好氧反硝化菌对水质和鱼体饲喂效果的影响研究

以好氧反硝化菌株Bacillus sp.H2作为供试菌株,从水质指标、鱼体生长指标和免疫指标3方面全面考察菌株Bacillussp.H2作为水质改良剂对养殖水体和鱼体饲喂效果的影响。研究表明,菌株Bacillus sp.H2对水体亚硝态氮的平均降解率达到64.04%,总氮最终降解率达到16.0%,COD的最终降解率达到...     

好氧反硝化菌对水质和鱼体饲喂效果的影响研究

以好氧反硝化菌株Bacillus sp.H2作为供试菌株,从水质指标、鱼体生长指标和免疫指标3方面全面考察菌株Bacillussp.H2作为水质改良剂对养殖水体和鱼体饲喂效果的影响。研究表明,菌株Bacillus sp.H2对水体亚硝态氮的平均降解率达到64.04%,总氮最终降解率达到16.0%,COD的最终降解率达到32.39%,未对水体pH产生明显影响;鲤的饲料系数降低18.9%,增重率提高41.55%,饲料蛋白质效率提高24.13%,均达到显著性差异(P<0.05);血清溶菌酶活性提高334.65%,差异显著(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶活性较对照组提高4.38%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,菌株Bacillussp.H2不仅可以显著改善水质条件,而且可以提高鱼体的饲喂效果。     

一株去除亚硝态氮细菌分离鉴定及特性研究

自对虾养殖后期池水中分离纯化出一株高效去除亚硝态氮的细菌,进行了菌体的亚显微形态观察和16SrDNA同源序列分析,并探讨了起始pH、温度和碳氮比对该菌株去除亚硝态氮效果的影响。结果表明,分离菌株在初始亚硝态氮质量浓度为55.51mg/L的异养硝化培养基中培养12h后,亚硝态氮去除率达到98.69%;根据形态学特征、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列分析,确定该菌株为脱氮海洋单胞菌,菌株去除亚硝态氮的最适宜条件为:初始pH 9,温度35℃,碳氮比16。     

养殖水体中水质净化菌的筛选和鉴定

通过富集培养的方法,从养殖水体和淤泥中筛选出4株优良的水质净化菌.各菌株经鉴定分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)、黄色节杆菌(Arthrobacter flavescens)、坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus).它们对模拟养殖水体中高达5mg/L的氨态氮和亚硝态氮的降解率均能达到80%和90%以上,其中假单胞菌属还具有反硝化作用.     

一株高效脱氮菌株的分离鉴定及应用潜力分析

为了获得对虾养殖池塘中高效去除亚硝态氮和氨氮的菌株,采用富集培养分离的方法,从养殖水体中筛选得到1株去除亚硝态氮和氨氮的菌株,培养24 h后的去除率分别为96.17%和88.27%,编号为O-11。基于形态学、分子生物学及生理生化鉴定结果,明确了该菌株基本生物学特征以及可能的分类地位。分离菌株在20~30℃时有利于亚硝态氮的去除,而温度为20~35℃时对氨氮的去除效果较好;分离菌株在盐度小于30的环境中对亚硝态氮的去除能力受盐度变化的影响不大;在碱性环境中分离菌株对氨氮的去除能力较高。安全性检验可知,在菌浓度为10~5~10~8 cfu/mL的菌株O-11对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是安全的,且在菌浓度为10~5 cfu/mL时能显著提高对虾的存活率,促进对虾生长。这说明,分离菌株O-11在水产养殖水体中有害氮脱除方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

