄莲软腐病菌的室内抑菌活性和诱导抗病效果。结果表明,硫酸亚铁3种浓度对彩色马蹄莲软腐病菌均表现较强的抑制作用;1 g/L纳米硅、0.15 g/L草酸和0.2 g/L硅酸钠3种化学物质对软腐病菌无明显抑制作用且诱导抗病效果较好,分别达到62.28%、77.56%、88.46%;经3种化学物质诱导处理后再进行接种,诱导处理和接种期间彩色马蹄莲叶片组织内过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)酶活性均高于对照,其中硅酸钠处理后彩色马蹄莲叶片组织内POD、PAL活性高于纳米硅和草酸处理,草酸处理后叶片组织内PPO活性高于纳米硅和硅酸钠处理。     

灰霉菌激活蛋白诱导抗病相关的酶活性提高番茄抗病性

灰霉菌中提取纯化16 k D的激活蛋白。番茄种子以20 mmol/L的HEPES缓冲液(p H 8.0)为对照,用2.5、5、10和20μg/m L的灰霉菌激活蛋白处理36 h,播种第45 d接种灰霉病,接种第7、14和21 d观察发病率;并用10μg/m L的激活蛋白溶液喷洒番茄幼苗第6、12、24、48、72和120 h取样测定苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性。结果显示,10μg/m L激活蛋白处理番茄种子时,番茄抗病性最强,诱抗效果为48%~54%;番茄幼苗喷洒激活蛋白处理第24 h,PAL活性达峰值、比对照组提高54%,处理第72 h,POD和PPO活性达峰值、分别比对照组提高106%、122%。灰霉菌激活蛋白通过诱导抗病性相关酶的活性,提高番茄的抗病性,并且在最适浓度下诱导效果最佳。     

壳聚糖诱导番茄抗青枯病的作用

为了探索防治番茄青枯病的有效途径,我们对接种青枯病菌后的番茄进行40mg/L浓度壳聚糖的不同方式处理.结果表明,喷施壳聚糖可诱导番茄对青枯病产生抗性,减轻青枯病病情,经二次喷施后再喷微量元素的处理相对防效达到48.76%.体内与抗病反应有关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性峰值分别比对照高46.24%、51.77%、121.22%、36.49%.同时壳聚糖处理的番茄叶片中叶绿素含量明显高于正常接菌植株.     

马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞镰孢菌果腐病的诱导抗性及相关防御酶活性的影响

为探索马铃薯糖苷生物碱诱导采后枸杞鲜果抗病性的效应,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了离体条件下马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞鲜果采后主要致腐病原菌镰孢菌Fusarium sp.的抑菌活性;采用浸泡处理法测定了马铃薯糖苷生物碱对采后枸杞鲜果发病病情指数及对果实多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等相关防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度马铃薯糖苷生物碱对镰孢菌均具有一定的抑制作用,EC50为0.11 g/mL;0.05～0.25 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱能显著降低采后枸杞鲜果病情指数,较对照降低了10.18%～38.51%;以0.15 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理后对枸杞鲜果抗果腐病的诱导效果最好,达45.81%;马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理枸杞鲜果后,果实中4种防御酶PPO、POD、PAL、SOD的活性均较对照有不同程度提高,分别于处理后第4、5、2、2天与对照差异达到最大,较对照提高了30.76%、21.34%、31.35%和21.91%。表明马铃薯糖苷生物碱能够诱导枸杞鲜果对采后病害的抗性效应,且采后抗病性可能与枸杞相关防御酶活性的增加有关。     

半夏防御酶系对Fusarium oxysporum和Phytophthora parasitica侵染的动态反应

尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht)和寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica Dastur)分别为引起半夏块茎腐烂病和疫病的病原,为探索半夏在受到这2种病原侵染时的生理生化反应,采用室内盆栽方法,研究超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)5种寄主防御酶活性在块茎腐烂病和疫病发生过程中的变化趋势。结果表明,半夏在接种2种病原菌后,分别于第2天和第3天出现发病症状,第5天病情指数分别高达70.3、70.6;SOD活性都于接种后第1天达到高峰,POD活性都于接种后第3天达到高峰,CAT活性都于接种后第2天达到高峰,PAL活性分别于接种后第2天和第3天达到高峰,而PPO活性分别于接种后第3天和第4天有小幅上升。初步表明,在寄主显症之前或发病初期酶活性达到高峰的SOD、POD、CAT、PAL在半夏抗病生理机制中起着重要作用,在半夏抗病种质筛选时需要重点关注。     

