山东省群众渔业绳拖网试验综述

近几年,山东省各有关单位先后在136—147Kw渔船上试验了目大1m、2.2m、4m、5m、6m、7m、8m、10.8m的绳拖网,取得显著效果。本文对各种绳拖网的试验情况进行综合分析,并提出改进意见。     

关于136kW渔船乙纶绳拖网设计的几个问题

<正> 近几年,山东省群众渔业绳拖网发展很快,1993～1997年先后在136～198kW渔船上试验成功目大为5～12m的网具。由于绳拖网网型大,产量高,因而引起人们的瞩目。山东省水产主管部门将把它列为全省近期的主要推广项目。 136kW渔船是山东省拖网作业的主要船型之一,现对该类渔船乙纶绳拖网设计中的几个问题,提初步看法。     

山东省群众渔业变水层绳拖网研究↑（*）

近几年，山东省群众渔业绳拖网发展很快，进入９０年代以来，先后在蓬莱、荣成和环翠等地的１３６－１４７Ｋｗ渔船上试验了目大０８ｍ、１ｍ、２２ｍ、３５ｍ、４ｍ、５ｍ、６ｍ、７ｍ、８ｍ、１０８ｍ的绳拖网，取得显著效果。本文对山东省各种绳拖网的试验情况，网型特点，网线配置和其他方面的性能进行了综合分析，并提出改进意见。     

渔业动态

丹麦研制出新型拖网 丹麦拖网制造商—Thyboron Tranlbinderi A/S设计和制作的一种新型拖网据称是在改革工业捕捞。 这是一种使用轻型材料制作的新型大型拖网,前部使用U绳,后部使用Dyneema网线,网口高度38m,第1航次2d捕获350t鱼,比其它船多一半。     

大网目拖网渔具的设计和使用

<正> 一、大网目拖网的使用状况 90年代以来,国内外拖网渔具的重大变革之一,是设计、使用大网目拖网。 中国原先的拖网,最大网目一般在50cm以下,几乎没有达到1m的。80年代后期,主要由于资源的变化,各地相继试验成功了一批大网目拖网,如我国南海地区,使用目大在1.6m的四片式拖网,在捕捞带鱼、马鲛鱼生产中获得增产;山东省在黄海地区捕捞马鲛鱼、鲐鱼生产中,使用6m、8m网目的浮拖网也取得显著的增产效益;1996年更有使用网目10.8m的浮拖网,     

136kW渔船鳀鱼变水层拖网的试验研究

本文报道了改进设计的专用鳀鱼变水层拖网1994～1995年期间海上的试验结果。试验结果表明:该网的结构合理,网具性能优良。网口高度达12.6m,拖速提高到3.0～3.8节。拖网阻力比原生产网减少19％,平均网次产量比原生产网增产35.3％。     

小型渔船目大10.8m绳拖网试验

从80年代中期开始,上海、烟台和大连海洋渔业公司先后从欧洲购进大型拖网渔船,并同时引进德国、西班牙和韩国的目大十几米的大目中层拖网。经过消化、改革,特别是又将网目进一步扩大以后,网具性能又有明显改善。这些大型中层拖网的引进、发展和显著的捕鱼效果,对我国传统拖网的改进提高,产生了较大的影响,使我们从中得到新的启示,引发我们对国内传统拖网做出新的尝试,特别是大胆地放大网目,扩大网型,为进一步增产增收创造了条件。 在这种形势影响下,近几年山东省有关单位先后设计并试验了目大6—10.8m的绳拖网,取得了显著的增产效果。     

北海大网目拖网技术试验

报道了1996年2月～1997年11月期间北海市大网目拖网技术试验与推广的结果。拖网作业性能通过海上实测表明，新设计的80目×3000mm和66目×3000mm大网目拖网网口高度达14.2～15.1m，比普通生产网提高2倍以上。试验船的平均产量、产值和利税分别比普通生产船提高32.99％、61.11％和114.83％。由于捕捞效果明显，大网目拖网推广使用率达84.93％。     

单船深水底拖网渔具渔法的试验研究

本文总结了于2007年5～8月间,在毛里塔尼亚海域渔业资源调查中,"中水9504"和"中水9505"探捕船进行单船深水底拖网渔具渔法试验研究的情况和结果.本研究提出的四片式底拖网的设计原则和结构的设计方法合理、可行;所研制的四片式底层拖网网型适宜西非单船底拖网渔船使用,并能取得较好的经济效益;新设计的四片式拖网与原使用的六片式拖网相比,网具线面积减少18%,网口周长减小6.42%,网具水动力性能(M)优于原生产网;当拖速为3.5Kn时,四片式拖网的网具阻力可比原生产网下降10.76%,网口高度可提高8.45%,拖网的水动力性能值可提高42.24%.生产试验证明,四片式底层拖网结构合理、工艺简单、易于推广应用.与原生产网相比平均产量、产值均可提高17%以上.     