杭州西湖底泥反硝化作用初探

反硝化作用作为水体彻底去除硝态氮的主要途径之一,主要发生在沉积物中。为了调查杭州西湖高硝态氮水体中底泥反硝化作用及其影响因子,2013年12月(冬季)和2014年6月(夏季)在西湖5个子湖区和3个湖湾的13个点位(X1~X13)进行样品采集,以底泥中硝酸盐还原酶活性和反硝化强度代表反硝化作用。结果表明,西湖水体冬夏两季TN浓度分别为1.568~2.613 mg/L和1.117~2.848 mg/L,硝态氮在TN中占比平均值分别为76%和72%。冬夏两季的底泥反硝化强度分别为0.132~1.350 mg/g和0.643~1.286 mg/g,硝酸盐还原酶活性分别为0.015~5.092μg/g和0.665~19.123μg/g;其中,硝酸盐还原酶活性冬季与夏季差异极显著(P<0.01),而冬季和夏季的反硝化强度没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。夏季底泥反硝化强度与水温和泥温极显著正相关(P<0.01),与水体氨氮呈显著负相关(P<0.05),底泥硝酸盐还原酶活性与底泥总有机碳(TOC)呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。冬季底泥反硝化强度与硝酸盐还原酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与表层水体溶解氧(DO)呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。在沉水植物盖度对反硝化作用影响的调查中发现,一定盖度的沉水植物可以促进反硝化作用,但过多的沉水植物也会抑制反硝化作用。     

一株高效氨氮及亚硝态氮去除功能菌株的分离鉴定及在生物絮团对虾养殖中的应用

从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖水体中分离出具有高效氨氮及亚硝态氮去除功能的菌株Y2,生理生化和16SrRNA基因序列比对分析结果显示该菌株为麦氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas macleodii)。进一步通过生长实验进行温度、酸碱度、盐度的培养条件优化,利用抗生素药敏实验筛选菌株特定抗性;通过卤虫浸泡感染的方法检测麦氏交替单胞菌Y2的安全性,并测定海水培养液OD_(600)及含氮无机污染物的浓度,探究菌株Y2生长与水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮之间的动态变化关系;通过28d对虾养殖试验,监测水质、生物絮团形成量、致病菌数量及对虾成活率生长速率,进一步阐明菌株在实际养殖中的功效。结果表明,该菌株Y2对苯唑西林、克林霉素有抗性;对卤虫的48 h半致死浓度高于1.9×10~8 cfu/mL,显著高于哈氏弧菌(10~2 cfu/mL)。此外,该菌具有持续去除水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮的功能。在养殖实验中能抑制潜在病原菌弧菌生长、提高对虾存活率及生长率,并且能在水体中稳定存活较长时间。综上所述,菌株Y2是养殖用益生菌制剂的优良备选菌株,可作为生物絮团养殖系统中调节水质的关键菌株。     

福建省水口水库养殖库区氮的时空分布特征研究

为研究养殖库区水域氮的时空分布特征,于2014年3月至2015年2月在福建省水口水库范围内主要养殖库区选取15个采样点进行每月的监测和动态研究,全面分析了不同养殖库区、不同时期水体各形态氮的时空变化特征。结果表明,养殖库区水体总氮、氨氮、亚硝态氮平均浓度分别为1.38~2.15、0.24~0.53,0.03~0.06 mg/L。不同养殖库区水体各形态氮含量因季节更替而变化较大,总体趋势是总氮浓度冬季较高;除太平养殖库区外,其他养殖库区水体的氨氮浓度春季较高,浓度范围为0.466~0.596 mg/L;亚硝态氮浓度变化幅度不大,范围为0.009~0.031 mg/L。不同养殖区域水体中各态氮含量具有一定的相关性,雄江和太平养殖库区中总氮和氨态氮、亚硝态氮之间相关性不显著,黄田库区和湾口库区养殖区水体中总氮和氨态氮、亚硝态氮呈现负相关;尤溪口养殖库区水体中氨态氮和亚硝态氮呈显著负相关。     

预培养生物膜法在海水循环水养殖系统中的应用效果

为缩短新建海水循环水养殖系统生物过滤器硝化功能构建时间,通过预培养生物膜的方法获得已建立完全硝化功能的2.5 m3过滤材料,将其置于新建系统的生物过滤器中进行硝化细菌接种,系统放养美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatusL innaeus)。结果表明:经12 d系统的硝化功能成熟,养殖池氨态氮维持在0.50 mg/L左右,亚硝态氮维持在0.10 mg/L以下,系统运行34 d,硝态氮上升至63.58 mg/L。18~48 d系统稳定运行阶段,养殖池出水口氨态氮平均值0.44 mg/L,进水口氨态氮平均值0.05 mg/L,一次性平均去除率88.64%。系统的日换水量1%。养殖1个月,美国红鱼成活率90.91%,养殖密度达28.65 kg/m3水体。预培养生物膜法有效缩短了海水生物过滤器硝化功能构建的时间,具有操作简单、节约时间、系统运行稳定的特点,将使内陆地区开展海水鱼养殖变为可能。     

