刚性分离栅对网板虾拖作业渔获物的分离效果

根据2002—2003年在福建中南部海区的网板虾拖网作业，应用刚性鱼虾分离栅进行释放经济幼鱼和鱼虾分离试验的资料，文章对试验期间的渔获物进行统计分析。结果表明：网板虾拖作业网具采用刚性分离栅对鱼类和虾类的分离特别明显，对体形较大的蟹类也有一定的分离效果，而对头足类的分离不是很明显。放大囊网网目尺寸的网袋可减少对主要经济种类幼体和其它种类的捕捞，从而达到有选择性的捕捞，保护渔业资源。     

广东大鹏湾虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

虾拖网渔业是南海海域重要的作业方式之一,但尚未有关该渔业网目尺寸选择性的报道。为评价虾拖网渔具的渔获性能、合理利用虾类资源,在广东大鹏湾进行了网目选择性试验。试验采用双支架虾拖网作为试验网具,并使用套网法估算了网目内径为35、40和45 mm的网囊对主捕虾类的选择性。结果显示,虾类渔获中刀额新对虾、须赤虾、周氏新对虾和日本囊对虾渔获数量较多,比较以往资料,刀额新对虾和周氏新对虾优势体长、平均体长均有所下降,其它2种虾类平均体长未见明显变化;选择性分析结果显示,主捕虾类的L50随网目尺寸线性增大。根据试验结果并结合历史资料,笔者认为现阶段35 mm的网囊网目尺寸对于保护上述4种虾类资源是比较合适的。     

大鹏湾捕虾拖网渔获分隔试验的效果分析

捕虾拖网渔业的特点是渔获组成多样性和渔获抛弃率高。在我国南海捕虾拖网渔业中,尚没有关于改善渔具种类选择性的研究。试验采用蝴蝶拖网作为试验网具,在网囊前部安装不同网目尺寸(130和110mm)和网目形状(方形和菱形)的分隔网片,将网囊分为2层即上层的虾袋和下层的鱼袋,并估算了分隔网片对主要虾类渔获的分隔率;除此以外,还通过安装TED来改善分隔网片的分隔效果。试验结果显示,虾袋中虾类渔获个体较鱼袋中的大,对比不同分隔网片设计的分隔率发现,网目尺寸对分隔效率具有显著的影响,而不同网目形状的分隔率没有显著差异;安装TED可以有效改善分隔网片的分隔效果。     

桁拖网渔具分隔网片对虾类的分隔效率

利用分隔网片将桁拖网渔具网囊分为上下2层(虾囊和鱼囊)以实现虾类和鱼类渔获分离,对于改善桁拖网渔具作业性能、提高目标种类渔获质量以及实现选择性捕捞具有重要的意义.为分析不同网日尺寸(60mm、75mm和90mm)分隔网片对主要渔获种类的分隔效率,在吕泗渔场开展了2个航次的海上生产实验.利用分隔装置性能分析模型,对哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)和葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravier)的渔获数据进行拟合.结果表明,不同虾类接触分隔网片的概率没有显著性差异;虾类个体50%接触概率体长约为40mm,表明大多数进入网具的虾类都能接触分隔网片.随着分隔网片网目尺寸增大,50%选择体长也逐渐增大.因此,分隔网片的分隔效率随之提高.鱼囊和虾囊的网目尺寸相同,但结构有所差异.比较在不同网囊尺寸选择性假设条件下渔获数据的拟合结果后发现,鱼囊和虾囊具有相同选择性的假设更为合理;通过比较发现,分隔网片对虾类的尺寸选择性与相同网目尺寸的网囊选择性具有较大的差异.本研究还对产生这一差异的原因进行了探讨.     

桁拖网作业中鱼虾分隔的初步试验研究

1996年末,我们在浙江渔场进行了桁拖网作业的鱼虾分隔试验,如同我们过去对这类渔具所作的放大网目以释放鱼、虾幼体;伸长吊纲,提高网口以增加对三疣梭子蟹的捕捞产量(季星辉等,1984)一样,本次试验也是这类网具选择性研究的内容之一,目标是改善桁拖网的选择性。在提高这种作业经济效益的同时,充分兼顾保护渔业资源和海洋生态环境的社会效益。 试验工作是在现有多囊捕虾桁拖网上,选择其中一个囊网,用一片目大为100mm的网片进行分隔,使鱼进入原囊网下方增设的盛鱼囊袋,而虾因其遇惊会弹跳的习性,穿过分隔网片进入原囊网。实践证明,分隔的效果是明显的,虾的分隔率达到55～68％,鱼的分隔率达到95％。现有的试验是初步的,我们将创造条件继续下去。     

选择性虾拖网推广试验报告

根据2006年8、9月选择性虾拖网与原生产网海上生产试验所捕获的渔获物进行分析比较表明:不同网袋的网目尺寸、不同袋口的装配方式,所捕捞的渔获种类比例各不相同;试验期间渔获品种79种,其中鱼类57种,虾类4种,头足类5种,蟹类10种,口足类3种;试验网袋捕获的经济鱼、虾、头足类幼体比对照网减少48.3%;平均网产增加3.82%.     