绳拖网与普通拖网阻力对比分析↑（*）

本文对目大６ｍ、８ｍ、１０．８ｍ的绳拖网分别与疏目拖网、小目拖网的阻力进行了对比分析。据几顶有代表性的网具统计,绳拖网网口周长比同级渔船使用的疏目拖网增大１．１６～１．４３倍,比小目拖网增大１．８８～２．１６倍。网具阻力分别降低３０％～３４％和４０％～４５％,绳拖网阻力小,为大网快拖、增产增收创造了条件。     

东海区拖网网囊网目选择性研究

通过东海区拖网网囊网目对带鱼和小黄鱼的选择性试验，对拖网最适网囊网目尺寸进行了分析研究。结果表明：1．网囊网目45mm，小黄鱼和带鱼的逃逸率均较低，渔获中兼捕大量当年生经济幼鱼；2．网囊网目54mm，小黄鱼的50％选择体长尚小于其优势体长组范围，带鱼的50％，选择体长已部分进入其优势体长组范围；3．网囊网目65mm，选择体长范围与选择鱼种的优势体长组范围基本一致。综合分析认为：目前东海区最理想的拖网网囊网目不小于60mm。     

中国沿海底层拖网网型分析

作者根据中国沿海现有几十种较有代表性的底层有翼单囊拖网网具资料,统计了大量的网具设计参数,并根据拖网的结构特征和作业性能来分析研究结果,认为在中国沿海拖网渔业生产中,使用较多、效果良好并具有一定代表性的底层有翼单囊拖网的网型,主要有尾拖型、疏目型、改进疏目型和编结型四种,并认为这四种网型的作业性能可简单地归纳为:改进疏目型为高口中速;尾拖型为中口中速;编结型为中口高速;疏目型为低口快速。     

选择性虾拖网渔具渔法研究

根据虾拖网存在网目偏小，渔获物中经济鱼、虾类幼体和杂物所占比例较大等问题，于2002～2003年对在福建海区生产的网板虾拖网作业的网具进行改革，主要是在网具的后部采用上、下两个囊网。下囊网入口处装配刚性栅隔装置，起鱼、虾分离作用，上囊网采用放大网目尺寸，以达到释放经济鱼、虾类幼体为目的。通过改革试验取得了良好的效果。本文着重论述改革后的渔具特点与渔法。     

小型渔船绳拖网的研究与试验

１９９３～１９９５年，先后设计和试验了网口目大６ｍ，８ｍ，１０．８ｍ３种规格拖网，普遍增产２０％以上，本文着重介绍１３６ｋＷ渔船使用的网口目大８ｍ的拖网设计方法及试验情况，提出根据捕捞对象习性选择网身形状，根据网以力和渔船功率配置网线，并研究了网目尺寸和网口周长的确定以及网盖和网袖设计。     

Sampling performance and operational quality of a frame trawl used to catch juvenile fish

SUMMARY: A sampling trawl with a rigid mouth; that is, the frame trawl, was designed so as to catch the large larval and juvenile fish more efficiently. The net consisted of four 13 m panels (nylon multifilament and twine diameter φ 0.75 mm, mesh size 8 mm). The frame of the net's mouth was composed of four stainless steel pipes (length 4 m, diameter φ 76 mm, thickness 5 mm). Several operations were conducted to investigate the capability of catching juveniles. A lot of Sardinops melanostictus juveniles, which are generally difficult to catch, were caught during every operation. Underwater observations proved that juveniles could not elude the capture. The frame trawl requires no special handling and is possible to operate in a rough sea.     