高效脱氮降磷菌株的筛选及在工厂化鳗鲡养殖中的应用

为提高对工厂化鳗鲡精养殖水体水质的原位改良能力和养殖尾水的氮磷减排，通过对鳗鲡养殖尾水处理池中采集的淤泥进行分离筛选，获得一株高效好氧反硝化聚磷菌。经16S rDNA序列鉴定分析，确定为坦氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter tandoii),将其命名为坦氏不动杆菌PP-1。开展了菌株PP-1对鳗鲡养殖水质总磷和硝酸盐氮降解效果的试验，结果显示水力停留时间在12 h、24 h的总磷降解率分别达到56.31%和81.82%,硝酸盐氮降解率分别达到65.5%和90.37%。开展了菌株PP-1在美洲鳗鲡工厂化养殖中的应用研究，结果显示，水力停留时间在24 h的总磷和硝酸盐氮的降解率分别达到58.8%和56.1%。研究表明，坦氏不动杆菌PP-1有助于降低美洲鳗鲡养殖水体的总磷和硝酸盐氮质量浓度，促进美洲鳗鲡的生长，同时具备良好的应用安全性。该研究为解决鳗鲡养殖水体中的氮磷同步降解问题提供了新的参考，具有重要的应用价值。     

Improved survival and growth performances with photoperiod and feeding schedule manipulation in bagrid catfish Mystus nemurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes 1840) larvae

Manipulation of photoperiod: 24 h light (24L), 12 h light:12 h dark (12L:12D) and 24 h dark (24D); and feeding schedules: day and night feeding (DNF), day feeding (DF) and night feeding (NF) was conducted to determine effects on survival, cannibalism and growth of larval bagrid catfish Mystus nemurus 2–14 days after hatching (dAH). Photoperiod insignificantly affected all parameters. Feeding schedule significantly affected survival and total length at 6 (P < 0.049; P < 0.009), 10 (P < 0.033; P < 0.000) and 14 dAH (P < 0.013; P < 0.000), respectively, but affected cannibalism at 10 (P < 0.043) and 14 dAH (P < 0.013). Survival for DNF was significantly higher than DF. Cannibalism for DNF was significantly lower than NF at 10 and 14 dAH. Total length for DNF was significantly higher than DF and NF at 10 and 14 dAH. At 14 dAH, feeding schedule significantly affected feed intake, final weight and coefficient of variation. For feed intake and final weight, DNF was significantly higher than DF and NF. For coefficient of variation, NF was significantly higher than DF. This study suggests that larval bagrid catfish can be reared at 24L, 12L:12D or 24D but should be fed day and night for improved growth, survival and reduced cannibalism.     

海带抗菌活性的研究

研究了海带提取物对4种微生物:枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、黑曲霉、酵母菌的抗菌作用,并对海带提取物的提取条件进行研究.试验结果表明:海带提取物仅对枯草芽孢杆菌具有抗菌作用;较好的提取溶剂为95%甲醇.最佳提取条件为:温度为30 ℃,时间为8 h,pH 7.     

黄海北岸大洋河大麻哈鱼类的移植

According to the salmon‘s(Oncorhynchus) biological character of return to its hatching river, adopting the method of transplant and releasing, 9839000 eyed eggs of the salmon were introduced (Oncorhynchu, keta, O.gorbuscha, O. kisutch, O. masou) from Japan, total 8409000 juvenile fish was hatched and cultivated for 11 years running from 1985 to 1996. total 127 returning and mature salmons were collected from 1987 to 1995. It proved that the salmon could exist in the Yellow Sea area and return to its releasing river.     

