三十烷醇浸泡海带苗养殖效果试验

用不同浓度三十烷醇(TA乳粉)植物生长调节剂浸泡海带苗,观察其对海带生长的影响.结果表明:以0.8 mg/L浸泡海带苗的增产效果最佳,增产幅度达20.5％,其次为1.0 mg/L和1.5 mg/L,分别增产16.3％和13.1％;对生长速度、藻体色泽、藻体宽度、抗病能力等方面也有明显影响.     

不同氮磷浓度梯度对礁膜配子体生长的影响

为探索礁膜(Monostroma nitidium)配子体生长的适宜氮、磷浓度需求,以NaNO_3为氮源、KH_2PO_4为磷源,在不同氮(0、10、20、40、60、80μmol/L)、磷(0.5、1、2μmol/L)浓度梯度下,室内培养礁膜配子体7d,测定各处理组藻体的生长率、光合色素(叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素)和可溶性糖。结果表明,藻体生长最适氮、磷浓度比值为20∶1;且氮浓度为20μmol/L、磷浓度为1μmol/L时,礁膜配子体生长率取得最大值(13.80%/d);氮浓度为20μmol/L、磷浓度为2μmol/L时,藻体光合色素含量最高(分别为0.320 7mg/g、0.170 8mg/g和0.103 6mg/g);氮浓度为0μmol/L、磷浓度为2μmol/L时,藻体可溶性糖含量最高(19.03mg/mL)。     

内蒙古碱湖一株菱形藻的分离鉴定及其应用潜力评价

从内蒙古哈马太湖中分离得到一株淡水硅藻NW129,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,该藻株与菱形藻属的普通菱形藻亲缘关系最近。该藻在温度28℃、光照100μmol/(m~2·s)、光暗周期12 h∶12 h,摇床转速为160 rpm的条件下培养。在Zarrouk培养基中,连续培养25 d。培养12 d,干重达到1.06 g/L,每天平均生长率为0.10 g/(L·d),培养至25 d,干重达到1.95 g/L,后13 d的平均生长率仅为0.08 g/(L·d)。整个生长过程中,培养液pH从初始的9.20增至12.30。培养25 d后,采收藻细胞总脂含量为24.00%,可溶性蛋白为12.00%,多糖比例为3.35%,岩藻黄素含量达13.06 mg/g。结果表明,该藻株速生性状突出,对高pH耐受能力强,岩藻黄素含量高,是一株具有开发应用潜力的藻株。     

三十烷醇对亚心形扁藻生长的影响

本文报道了三十烷醇对亚心形扁藻生长的促进作用。其最佳施用浓度为0.1ppm,接种后第4天,藻细胞浓度较对照组提高了51.7%;在扩大培养时,其藻细胞在接种后第12天,较对照组可提高133.4%。     

外源抗坏血酸对鼠尾藻镉胁迫的缓解效应

在实验室条件下研究了不同质量浓度(20、40、60、80 mg/L和100 mg/L)的抗坏血酸对5.0 mg/L镉胁迫下鼠尾藻的生长、体内镉的积累、生理生化指标以及抗氧化系统的影响。试验结果显示,与单一镉胁迫相比,随着外源抗坏血酸质量浓度的升高,藻体内镉的含量逐渐降低后又有所回升;藻体的比生长速率和叶绿素a的含量均呈先增后略降的趋势;类胡萝卜素的含量除20 mg/L试验组略有下降外,其余均显著升高;可溶性糖的含量逐渐下降,可溶性蛋白的含量先升高后略有降低;超氧化物歧化酶的活性在抗坏血酸质量浓度≥60 mg/L时开始显著下降,且在80 mg/L试验组中最低;过氧化氢酶的活性在抗坏血酸质量浓度≤40 mg/L的试验组中显著升高,在≥60 mg/L的试验组中又逐渐下降;丙二醛的含量在抗坏血酸质量浓度≤60 mg/L的试验组中没有显著变化,在≥80 mg/L的试验组中显著下降。说明适当质量浓度的抗坏血酸能在一定程度上缓解重金属镉胁迫对藻体的毒害,从而增强鼠尾藻对重金属镉胁迫的耐受性,且以80 mg/L抗坏血酸的缓解效果最好。研究结果为进一步探明大型海藻对重金属耐受的生理机制和在重金属胁迫下外源抗坏血酸对海藻的解毒机理提供依据。     

三十烷醇对海带生长和生理活性的影响

在海带夹苗放养前,用0.5～1.0ppm三十烷醇浸苗,能提高叶绿素和岩藻黄素含量,促进光合作用,并可在相当长时间内,提高海带对磷酸盐和硝酸离子的吸收,还可使海带体内核酸含量增加,进而促进海带迅速生长,缩短了放养后的缓苗时间,为产量的形成打下早期生长的基础。     

