河北省主推玉米品种对粗缩病抗性鉴定及病情指标与产量损失率关系研究

对河北省26个主推玉米品种进行抗玉米粗缩病性鉴定,并对其发病率及病情指数与产量损失率的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:河北省目前玉米生产上主推品种中没有免疫和抗病品种,但感病后品种之间的病情严重度有显著差异,病情指数分布在35.37～80.05,产量损失率为15.55%～74.01%。以邢抗2号、费玉2号、费玉4号、沈玉17和农大108的病情严重度较轻,病情指数低于40,表现为感病,其他品种病情指数都在40以上表现为高感。产量损失率与病株率和病情指数呈显著相关,且产量损失率与病情指数的相关性(R=0.982)比产量损失率与病株率的相关性(R=0.756)更强。     

广西罗汉果病毒病发生情况调查

2002年对广西5个县9个乡(镇)74309株罗汉果病害调查明确,传统种植的罗汉果病毒病发病率平均为52.8％,严重的达100％;采用组培苗种植的病毒病发病率平均为13.9％,重病的达63.0％。传统的种薯种植,品种退化,人工抹芽、授粉,蚜虫传毒,以及果园附近插花种植病毒寄主植物,是广西罗汉果种植区罗汉果病毒病发生严重的原因。     

Analysis of the effects of selected gronomic factors on the dynamics of the take- all disease of wheat in field plots

Linear models were used to investigate the effects and interactions of treatments for the control of disease in multifactorial experiments on the dynamics of the take- al disease of wheat. Analyses were based on repeated measures of disease on second successive winter wheat crops in three successive se sons. The treatments were date of sowing, presence or absence of triadimenol-containing seed treatment, autumn nitrogen and chloride applications, timing of early spring nitrogen and total spring nitrogen applications. The effects of treatments were investigated on line and quadratic trends of disease increase and on the integral amount of disease over time. Different disease variables were used to express disease relative to the total and diseased plant populations. The effects of treatments on absolute and relative numbers of diseased roots per plant were also analysed. During three se sons when disease was never severe, the effects of the treatments were shown to be variable. Late sowing consistently reduced disease during the early stages of the epidemic (in the winter months). The effect of late sowing in reducing disease, however, persisted through to the end of the growing se son in only one of the 3 years of the study. autumn nitrogen application and Baytan seed treatment (containing triadimenol) also reduced disease in some seasons. The presence of an effect for either was dependent on sowing date and was most evident on the proportion of diseased roots relative to the diseased plant rather than the total plant population.     

辽宁省药用植物白鲜病害种类调查及病原鉴定

白鲜为我国传统药用植物,具有较高的经济价值和药用价值,近年来在辽宁省大面积人工种植。为明确白鲜主要病害种类及发生危害情况,2018年-2020年生长季在辽宁省本溪、清原和西丰等主要种植地区进行了病害系统调查。调查和鉴定结果发现,危害白鲜生产的主要病害有5种,分别为由Phoma dictamnicola引起的茎点霉叶斑病、由Paracercospora dictamnicola引起的灰斑病、由Rhizoctonia solani引起的立枯病、由Fusarium oxysporum引起的根腐病和由Meloidogyne hapla引起的根结线虫病,并对各病害症状进行了详细描述。其中茎点霉叶斑病、灰斑病和立枯病分布广且危害较重,病害种类和发病情况地区间差异较大。立枯病主要发生在一年生育苗田,病株率一般为0.6%～19.0%,灰斑病和茎点霉叶斑病主要发生在生产田,病株率分别为38.2%～100.0%和17.6%～99.0%。研究结果将为白鲜病害的准确识别诊断及综合防控策略制定提供科学依据。     

利用移动式孢子捕捉器捕获的孢子量估计小麦白粉病田间病情

 Experiments were conducted by using RAM Air Sampler for Use with Moving Vehicle to estimate field disease severity of wheat powdery mildew during 2002-2005. Results showed that there was significant correlation between field disease index and trapped spore number. Therefore, two models relating field disease index to spore number trapped were constructed using data from 2002 and 2005, or 2003 and 2004, respectively. These two models can be used to estimate field disease indexes of wheat powdery mildew in different years when disease severity is different.     