Soya bean‐based diets plus probiotics improve the profile of fatty acids,digestibility, intestinal microflora,growth performance and the innate immunity of beluga (Huso huso)

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different methods of using probiotics Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis in soya bean‐based diets on the physiology of beluga (Huso huso) (351 ± 4 g). Five experimental diets were formulated to feed beluga for 10 weeks. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain between control (446 g) and 70%SBM‐SPRAY2 (409 g) treatments. Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the muscle of beluga fed control (203.2 g/kg) and 70%SBM‐SPRAY2 (166.4 g/kg) diet did not change statistically. Blood performance as a newly introduced factor in individuals fed dietary control (64.06) and 70%SBM‐SPRAY2 (64.33) had higher value as compared with those fed dietary 70%SBM‐DIET2 (61.90) (p < 0.05). Also, total protein (1.68 g/dl) and RBC (0.74 × 10⁶/mm³) in fish fed 70%SBM were statistically lower than other treatments (p < 0.05). Lysozyme, alternative complement activity and total viable counts in beluga fed dietary probiotics were significantly higher than others. In conclusion, feeding fish with the 70%SBM‐SPRAY2 diet improved fish growth and health.     

４种微生态制剂对虾池水质及青虾生长性能的影响

在测定养殖水体pH值、溶解氧、氨态氮、亚硝态氮等水质指标和养殖青虾肥满度、平均规格、饲料系数等生长性能指标的基础上,比较研究了全池泼洒复合芽孢杆菌、EM菌、类球红细菌、超浓缩光合细菌微生态制剂对养殖水质的改善情况及提高杂交青虾"太湖1号"生长性能的效果。结果表明,4种微生态制剂均可改善水质;其中,芽孢杆菌与EM菌具有较强的降亚硝态氮功能,类球红细菌和EM菌具有较强的降氨态氮作用。4种试验菌剂的调水效果排序为:类球红细菌>EM菌>复合芽孢杆菌>超浓缩光合细菌。4种菌剂不同程度提高了青虾的生长性能;其中,类球红细菌效果最为显著,其次为EM菌、复合芽孢杆菌,而光合细菌的效果不显著。     

Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia

Use of antibiotics for the control of bacterial diseases in shrimp culture has caused several adverse impacts to the industry. This has resulted in the search for alternative environment friendly approaches to overcome bacterial infections. This study was conducted to investigate the use of beneficial bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Ten pathogenic bacterial species isolated from shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and Artemia cysts were tested for susceptibility to indigenous marine Bacillus subtilis AB65, Bacillus pumilus AB58, Bacillus licheniformis AB69 and compared with oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and bacitracin, which are common antibiotics used in Asian aquaculture. The Bacillus spp. were isolated from the local marine environment for bioremediation use in shrimp hatcheries and were proven to reduce total ammonium nitrogen. The pathogenic bacterial isolates were 90% susceptible to B. subtilis AB65, 70% susceptible to B. pumilus AB58 and B. licheniformis AB69 and 100% susceptible to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and gentamicin but only 40% to bacitracin. Two representative isolates of the vibrio group, Vibrio alginolyticus VaM11 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus VpM1, when tested for competitive exclusion by a common broth method using the marine Bacillus spp., showed decreased viable counts from 10(8) to 10(2) cfu mL(-1). The results suggest that the action of the marine bacteria appears to be significant in protecting the host shrimp against pathogenic bacteria. In addition to the alternative use of antibiotics, the selected marine bacteria had additional bioremediation properties of reducing ammonia.     

Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis KADR1 and its subcellular components on immune responses and disease resistance in Labeo rohita

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of Bacillus subtilisKADR1 and its subcellular components on immunity and disease resistance in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish were fed diet containing different concentrations of live bacterial cells (DI‐10⁶, DII‐10⁸ and DIII‐10¹⁰ CFU/g) and another group of fish were immunized intraperitoneally with cellular components (WCPs, CWPs and ECPs) of Bacillus subtilisKADR1. After 4 weeks of trial, fish were challenged intraperitoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila cell suspension and survival percentage was recorded. Significantly higher post‐challenge survivability was recorded in fish groups fed 10⁸ CFU/g of KADR1 (80.24%; RPS = 75.76%) or immunized with WCPs (77.77%; RPS = 72.73%), compared with the control (18.51%). Analysis of immunological parameters viz. serum lysozyme, phagocytosis, serum total protein, respiratory burst, serum IgM levels, superoxide dismutase and alternative complement pathway activity reflected significant enhancement (p < .05) of immune response in fish fed 10⁶, 10⁸ and 10¹⁰ CFU/g of live cells, or immunized with cellular components of Bacillus subtilisKADR1, with the highest values were observed DII fed group, followed by the group immunized with WCPs. Our results suggest that dietary administration of Bacillus subtilisKADR1 at 10⁸ CFU/g can effectively enhance the immune responses and disease resistance in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila.     

