我国海水养殖贝类病害发生现状及防控策略

贝类养殖是我国水产养殖业的重要组成部分，在促进经济社会发展、提高就业率、改善人民生活及保护生态环境等方面发挥了重要作用，其经济、社会和生态功能日益凸显。近年来，因环境胁迫和病原侵染引发的海水养殖贝类暴发性病害时有发生，所造成的经济损失巨大，严重阻碍了海水养殖产业的绿色高质量发展。贝类缺乏适应性免疫，且主要养殖于开放或半开放水体，难以通过疫苗注射或环境调控等手段进行病害防控。贯彻“绿色防控”的理念，加快病害预警预报体系建设是海水养殖贝类病害防控的重要发展方向。本文综述了我国海水贝类养殖及病害发生的现状，并结合团队前期研究和病害预警预报工作实践,提出了海水养殖贝类病害防控策略，以期提升我国水产动物疫病防控能力，为保障水产品稳定安全供给、促进水产养殖业绿色高质量发展提供参考。     

做大做优做强贝类养殖——专访国家贝类产业技术体系首席科学家张国范

<正>张国范现任中国科学院海洋研究所学术委员会主任、海洋生物技术中心主任,海洋生态养殖技术国家地方联合工程实验室主任,国家贝类产业技术研发中心主任/首席科学家。主要从事贝类养殖与养殖遗传学和育种技术方面的基础理论和应用技术研究。重点集中在3个方面:1)贝类养殖理论和技术,关注几个主要生态类型的贝类养殖和产业发展,有     

浙江滩涂贝类种业科技创新发展及展望

我国拥有1 512 300 hm²沿海滩涂,而滩涂贝类是潮间带滩涂的优势种类,具有生长快、适应性强、环境友好等诸多优点,因此发展滩涂贝类养殖空间广阔、条件优越、潜力巨大。浙江滩涂贝类养殖历史悠久,在养殖技术与模式、人工采苗与育苗、大规格苗种培育、新品种培育等方面具有明显特色和优势,同时在种业科技创新与发展方面面临巨大挑战。本文综述了浙江滩涂贝类养殖产业、苗种生产技术、种质创新与良种创制的历史与现状,围绕经济性状精准测评、育种技术创新、优质抗逆新品种培育、高效扩繁关键技术和装备研发、种业体系建设等方面,提出了未来特别是“十四五”期间滩涂养殖贝类良种创制与种业发展的重点任务。     

履带式滩涂贝类采收机设计与试验

针对环渤海地区滩涂贝类养殖产业贝类采收环节缺少机械化采收设备，人工采收贝类劳动强度大、作业效率低、作业环境泥泞等问题，设计了一款履带式滩涂贝类采收机。整机采用液压双联泵进行液压动力的分配，并通过液压系统仿真软件AMESim对整机液压动力系统进行仿真模拟；根据滩涂养殖贝类的生物特性、地质特点和作业需求，设计挖掘传送装置，采用固定式挖掘铲和振动筛进行贝泥沙混合物的挖掘与筛选，通过液压缸的伸缩调整采收机作业深度；基于各个机构和液压元件的分布，设计履带式底盘。通过实地试验，完成样机的性能测试。结果显示：试验地区采收机的最佳工艺参数为作业速度0.15 m/s,振动筛转速380 r/min,振动筛筛面倾角12°,可实现满足农艺要求的滩涂贝类无水化和浅水化机械化采收作业。研究表明，履带式滩涂贝类采收机具有较好的稳定性，且在提高工作效率、降低劳动强度等方面效果显著，具有较好的推广应用前景。     

深水网箱选址初步研究

为给深水网箱的合理选址提供参考，初步研究了网箱拟养海区需具备的环境条件、水质要求、网箱设施的安全性及养殖鱼类的适应性等。结果表明，深水网箱的选址应符合法律法规，以不破坏环境及其它产业的发展、同时又能取得较好效益为原则。在确定深水网箱养殖区域前，应进行海区初选、拟养海区的水文环境调查、当地的社会经济和生态调查，结合网箱类型和养殖品种，以网箱设施安全性、养殖鱼类适应性以及网箱养殖经济实用性和规划合理性等方面的综合论证为基础，分析拟养海区的利弊因素，综合平衡后确定养殖海区。     