不同氮源对骨条藻生长的影响

适合骨条藻生长的尿素质量浓度为20 mg/L,在100 mg/L时效果极差;氯化铵的适合质量浓度也是20 mg/L,60 mg/L时骨条藻会死亡很多;硝酸钠组骨条藻普遍长势都好,但利用率不太高,在50 mg/L长势最好,但效果不理想,也不经济。培养骨条藻以氯化铵效果最好,适宜质量浓度约为20 mg/L。     

不同氮磷硅含量和接种密度对三角褐指藻生长的影响

通过均匀设计试验研究N、P、Si含量与接种密度对三角褐指藻生长的动态关系。结果显示 ,8d藻生长率和 8d密度差不受N含量 (质量浓度 1.0～ 89.4mg/L)影响 ,但随P含量 (质量浓度 0 .1～ 2 8.6mg/L)和Si含量 (质量浓度 0 .5～ 2 0 .1mg/L)增加而增加。当P质量浓度 2 8.6mg/L、Si质量浓度 2 0 .1mg/L ,接种密度分别为 8.4× 10 4 ml- 1和 143.1× 10 4 ml- 1时 ,藻生长率和密度差可达 0 .778d- 1和 869.7× 10 4ml- 1。 11d藻生长率主要受接种密度的影响 ,N质量浓度起次要作用 ,P和Si质量浓度对藻生长率无影响。当N质量浓度 89.4mg/L ,接种密度 8.4× 10 4 ml- 1时 ,藻生长率可达 0 .4 92d- 1。     

四种抗生素对共培养的萱藻丝状体和膨胀色球藻的影响

为抑制或消除萱藻丝状体扩增阶段出现的膨胀色球藻,本研究探讨了头孢噻肟钠、阿莫西林、四环素和红霉素4种抗生素对共培养的萱藻丝状体和膨胀色球藻产生的影响。结果显示,浓度为50和100 mg/L的头孢噻肟钠均显著抑制膨胀色球藻的生长,进而保证萱藻丝状体正常生长与发育;浓度为50~1 000 mg/L的阿莫西林对膨胀色球藻和萱藻丝状体均无抑制作用,阿莫西林不适于去除共培养体系中的膨胀色球藻;浓度为100和200 mg/L的四环素对膨胀色球藻有显著的抑制作用,但此浓度下萱藻丝状体细胞质萎缩,生长状况较差;浓度为0.10~1.00 mg/L的红霉素对膨胀色球藻的生长均有显著的抑制作用,但当其浓度超过0.50 mg/L时,萱藻丝状体的生长亦受到抑制,甚至死亡。     

3种植物生长激素对2种底栖硅藻生长速率的影响

采用原位光密度法探讨三十烷醇（TA）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA3）对咖啡形双眉藻（Amphora coffeaeformis)和灰状舟形藻（Navichla corymbosa)生长速率的影响。单因子试验结果表明，3种植物生长激素对2种底栖硅藻生长速率均有显著的促进作用（P＜0．05）。其中IAA和GA3对2种底栖硅藻的最佳质量浓度均为0．5mg/L，TA对咖啡形双眉藻的最佳质量浓度为1．0mg/L，对灰状舟形藻的最佳质量浓度为0．1mg/L，正交多因子试验结果表明，培养2种底栖硅藻的TA、IAA和GA3最佳质量浓度（mg/L），配比分别为：咖啡形双眉藻0．5：0．5：0．5；盔状舟形藻0．1：0．05：1．0。     

高温条件下营养盐对江蓠生长与氮、磷去除效率的影响

以两种大型红藻菊花江蓠和脆江蓠为试验材料,开展为期30d的养殖试验,通过分析江蓠的生长和氮、磷变化特征,研究在25℃条件下不同质量浓度氮(磷)营养盐——1.65(0.23)mg/L、4.12(0.57)mg/L、8.24(1.14)mg/L、12.35(1.71)mg/L、16.5(2.28)mg/L对江蓠生长和去除效率的影响。试验结果表明,整个试验周期各组菊花江蓠相对生长速率无显著性差异(P>0.05),分段研究发现,各组相对生长速率均有随时间的增加而下降的趋势;氮(磷)质量浓度超过8.24(1.14)mg/L各试验组的脆江蓠相对生长速率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),且在养殖超过10d后,表现为负增长,并随着营养盐质量浓度的升高出现负增长加快的趋势。各试验组氮、磷去除效率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),营养盐质量浓度相同的条件下,菊花江蓠对磷的去除效率显著高于脆江蓠(P<0.05);两种江蓠对水体中氮、磷的去除时段均主要集中在0～10d。营养盐质量浓度对两种江蓠的氮、磷吸收速率产生显著的影响,吸收速率随氮、磷质量浓度的升高而增大。研究结果表明,在25℃及氮(磷)质量浓度小于8.24(1.14)mg/L时,菊花江蓠对水体中的氮、磷营养盐有很好的去除效果,且能维持正常生长。     