Characterization of white mold disease avoidance in common bean

White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating fungal disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Physiological resistance and disease avoidance conferred by plant architecture-related traits contribute to white mold field resistance. Our objective was to further examine white mold disease avoidance in common bean. A comparative map composed of 79 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for white mold resistance (27), disease avoidance traits (36) and root traits (16) was generated. Thirteen white mold resistance QTL, six with strong and seven with weak associations with disease avoidance traits, were observed. Root length and lodging QTL co-located in three regions. Canopy porosity and height, and lodging were highly correlated with disease severity score in field screening trials conducted from 2000 to 2011. Resistance to lodging was extremely important for reducing disease severity in both dry and snap bean (r?=?0.61 across 11 trials). Avoidance traits were less effective in reducing disease severity in trials with heavy disease pressure. Dry bean lines with physiological resistance in combination with disease avoidance traits did not require fungicide application to protect yield potential under moderate and heavy disease pressure. Given the complexity of disease resistance as evidenced by the comparative QTL map, marker-assisted breeding for disease avoidance is not recommended at this time. Instead, selecting for resistance to white mold in the field, in combination with high yield potential and acceptable maturity, is the recommended strategy for improving both disease avoidance and physiological resistance to white mold in cultivars with commercially acceptable agronomic traits.     

Farmers' knowledge and perceptions of the stunting disease of Napier grass in Western Kenya

Production of Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum, the most important livestock fodder in Western Kenya, is severely constrained by Napier stunt (Ns) disease. Understanding farmers' knowledge, perceptions and practices is a prerequisite to establishing an effective disease management approach. Using a random sample of 150 farmers drawn from Bungoma, Busia and Teso districts of Western Kenya, this study sought to: (i) assess farmers' perceptions and knowledge of Ns disease, including its effects on the smallholder dairy industry; (ii) record farmers' current practices in managing Ns disease; and (iii) identify Ns disease management challenges and intervention opportunities in order to develop an efficient integrated disease management approach. The majority (86·7%) of the farmers were aware of Ns disease and observed that it was spreading rapidly in the region, which was perfectly predicted by farmers' access to agricultural information (marginal effect = 0·164), indicating a need for extension platforms for knowledge sharing among the industry stakeholders. The disease had affected Napier grass yields so most farmers could not feed their livestock on the amounts they produced, and they were buying Napier grass. Those who relied on income from selling Napier grass received less due to loss in productivity. Milk production had reduced by over 35%. The cause of the disease was unknown to the farmers, with no effective disease management strategy available to them. An integrated disease management approach needs to be developed to fit within the mixed farming systems, supported by simple decision aids.     

单季直播稻纹枯病消长动态与生防制剂的防病效果

了解稻纹枯病发生规律及生物制剂的防病适期是安全有效地防治单季直播稻纹枯病的关键。1998-1999年间对浙江嘉兴市双桥镇单季直播稻丙96-42的纹枯病进行了系统调查，从发病初期至病害停止期每隔3—7天以病株率和病情指数监测病情，并作了生防菌P98115和井冈霉素在不同病情时不同使用次数与病情发展的关系及对产量影响的小区试验。结果表明：单季直播稻纹枯病比传统移栽稻发病提早10-15天，在8月下旬或9月上旬达到高峰期并持续30天以上。病情在轻、中、重度时用药1次均无法起到控制作用，产量与对照不用药无显著差异；用药2次以上的病情与产量因施药时的病情及生物制剂本身的特性而有很大差异。根据单季直播稻纹枯病的发病特点，生物制剂防病宜在发病较轻时进行，并适当增加用药次数。     

植物病害的定义刍议、利弊分析及综合控制

植物病害是一个植物病理学的基本专业术语,是理解和判断植物是否发病的依据。因此,对植物病害的准确定义具有重要意义,有利于正确认知和诊断植物病害。植物病害的发生是一自然现象,其既有“弊”的一面,同时也有“利”的一面,对其利弊的分析和认知,有利于指导病害的综合控制。     