３种微生态制剂对养殖水体水质影响的比较研究

对3种微生态制剂改善河蟹养殖池水质的效果进行分析比较。实验组各池中分别加入超浓缩光合细菌(PSB)、"西菲利"活菌生物净水剂、活菌净水剂以及3种微生态制剂组成的混合制剂。观察氨态氮、亚硝态氮、硫化氢、溶解氧、化学耗氧量、pH及异养菌总数等水质指标。结果表明:3种微生态制剂均能改善水质,抑制异养菌的过度增长,但对水质指标的改善各有侧重,混合制剂优于单一制剂。     

饲料中添加复合芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾抗病毒感染能力及抗病基因表达的影响

自健康凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)分离到枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(B. licheniformis)和短小芽孢杆菌(B. pumilus)，将上述芽孢杆菌以单一和3株复合的方式包裹在基础饲料表面，制成益生菌饲料；每日投喂对虾，3周后进行白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)人工感染。统计实验组和对照组的累积死亡率，测定对虾鳃组织内WSSV拷贝数，分析对虾肠道组织含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因(Caspase)和硫氧还原蛋白基因(Trx)的相对表达量。结果显示，感染实验结束时，A组(枯草芽孢杆菌)、B组(地衣芽孢杆菌)、C组(短小芽孢杆菌)和D组(枯草芽孢杆菌+地衣芽孢杆菌+短小芽孢杆菌复合益生菌)的对虾累积死亡率分别为(73.3±7.0)%、(63.3±5.5)%、(75.0±7.9)%和(50.0±5.3)%，显著低于对照组(PBS组)(100%)；在整个感染阶段，各实验组的病毒拷贝数呈先上升后下降的趋势，但对照组呈现一直上升趋势，且显著高于实验组。抗病基因表达结果显示，WSSV感染后，各组对虾肠道Caspase相对表达量随感染时间的延长呈先上调再下调的趋势，且在18 h各组对虾肠道Caspase表达量达到最大值；益生菌摄取和WSSV感染都能刺激Trx的表达，益生菌的刺激相对平缓，且各实验组对虾肠道Trx相对表达量在WSSV感染后的18 h时陡升到最大值，极显著高于对照组，且以D组的激活能力最强。研究证实，枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌均可提高对虾抗WSSV感染能力，复合芽孢杆菌抗病毒能力最突出。对虾抗病力的提高可能与芽孢杆菌减缓了病毒在靶组织的增殖速率、提高了Caspase和Trx基因表达水平相关。     

纳豆菌抗菌肽APNT-6对凡纳滨对虾的低温保鲜效果

为了解决因凡纳滨对虾货架期短而滥用化学保鲜剂等问题,实验通过微生物发酵,柱状色谱纯化得到一种新型生物保鲜剂——纳豆菌抗菌肽APNT-6,采用牛津杯法测定了其对凡纳滨对虾腐败菌的抑菌效果,并用浸保鲜剂方式将抗菌肽应用于凡纳滨对虾保鲜,通过测定对照组和保鲜剂组在(4±1)℃贮藏过程中的pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、细菌总数、感官评分等鲜度指标的变化规律,评价了抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾在(4±1)℃贮藏条件下保鲜效果。结果表明,纳豆菌抗菌肽APNT-6对凡纳滨对虾中Pseudomonas、Shewanella等8株腐败菌有良好的抑菌效果,经0.5 mg/mL抗菌肽保鲜剂处理后,保鲜剂组在(4±1)℃贮藏过程中pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和细菌总数增加缓慢,货架期延长了2～3 d。