Cu2+对中间球海胆生长、免疫及性腺发育的影响

为探讨铜离子(Cu2+)对中间球海胆生长和性腺发育的影响及调控机制,在室内水槽(200 L)中进行为期60 d的浸泡实验。实验设置测试组(0.02 mg/L Cu2+)和对照组(自然海水),每个处理设置3个重复,每个水槽养殖20只海胆(13.58±0.79)g。实验中期和末期分别测定海胆增重率(WGR)、性腺指数(GI)、抗氧化酶活性和主要卵黄蛋白基因(MYP)表达量。结果显示,30 d时,测试组的WGR和GI与对照组差异不显著,而60 d时测试组的WGR和GI显著低于对照组;60 d时,测试组海胆体腔液中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)活性均显著低于30 d时的对应值,而丙二醛(MDA)含量较30 d时有所升高;60 d时,测试组抗氧化能力总体高于对照组,其中体腔液中CAT活性显著高于对照组。2次取样中,测试组性腺中MYP基因的表达量均显著低于对照组,而测试组消化道中MYP基因的表达量却显著高于对照组。60 d时,测试组海胆体腔细胞中总蛋白含量显著高于对照组,而体腔液上清液中总蛋白含量在测试组和对照组之间差异不显著。研究表明,铜离子能够引起氧化应激,降低海胆的增重率和性腺指数,这可能是通过抑制性腺MYP表达量及阻碍MYP从消化道向性腺正常转运所致。     

Effects of compost manure on the body burden of cadmium and growth of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.)

One-hundred-and-eighty-day bioassays were made in outdoor cement tanks (volume 300 L) with common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.), exposed to eight different treatments, each with three replicates. Four treatments contained 2.5 mg L^?1 cadmium (Cd): Cd alone; Cd with 6.7 g L^?1 of compost manure made from the freshwater macrophyte Pistia stratiotes (L.); Cd with 1.0 g L^?1 of the same manure; and Cd with a cumulative treatment of the manure (1.0 g L^?1 month^?1). Four treatments contained no Cd: the control (without manure); and treatments with only manure (6.7 g L^?1,1.0 g L^?1 and 1.0 g L^?1 month^?1). The concentration of dissolved (filterable) Cd in water ranged from 0.74 to 0.89 mg L^?1 after 24 h (one day) of treatment. The addition of compost manure significantly reduced the Cd concentration of the water and induced a quicker removal of Cd from the water. The quickest removal of Cd from water (60 days) was found when a high dose of compost manure (6.7 g L^?1) was added. The cumulative (monthly) treatment and the one-time treatment of the manure at a low dose (1.0 g L^?1) required 75 and 90 days, respectively, for removal of Cd, while the metal persisted for up to 120 days in water when no manure was added. All doses of compost manure significantly reduced the bioaccumulation of Cd in plankton, but maximum reduction was found under cumulative treatment at a low dose of the manure. A single treatment at a high dose or cumulative treatment at a low dose of the manure helped in reducing the total body burden of Cd. A dose of 2.5 mg L^?1 Cd did not show any adverse effect on the growth of fish, but compost manure, irrespective of its dose and combination with Cd, markedly increased the growth of fish and primary productivity of water. On the other hand, a high dose of manure resulted in much higher levels of NH₃-N, N0₂-N and P0₄-P in the water in comparison with other treatments     

Growth, stress response and free amino acid levels in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup 1858) chronically exposed to exogenous ammonia

Stressful husbandry conditions are likely to affect growth and amino acid metabolism in fish. In this study, chronic ammonia exposure was used to test the effects of a stressor on growth and amino acid metabolism of Senegalese sole juveniles. The fish were exposed for 52 days to 11.6 mg L⁻¹ [low‐TAN (L‐TAN)] or 23.2 mg L⁻¹ [high‐TAN (H‐TAN)] of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), or to 0 mg L⁻¹ (Control). Growth in L‐TAN groups was slightly but significantly different from the Control groups [relative growth rate (RGR=0.35±0.13 and 0.52±0.23% day⁻¹ respectively)]. In H‐TAN groups, growth was severely affected (RGR=0.01±0.13% day⁻¹). Stress parameters (plasma cortisol and glucose) showed slight or no significant differences between treatments. Plasma free amino acid (FAA) concentrations were affected after H‐TAN treatment. Increases in glutamine and aspartate concentrations in H‐TAN fish suggest alterations in amino acid metabolism related to nitrogen excretion processes. Some of the changes in FAA concentrations also suggest mobilization to energy supply and synthesis of metabolites related to stress response. Therefore, Senegalese sole seem to adapt to the L‐TAN concentration tested, but the H‐TAN concentration reduced growth and affected amino acid metabolism.     