草坪草币斑病研究进展

本文总结了草坪草币斑病在世界范围内的发生分布、危害症状、病原以及病害发生发展规律,介绍了国内外利用草坪草抗病性以及生态防治、生物防治、化学防治等方法预防控制币斑病的研究进展,对我国草坪草币斑病的防控现状及展望进行了讨论。     

永修县水稻黑条矮缩病发生调查及防治对策

本文对江西永修县2009年水稻黑条矮缩病发生情况进行了调查,全县共有23个晚稻和一季晚稻品种发病,发病面积230hm^2,品种间发病率9.0%～74.3%。对该病的症状特点进行了观察记述,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

The effect of calcium cyanamide on the reaction of swede cultivars to populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae

The effect of using calcium cyanamide to control clubroot in four swede cultivars was examined in a field trial and two pot trials. Three populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae were used which differed in pathogenicity. The four swede cultivars showed a similar ranking for disease severity with all three pathogen populations; in intermediate environments which were neither very conducive nor unfavourable to disease development, resistance was expressed differentially.
Increasing the concentration of calcium cyanamide increased the yield of uninoculated plants, probably due to a response to nitrogen, but at the highest concentration (2.55 g/kg soil), yields were reduced due to phytotoxicity. In inoculated plants, disease severity was progressively reduced with increasing concentrations of calcium cyanamide. A higher inoculum density was required to initiate disease symptom development in the more resistant cultivars. Similarly, higher concentrations of inoculum were required to cause disease when increasing concentrations of calcium cyanamide were used. The effect of the chemical appeared to be to reduce the inoculum density. These data could be interpreted in terms of a disease threshold effect related to the number of viable pathogen propagules required to cause disease on particular host genotypes. The ways in which the breakdown products of calcium cyanamide may interact with host and pathogen are discussed in relation to disease development.     

我国玉米病毒病分布及危害

玉米是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,病毒病害给我国的玉米生产带来了严重损失。本文归纳总结了目前我国玉米上检测到的水稻黑条矮缩病毒、甘蔗花叶病毒、玉米褪绿斑驳病毒等12种病毒的生物学特点和分布情况。同时对玉米粗缩病、玉米矮花叶病、玉米鼠耳病、玉米红叶病和玉米致死性坏死病等主要玉米病毒病害的发生流行、症状危害和防治措施作了介绍。     

不同番茄品种对番茄黄化曲叶病毒的抗病性鉴定

为评估生产上常用番茄栽培品种对番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)的抗性水平,采用田间大棚自然传毒的方式,通过对各品种的发病时间、发病率及病情指数等参数的比较,结合PCR及ELISA对TYLCV的检测结果,综合分析了20个番茄品种对番茄黄化曲叶病毒的抗病性。不同品种对番茄黄化曲叶病毒的抗性差异较大,试验筛选出仙客6号和金棚1号2份感病材料,发病率和病情指数在90%和60.9以上;佳红8号、10-秋展47和红罗曼2号3份高抗材料,发病率和病情指数均为0;其它表现不同程度抗、耐病水平的材料15份,发病率和病情指数分别在10.0%～85.0%和1.0～40.6之间。     

节能日光温室中番茄灰霉病发生规律的研究

通过 3年对节能日光温室环境温湿度监测、病菌孢子捕捉和番茄灰霉病发生规律研究明确 ,一般年份 ,灰霉病在番茄叶片上表现为明显的始发期、盛发期和末发期等 3个阶段 ;果实发病后 ,即进入盛发期。温室中病菌的发生与病害呈正相关 ,病菌的高峰期较病害的高峰期提前10～15d。持续的低温、高湿、苗期带病等是引起番茄灰霉病发生的重要因子。提出要从优化设施环境等方面来控制番茄灰霉病的危害。     