我国滩涂增养殖业存在的问题与应对措施

1存在的问题1.1缺乏系统研究和沿岸带整体开发意识 我国海水增养殖业的发展,是在缺乏系统理论和技术研究的情况下,大规模启动的,特别是对虾养殖。因此无论是在布局上,还是在养殖模式方面,都缺乏养殖生态学理论和生态调控等技术的指导。如大规模发展中国对虾单一种类的养殖,一方面导致其产业滑坡,另一方面也严重破坏了大片滩涂的生态平衡。近年来,我国近海鱼类和滩涂埋栖性贝类资源的严重衰退,酷捕滥采     

贝类多倍体研究中部分问题的探讨

海洋贝类增养殖作为水产养殖的重要组成部分，在近几十年中发展迅速，但随着养殖面积和养殖密度的不断增加，近几年出现了严重制约产业发展的瓶颈问题，如单产降低、品质下降、大面积死亡等问题，其主要原因是贝类种质资源衰退、动物能量收支失窃，因而以改良贝类种质资源、改善动物能量收支平衡、提高贝类增养殖的产量为目的的贝类多倍体研究，已成为海洋生物技术发展中的一个热点，许多专家和学者都在这方面做了不少的工作。但随着研究的进一步深入，在该方面存在着的许多问题也变得越来越明显，对这些问题还需做一步的研究。     

17β-HSDs的种类和功能概述及其在贝类中的研究进展

为深入解析17β-HSDs (17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶)对贝类性腺发育和生殖内分泌的调控机制，本文综述了17β-HSDs的种类和功能，对迄今已报道的所有亚型进行了分类归纳，并对贝类等水产动物中17β-HSDs的克隆表达、功能阐述、机制推测进行了调研总结。目前，虽然17β-HSDs调控贝类生殖过程研究已取得一定的进展，但仍有很多重要的科学问题尚待解答，需要重点加强“发现贝类中17β-HSDs新亚型、分析时空表达特征、解析构效关系、明晰环境污染物的影响、制定相应对策、指导产业实践应用”等方面的研究。本综述结合了其他物种的成熟研究和最新成果，为深入探究17β-HSDs调控贝类性腺发育和生殖内分泌的机理及应用提供了借鉴。     

重庆市名特优水产养殖现状及对策

我市名特优水产养殖在90年代取得较大发展，但总体上仍处于较低水平，制约因素主要有生产技术（苗种培育、饲料开发、疾病防治等）开发与推广滞后，资金短缺，基础设施落后；宏观调控力度弱；种质资源污染及产业化程度低等，我市发展名特优水产品生产在政策、技术、市场、地域、品种等方面具有优势，应采取加强宏观调控，积极开展苗种繁育、养殖方式、产品保鲜和加工等技术研究，强化种植资源管理，大力调整品种结构等措施。     

福建省抗风浪网箱养殖产业化问题刍议

本文分析了福建省抗风浪网箱养殖的发展现状及存在的问题，提出了积极、稳妥地推进我省近海抗风浪网箱养殖产业化的对策与措施。即：(1)政府对抗风浪网箱制造企业、养殖龙头企业及相关企业、养成品销售市场等方面继续给予资金和优惠政策扶持，加快已发展网箱的投产速度；(2)鼓励“强强企业联合”，建立抗风浪网箱养殖基地，积极推行“网箱基地 养殖户”和“订单渔业”的抗风浪网箱养殖经营模式；(3)加大科研投入，尽快完善重力型沉浮式抗风浪网箱的技术性能，并开展阻流设施、换网机械、鱼规格分级设备、自动投饵设备等配套设施的后续研究，加速产业化进程；(4)开展全省抗风浪网箱养殖规划研究。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.