天然叶黄素对黄颡鱼生长性能和皮肤着色的影响

研究了天然叶黄素(源自万寿菊,含量为4.64％)的添加水平对黄颡鱼生长和皮肤着色效果的影响.在黄颡鱼基础饲料中,分别添加0％、0.15％、0.30％、0.60％、8.00％的受试物,在不影响饲料营养水平的基础上设计最高剂量组为可能摄入剂量组的10倍以上,经挤压熟化工艺加工后,实际检测叶黄素含量为未检出(检出限=0.5 mg/kg)、24.2、54.2、118.0、1 700.0mg/kg,依次命名为C、L24.2、L54.2、L118、L1700.饲养90 d后发现,添加天然叶黄素的4个剂量组的特定生长率和饲料效率、L24.2组的蛋白沉积率、L54.2组和L118组及L1700组的能量沉积率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).体侧和腹部皮肤的黄度(b*)和饱和度(C*)随饲料中天然叶黄素含量的增加而逐步升高,L118组可达到饱和,并与L1700组之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05),L118组和最高剂量组皮肤中黄色素过度沉积,并向肌肉中转移.皮肤中叶黄素的蓄积系数呈现先升高后下降的趋势,最高为76.25 mg/kg饲料.结果表明,24.2～1700mg/kg的天然叶黄素显著提高了初始体质量21 9的黄颡鱼的生长性能.天然叶黄素作为黄颡鱼皮肤着色剂的最适剂量为76.25 mg/kg饲料.     

Administration of hot‐water extract of Padina boergesenii via immersion route to enhance haemolymph‐immune responses of Fenneropenaeus indicus (Edwards)

Various polysaccharides extract from marine algae to increase the non‐specific immune system in crustacean. In this study, effects of hot‐water extract on total haemocyte count, total plasma protein, Phagocytic activity, bacterial clearance efficiency and bactericidal activity while the shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus (10.12±2.18 g) were immersed in seawater (40 g L^?1 and 25±0.8 °C) containing hot‐water extract of brown algae Padina boergesenii at 100, 300 and 500 mg L^?1 for 1–4 h, were investigated. These parameters increased significantly (P<0.05) when the shrimp were immersed in seawater containing hot‐water extract at 100 mg L^?1 after 3 h and 300 and 500 mg L^?1 after 2 h. Fenneropenaeus indicus that were immersed in hot‐water extract at 300 and 500 mg L^?1 had significantly increased phagocytic activity and increased clearance efficiency to Vibrio harveyi after 2 h. But bactericidal activity increased after 1 h immersed in 500 mg L^?1 concentration.     

尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌Sip蛋白乳酸菌活载体口服疫苗的研制及其免疫效果

链球菌病是威胁我国罗非鱼养殖产业健康发展的重要病害之一。为研制出免疫效果好、操作简便的罗非鱼链球菌病疫苗,本研究构建重组表达无乳链球菌Sip蛋白的穿梭质粒pNZ8124-Sip,通过酶切和测序验证后电转化乳酸乳球菌NZ9000,获得能够诱导重组表达无乳链球菌Sip蛋白的乳酸菌活菌载体疫苗。采用SPS-PAGE电泳摸索最佳诱导浓度和诱导时间以获得最大表达量,通过镍柱纯化目的蛋白并进行Western blot检测;利用不同浓度的重组乳酸菌活载体疫苗灌胃口服免疫尼罗罗非鱼,采用间接ELISA法测定免疫后血清抗体水平变化,通过人工腹腔注射感染无乳链球菌获得相对免疫保护率。研究结果显示,构建的重组乳酸乳球菌可通过nisin诱导表达大小为48 ku特异性蛋白,与目的蛋白大小一致;PAGE电泳显示,重组蛋白主要以可溶蛋白和包涵体2种形式存在,其中胞内可溶性蛋白浓度达7.65 mg/mL;诱导表达的最佳条件为100 ng/mL nisin诱导6 h;Western blot检测结果显示,诱导蛋白可与鼠抗His标签抗体特异性结合。口服免疫结果显示,中浓度组(2.24×10~(10) CFU/mL)和低浓度组(2.24×10~9 CFU/mL)免疫2次能够显著提高尼罗罗非鱼的血清抗体水平和抗无乳链球菌感染能力,中浓度免疫组的相对免疫保护率最高为41.0%。本研究可为罗非鱼链球菌病口服疫苗的研究奠定基础,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effect of high dietary intakes of vitamin E and n-3 HUFA on immune responses and resistance to Edwardsiella tarda challenge in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, Temminck and Schlegel)