调整作业参数对小网目南极磷虾拖网水动力性能的影响

小网目南极磷虾拖网有规格小、操作方便、起放网省时的特点。针对规格为185.4 m×97.5 m(41.8 m)的小网目南极磷虾拖网的水平扩张、浮力、重锤重量、沉力、空纲长度5个作业参数,分别进行3~6次调整试验,测试阻力和网口高度,并比较能耗系数。结果表明:在下纲端部间距分别为16.65、18.75、20.85m 3种水平扩张下,扩大水平扩张可引起网口高度下降,但阻力上升的幅度不大,能耗系数变化不明显;随着浮力的增加,网具阻力、网口高度均呈上升趋势,低拖速下增加浮力对网口高度的提升效果更明显,浮力增加可使网具的能耗系数下降,但在浮力达到19.6 k N后,再增加浮力能耗系数反而有所升高;增加重锤重量和在下中纲处增加沉力对网具阻力的影响效果相近,均呈上升趋势,增加重锤重量对网口高度的提升表现在低拖速时,随着拖速的上升网口高度的提升作用下降;增加沉力可提升网口高度,但在沉力达到14.36 k N后,再增加沉力对网口高度的提升效果不明显,能耗系数反而上升;空纲长度从66 m增加到84 m可明显提高网口高度,而网具阻力上升不明显,能耗系数呈下降趋势。     

Efficiency of the bottom trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey (MEDITS)

The aim of the work presented in this paper was to assess the relative efficiency of the GOC 73 sampling trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey programme (MEDITS) compared with that of a typical Italian commercial trawl. The latter was chosen because it is commonly used by fishermen in the central Adriatic, where the experiment was conducted, and therefore appeared as the best possible sampler of the commercial species present in those areas. Moreover, this trawl is similar to the various trawls used for the Italian national survey programme (GRUND). Four fishing trips were conducted between 1996 and 1997 in different areas and seasons to sample different species. Each trip was conducted in the same fishing area. A codend cover mounted on the commercial trawl ensured that the codends of the two nets had the same mesh opening. The two trawls were alternated daily. Net geometry (horizontal and vertical net opening) was measured during all tows. Catch data were converted into abundance per swept area before comparing the trawls. Efficiency comparisons were performed on ten fish species, one crustacean and four molluscs belonging to the MEDITS list of main reference species. The MEDITS trawl was significantly less efficient in terms of both weight and numbers of individuals fished for hake (Merluccius merluccius), common sole (Solea vulgaris) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). A highly significant difference in favour of the commercial trawl was found in the weight, but not the numbers, of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). Efficiency differences were negligible for red mullet (Mullus barbatus), while the MEDITS trawl was significantly more efficient for the numbers of Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). For all the other main reference species differences were not significant. The commercial trawl was more efficient for large individuals of some species. The relative efficiency of the MEDITS trawl was especially low for small-size classes of N. norvegicus. The results confirm the lower efficiency of the MEDITS compared with the commercial Italian trawl for benthic species, and its greater efficiency for some others released from the bottom as well as for the pelagic ones. These data allow the results of the MEDITS surveys to be compared with those of the GRUND programme and with commercial-fleet catches in areas where the commercial trawls used are similar to the one studied here.     

大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化。为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法。群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较。结果表明,model-1模型和model-2模型在相同流速条件下的形态变化趋势基本一致;model-1的阻力计算结果相较于model-2更接近于物理模型试验结果,model-2的计算结果存在16%~26%的相对误差;两种数值模型的网口垂直扩张和水平扩张的计算结果与物理模型试验结果相近,最大相对误差仅5%~10%。数值模拟较好地呈现了大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的状态,可以在一定程度上代替传统的水槽模型试验,为拖网渔具设计和优化提供一种可供选择的数值分析方法。     

Net selectivity studies in the Northern Ireland Nephrops fishery

The effect on catch composition of a large mesh lifter net fitted to a trawl cod-end was investigated in the Northern Ireland Nephrops fishery in the north west Irish Sea (ICES area Vila). Two experiments were conducted using chartered commercial fishing vessels. In the first experiment, parallel hauls showed there to be no significant difference in the Ncphrops size distribution caught by nets with and without a lifter net. The result of the second experiment, in which the cod-end was fitted with a small mesh cover to retain escaping Nephrops, did not suggest that the cod-end meshes were blinded by the lifter. Field data are contrasted with those from theoretical studies of mesh obstruction.