重要经济贝类原虫病及其诊断技术研究进展

贝类具有食物链短、定居性强、育苗和养殖基础好、成本相对低等特点,其养殖业已成为我国沿海地区海水养殖的重要支柱产业之一.然而,随着养殖规模的不断扩大,滩涂环境质量受到不同程度的影响.自20世纪90年代起,我国养殖贝类病害日趋严重,沿海养殖的文蛤(Meretrix lusoria)、牡蛎等不断发病,给贝类产业带来严重危害[1].其中由各种原虫引起的原虫病是养殖贝类的主要病害.     

滩涂埋栖贝类的清洁生产技术

我国浅海滩涂总面积约为9.3万km2,生活着700余种海洋贝类,贝类产量名列世界第一.目前已开展人工养殖滩涂埋栖贝类有泥蚶、缢蛏、泥螺、文蛤、青蛤、西施舌、菲律宾蛤仔、彩虹明樱蛤等[1].由于滩涂养殖贝类具有开发成本低、效益好、生态型等优点,近年来人工养殖规模发展很快,对海水养殖产业和区域经济的可持续发展也愈加显得重要.     

温度对贝类免疫系统的影响及其机理研究进展

正贝类养殖在水产养殖中占有重要地位,然而近年来随着养殖规模的扩大,贝类病害日益严重,频发大规模死亡事件,造成了重大损失[1-3]。Malham等[2-3]报道,欧洲一些地方如爱尔兰养殖的太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas),在夏季出现大量死亡现象,并归咎于环境、传染性病原体、牡蛎本身生理或遗传因素等。年,等[3]研究表明,环境     

海水养殖虾夷扇贝供应链可追溯管理体系的探讨

我国是海水贝类养殖大国,根据《中国渔业年鉴2010》 [1]的统计,2009年全国海水贝类总产量达1.120×107 t,占水产品总产量的21.9％.其中,海水贝类养殖产量为1.054×107t,占贝类总产量的95.6％.我国海水贝类无论是养殖规模还是产量均居世界首位. 1996年12月18日,欧盟委员会的97/20/EC号决议生效,该决议列出了双壳软体动物、棘皮动物、被囊动物和海产腹足动物的生产和投放市场方面履行等效条件的第三国清单,中国未被列入该清单中[2].1997年欧盟食品兽医办公室使团对我国水产品企业和水产养殖海域检查后,作出97/368/EC号决议,决定不再从中国进口贝类产品,中国贝类对欧盟的出口藉此终止至今[3].     

贝类设施养殖工程的研发现状和趋势

综述了开展贝类设施养殖的重要性。介绍了国内外贝类设施养殖产业的发展现状及趋势；列举了我国在贝类设施养殖方面与国外先进技术的差距，包括养殖设施、设备相对落后，机械化、自动化程度不高，水处理技术设备落后，基本为流水式开放系统等；提出了贝类设施养殖产业今后发展的重点任务应主要集中于贝类养殖设施装备与技术的建立和完善，养殖工厂设施设备及生产工艺的标准化设计，贝类养殖适宜生态环境条件的工程调控与优化等，在基础研究方面应重视工程设计的技术原理、贝类生长发育对环境因子胁迫的响应及适应机制、贝类-环境-设施系统综合调控机理研究等。     

三疣梭子蟹综合养殖技术

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)属甲壳纲、十足目,梭子蟹科,广泛分布于我国沿海,是经济价值较高的大型海产蟹类.20世纪80年代初,山东沿海进行了三疣梭子蟹土池育肥和蓄养试验,并取得了初步成功[1].目前,我国沿海各省均开展了三疣梭子蟹人工养殖,尤其在山东、江苏和河北等省养殖规模较大.三疣梭子蟹人工养殖方式主要有两种:一种是单养[2],另一种是与对虾、贝类等综合养殖[3].笔者对三疣梭子蟹综合养殖技术进行总结,以期为三疣梭子蟹人工养殖提供技术支持.     

2005年中国水产养殖病害监测报告(五)

2005年水产养殖病害产生的原因较多,主要是环境、种质质量、养殖技术及防病意识薄弱等。(一)养殖生态环境恶劣从整体养殖环境方面分析,2005年海水养殖鱼类、虾类、贝类、藻类病害种类的增加,与养殖环境质量下降有关。全球气候变暖,养殖环境受养殖自身、城市、航运事故等污染及赤潮等频繁发生的影响使养殖环境恶化。从局部环境方面分析,养殖密度过大,违背自然生态规律。     

杂交育种技术在海水养殖贝类中的应用及研究进展

我国是世界上最大的水产养殖大国,同时也是海水养殖大国。2001年海水养殖产量达1.13×108t,其中贝类养殖产量占海水养殖总量的80%以上[1],贝类养殖在整个海水养殖业中占有十分重要的地位。但是长期以来,我国贝类只是进行单一的野生品种的养殖,很多养殖品种一直处于野生状态。长期近亲繁育、累代养殖,导致了近交衰退,种质逐年下降,表现为生长缓慢、经济性状下降、抗逆性降低等等。再加上病害的发生、养殖海区环境恶化等因素,致使近些年几种重要的养殖贝类均发生了大规模的死亡事件,造成巨大经济损失,其中仅1997、1998年的扇贝死亡,山东省…     

“双壳贝类筏式养殖与赤潮相关性的研究”通过鉴定

20 0 1年 1 2月 1 4日 ,受辽宁省科学技术厅委托 ,由辽宁省海洋与渔业厅主持 ,组织有关专家对辽宁省海洋水产研究所完成的“双壳贝类筏式养殖与赤潮相关性的研究”课题进行了鉴定。与会专家经讨论认为 :该课题通过对黄海北部小窑湾高密度双壳贝类筏式养殖区环境现状的调查与研究 ,对双壳贝类养殖自身对海域环境的污染 ,以及养殖浮筏对海水交换的影响 ,贝类对浮游植物摄食 ,浮游植物对海域营养盐ＩＮ、ＩＰ的利用等方面的综合分析 ,提出了他们之间的循环过程和制约机制 ,这一研究具有重要的理论意义和实际意义 ,有创新性。此项研究把浮游植物…     

2004年中国水产养殖病害监测报告（三）

五、病害产生的原因2004年水产养殖病害产生的原因较多,主要是环境、种质质量、养殖技术及防病意识薄弱等。1.养殖生态环境恶劣。2004年海水养殖鱼类、虾类、贝类、藻类病害种类的增加,与养殖环境质量下降有关。全球气候变暖,海区年平均水温升高,加上海区养殖密度加大,养殖区域     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.