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary intake of vitamin E (supplied as dl ‐α‐tocopheryl acetate) and n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 HUFA) on the non‐specific immune response and disease resistance in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Nine practical diets were formulated to contain one of three levels of vitamin E namely, 0, 80 or 200 mg kg^?1 (the total α‐tocopherol contents in the diets were 21, 97 and 213 mg kg^?1 based on analysis), and at each vitamin E level with one of three n‐3 HUFA levels i.e. 0.5%, 1.5% or 2.0%. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of Japanese flounder (initial body weight: 40.5±1.0 g, mean±SD) in a re‐circulation rearing system. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation at 07:00 and 18:00 hours for 12 weeks. During the experimental period, water temperature was maintained at 18±1°C, salinity 31–35 g L^?1, and pH 7.8–8.2. Dissolved oxygen was not less than 6 mg L^?1, and there were negligible levels of free ammonia and nitrite. The results showed that the increase in dietary n‐3 HUFA from 0.5% to 1.0% significantly decreased muscle α‐tocopherol contents in fish‐fed diets with 21 and 97 mg α‐tocopherol kg^?1 diet (P<0.05). In 1.0% HUFA groups, alternative complement pathway activity (ACH₅₀) of fish fed the diet containing the 213 mg α‐tocopherol kg^?1 diet was significantly higher than noted for fish fed the diet containing 97 mg α‐tocopherol kg^?1 diet (P<0.05). Fish fed the diet with 213 mg α‐tocopherol kg^?1 and 2.0% n‐3 HUFA had the highest lysozyme activity (131.7 U mL^?1) among all the dietary treatments. Fish fed the diets containing 97 and 213 mg α‐tocopherol kg^?1 with 1.0% n‐3 HUFA had significantly higher respiratory burst activity than those fed the diets containing 21 mg α‐tocopherol kg^?1 with 0.5 and 1.0% n‐3 HUFA (P<0.05). In the disease resistance experiment, high intake of dietary vitamin E with 213 mg α‐tocopherol kg^?1 significantly decreased cumulative mortality and delayed the days to first mortality after a 7‐day Edwardsiella tarda challenge (P<0.05). In addition, under the experimental conditions, dietary vitamin E and n‐3 HUFA had a synergistic effect on the non‐specific immune responses and disease resistance in Japanese flounder (P<0.05).     

亚硝态氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾体内亚硝态氮的积累与能量代谢响应

为探究亚硝态氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾[体长为(6.8±0.3) cm,体质量为(4.0±0.6) g]体内亚硝态氮的时空分布与能量代谢相关酶活性的响应,实验设置0(对照组)、0.8、4.0和8.0 mmol/L 4个处理组,进行持续96 h的亚硝态氮胁迫实验和12 h的恢复实验。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾死亡率与胁迫浓度呈现显著的正相关性。胁迫6 h内,亚硝态氮在凡纳滨对虾鳃、血淋巴、肠道、肝胰腺和肌肉组织中明显积累,且积累量与胁迫浓度呈现正相关。相同胁迫浓度组,亚硝态氮在对虾鳃中积累最多,肌肉中最少,鳃中的积累量约为肌肉的3倍。Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性在0.8和4.0 mmol/L组对虾肝胰腺和肌肉中显著升高,而在8.0 mmol/L组的肌肉中显著降低。胁迫各组对虾肝胰腺AMPK活性显著上升,且与胁迫浓度呈现正相关性。恢复期间,除血淋巴(8.0 mmol/L组)外,各组织中亚硝态氮1 h恢复效率均超过50%,且肝胰腺和鳃的恢复效率最高,达到74%以上。血淋巴、鳃、肠道中亚硝态氮恢复到对照组水平的时间最短,均在6 h以内,而水体中亚硝态氮含量显著升高。以上研究表明,胁迫下亚硝态氮会在对虾组织中迅速积累,并引起能量代谢进程的加快;胁迫解除后,积累在体内的亚硝态氮能够迅速排出体外,以减轻毒性影响。本研究结果将为缓解亚硝态氮对养殖对虾毒性效应的研究提供参考。