深绿木霉蛋白质TraT2A诱导兰州百合抗灰霉病的作用

采用生长速率法和活体试验法分别测定了深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride蛋白质Tra T2A对兰州百合灰霉菌的抑制作用和诱导抗病效果及持效期。结果表明TraT2A高浓度(5×液)具有较高的抑制作用,抑制率为47.44%,低浓度(100×液)具有较高的诱导抗病作用,其诱导效果可达55.89%;TraT2A 100×液处理兰州百合植株3 d后挑战接种灰霉菌,分别于0、1、3和5 d对兰州百合叶片中的PAL、PPO、POD和SOD酶活性及丙二醛、叶绿素含量变化进行了测定。发现TraT2A诱导处理后可提高百合叶片中与抗病性相关的防御酶PAL、PPO、POD、SOD活性和叶绿素含量,降低丙二醛的含量;在接种后1、3和5 d时,4种酶活性和叶绿素含量显著高于对照,丙二醛含量则低于对照,4种酶活性在第5 d时均达到最大值,PAL、PPO、POD和SOD分别是对照的1.47、2.28、1.36和1.49倍;在接种后1、3和5 d时,叶绿素含量分别比对照高10.13、12.05和6.05 mg/g;丙二醛含量仅为对照的0.68、0.40和0.51倍;TraT2A防治百合灰霉病的持效期为7 d,高于阿泰灵和速克灵的持效期。     

不同化学诱抗剂对金银花叶片防御酶系的影响

用4种化学诱抗剂壳聚糖、草酸、硫酸亚铁和硅酸钠处理金银花,通过计算酶活性发展曲线下面积AUEAPC,分析了叶片防御酶系3种主要酶的活性变化情况。结果表明：4种诱抗剂处理中,壳聚糖处理的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性最高,其次是草酸处理,两者差异极显著,并且极显著高于硅酸钠、硫酸亚铁处理和对照,而后3种处理间差异不显著;硫酸亚铁处理后,过氧化物酶（POD）的活性最高,极显著高于壳聚糖、草酸和硅酸钠处理,并且这4种诱抗剂处理POD的活性均极显著高于对照;但只有壳聚糖处理,多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性极显著高于对照,其他3种诱抗剂处理的PPO活性极显著低于对照。壳聚糖、草酸、硫酸亚铁和硅酸钠处理后,3种酶的综合活性分别比对照提高71.1%、31.1%、11.7%和2.5%,与前期对金银花白粉病诱抗效果研究结论相一致。本研究初步从防御酶学角度分析了4种化学诱抗剂在金银花上的诱导抗病机制。     

拮抗芽孢杆菌对核桃诱导抗性酶活性的影响

采用滤纸片法筛选出对核桃胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、核桃拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis disseminata)、核桃叶点霉(Phyllosticat juglandis)3种病原真菌具有显著抑制效果的拮抗芽孢杆菌。用拮抗芽孢杆菌发酵液和两种化学诱抗剂(异烟酸、壳寡糖)对核桃叶片进行喷洒处理,测定处理不同时段后核桃叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO),苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)5种抗性酶的活性。结果表明,B3、B4两株芽孢杆菌对供试的3种核桃病原菌均有较好的拮抗效果,二者EC_(50)均小于2.0 mg/mL,其发酵液与两种化学诱导剂都能促进核桃叶片中抗性酶活性的升高。芽孢杆菌B3处理后,在第5天,核桃叶片中CAT、POD、PPO、活性比对照分别升高了3.60、1.60、4.56倍;在第4天,PAL活性比对照升高了2.64倍。B4处理后,在第5天,核桃叶片中CAT、PPO活性比对照分别升高了1.70、4.13倍;在第3天,POD活性比对照升高了1.94倍;在第4天,PAL活性比对照升高了2.64倍。     

内生细菌和几种诱抗剂对哈密瓜叶片防御酶系活性的影响

比较了内生细菌230、248、261菌株和诱抗剂水杨酸、壳聚糖中科2号、壳聚糖中科6号对哈密瓜细菌性叶斑病和疫霉病的诱导抗性作用及对哈密瓜叶片中防御酶系POD、PPO、PAL活性的影响。筛选出了具有诱导哈密瓜抗细菌性叶斑病和疫霉病菌复合侵染的内生细菌菌株，其中261菌株的诱抗效果可达78．2％，高于化学诱抗剂，且防病效果较持续稳定。施用水杨酸、壳聚糖中科2号、壳聚糖中科6号亦可诱导哈密瓜的抗病性，以壳聚糖中科2号最为显著，诱抗效果可达74．2％。结果表明：230、248、261菌株诱导接种和施用水杨酸、壳聚糖中科2号、壳聚糖中科6号处理哈密瓜幼苗，可显著提高叶片中PPO、POD和PAL的活性，并与哈密瓜植株抗病性增加呈正相关。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.