小麦纹枯病产量损失估计研究

研究了小麦纹枯病病情指数与产量损失率及千粒重的关系。结果表明,产量损失率随着病情指数的增加而增大;千粒重随着病情指数的增加呈下降趋势,并在此基础上组建了病情指数与产量损失率的关系模型,病情指数与千粒重的关系模型。     

广东省新推广大豆品种病害的初步调查

本文采用普查和定点调查以及传统的植物病害鉴定方法,在2006年6月至2010年10月对广东省新推广高产优质大豆品种的病害种类、发生危害及分布进行了调查.发现病害共有12种,其中真菌病害9种,分别是锈病、霜霉病、红冠腐病、丝核菌叶枯病、炭疽病、白绢病、白粉病、镰刀菌根腐病和煤烟病;细菌性病害、线虫病害和病毒病害各1种,分别为细菌性叶斑病、根结线虫病和花叶病.主要病害为锈病、霜霉病、红冠腐病、花叶病、丝核菌叶枯病和炭疽病等.不同季节大豆的主要病害发生情况不同.春大豆以霜霉病发生较为严重;而夏大豆则以红冠腐病、锈病、花叶病毒病和丝菌核叶枯病发生较严重.     

近几年我国马铃薯晚疫病流行特点分析与监测建议

马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯上的重要病害,是影响马铃薯产业发展的主要制约因素。本文系统总结了2008-2014年我国马铃薯晚疫病的发生概况及特点,分析了其影响因素。该病害年度间、地区间、品种间发生不平衡,北方产区受气候因素影响大,西南及中原产区常年偏重发生。2012年、2013年马铃薯晚疫病在全国范围内偏重发生,局部大发生,发生范围广、流行扩展速度快、危害重。在气候、菌源量、品种抗性及防治因素中,气候是影响马铃薯晚疫病发生流行的最重要因素。     

猕猴桃园区坡度和晴雨天对猕猴桃溃疡病传播的影响

猕猴桃溃疡病是由丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae,Psa)引起的细菌性病害,严重影响猕猴桃产业发展。明确猕猴桃溃疡病在田间的传播对其防治具有重要意义。本研究于2020年4月16-22日和2021年3月24-30日,在湖北省赤壁市调查了半岛南猕猴桃种植园区内猕猴桃溃疡病的发病情况,通过孢子捕捉器在猕猴桃园区的不同地势(坡度为10°、30°和45°的区域)和不同天气环境下进行24 h连续病原捕集,并据猕猴桃叶片上溃疡病显症所需时长反映不同地势和天气环境对病害传播的影响。结果表明,在坡度10°区域进行病原捕集的猕猴桃叶片显症所需时间比坡度30°和45°区域晚1~2 d。雨天在孢子捕捉器内的叶片上显症所需时长仅需7 d,而晴天显症时长则需10~12 d。明确了露地栽培猕猴桃园区坡度和雨天显著促进了猕猴桃溃疡病的传播。对猕猴桃溃疡病防治技术制订和实施有一定意义。     

Fungicide responses of maize hybrids to grey leaf spot

Grey leaf spot disease of maize (Cercospora zeaemaydis) has seriously decreased grain yields in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and has spread to infect maize in neighbouring provinces. No commercial hybrids, resistant to the disease have so far been identified, and fungicides have been shown to reduce disease severity. The response of sixty-four commercial hybrids to grey leaf spot under fungicide treatment were studied over two seasons. Overall, fungicides reduced disease severity and linear regression of gain in yield against disease severity enables the identification of hybrids with optimum responses to fungicides. Under low disease levels hybrids responded less to fungicides than under high disease levels. The most susceptible hybrids had the highest responses in control of leaf-blighting and gain in yield. Hybrids with lower-than-predicted leaf-blighting also had lower-than-predicted yield responses, indicating these to be less susceptible to grey leaf spot. These less susceptible hybrids are likely to require fewer fungicide treatments than more susceptible hybrids and are at lesser risk of serious yield losses.Abbreviations GLS grey leaf spot - AUDPC area under disease progress curve