盘锦海域桁杆虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

为了解盘锦海域桁杆虾拖网的网囊网目尺寸是否适宜当地渔业生产,使用套网法研究了该网具不同网目尺寸的网囊对葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)和脊尾白虾(Palaemon carinicauda)的选择性。结果显示,试验网囊网目尺寸为20、25和33 mm时,葛氏长臂虾的50%选择体长L0.5分别为30.7、36和40 mm,选择范围SR分别为12.2、10.4和13.8 mm,选择性因数SF分别是1.5370、1.4394和1.3310;脊尾白虾的50%选择体长L0.5分别为38.3、40.2和45.3 mm,选择范围SR分别为9.3、14.4和12.9 mm,选择性因数SF分别是1.913 1、1.608 2和1.372 7。两种虾类的50%选择体长(L0.5)和网囊网目内径(m)的线性回归方程为,葛氏长臂虾:L0.5=0.686 9 m+17.691 8;脊尾白虾:L0.5=0.550 0 m+26.955 7。研究认为:盘锦海域常见的20 mm网囊网目的桁杆拖网会捕获大量的幼虾,对渔业资源造成巨大破坏;建议捕捞葛氏长臂虾可用网囊网目内径为33~38 mm的桁杆虾拖网,捕捞脊尾白虾可用网囊网目内径为24~30 mm的桁杆虾拖网。     

江浙沿海桁拖网作业性能的初步研究

本文报道了江浙沿海桁拖网作业性能试验的初步结果。作者将现用的桁拖网分为三个类型、五种结构模式，经过网具模型静水池试验和海上实测，对各类桁拖网的作业性能进行了比较研究。试验的结果表明，在现用的各类桁拖网中，以大网目双囊虾、蟹两用拖网的性能最佳，在相同拖曳阻力条件下，其网口高度最大，而且生产上能兼捕虾蟹。但其网口部位的网目似乎存在偏大的缺点，有漏虾现象。在其他各类中，小网目多囊桁拖网的性能一般优于双囊桁拖网。作者认为，桁拖网捕虾的渔获效率主要取决于网具的水平扩张即桁杆长度。现用桁拖网的桁杆长度已达到渔捞操作所允许的最大长度，但实际作业拖网所用功率一般都在渔船额定功率的10％以下，存在着能耗极不经济的状况，对此，极有研究改进之必要。     

鱼虾分离器对虾拖网渔获的影响

在虾拖网渔业的混合渔获中鱼的平均分布率高达81％，不仅鱼类资源有巨大浪费，而且对鱼类资源的繁殖也产生严重影响。为了减少幼鱼副渔获，经常采用网囊的网目选择性。但是，早期的研究证明，许多变量影响拖网和其他移动性渔具中鱼类的尺寸选择。要克服的最大问题之一就是网囊渔获增加后有效网目张开减小。     

黄海双船变水层拖网网囊的网目选择性研究

为研究黄海双船变水层拖网网囊的网目选择性,2015年10月在黄海南部进行了网囊网目为40、54、60mm和70mm的套网拖网试验,采用Logistic选择模型和体周估算法对网囊网目选择性进行研究。结果表明,黄海双船变水层拖网渔获主要为蓝点马鲛、银鲳、带鱼、小黄鱼和鳀鱼;随着网囊网目尺寸的增大,逃逸率明显增加;极大似然法估算的模型参数,用AIC值检验拟合良好;估算出以变水层拖网捕捞达到可捕标准的部分经济鱼类相应的网囊网目尺寸,分别为小黄鱼71.0 mm、银鲳103.6mm、带鱼92.3mm、蓝圆鲹63.8mm。在黄海目前的渔业资源现状下,为保护小黄鱼、带鱼和鲐鲹等中小型经济鱼类的渔业资源,建议将双船变水层拖网的最小网囊网目尺寸定为60mm。     

Slack regulation compliance in the Mediterranean fisheries: a paradigm from the Greek Aegean Sea demersal trawl fishery,modelling discard ogives

Annual discard ogives were estimated using generalised additive models (GAMs) for seven demersal fish species (or taxa) and deep‐water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas). Analysis was based on data collected on board commercial bottom trawlers in the central Aegean Sea from 1995 to 2008. Length of specimens and fishing depth (along with year) were the variables that had the most profound effect on the proportion of fish discarded. Compliance with the established minimum catch size of marine organisms (MS) was very low, a fact attributed to the low selectivity of currently used mesh sizes, the market demand for undersized fish, as well as the low control and enforcement effort.     

Fishing profiles of Danish seiners and bottom trawlers in relation to current EU management regulations

Danish seines and bottom trawls operate differently and have different catching processes. Both gears belong to the same legislative category in European fisheries, but different management strategies in other countries and criticism by fishers on grouping Danish seines and trawls together indicate disagreement on current gear classification. This study compared both gears in terms of their fishing characteristics and catches of commercial species based on 16 years of observer data. Danish seining is a specialised fishing method that targeted few species but with higher total catch rates than bottom trawlers. Bottom trawling is a more all‐purpose fishing method that targets a larger number of species, and bottom trawlers use larger engines than Danish seiners. A generalised additive mixed model indicated that catch rates of flatfish are generally higher for Danish seines, and catch rates of roundfish species are higher for trawlers. The results do not directly suggest a separation of the gears in terms of legislation as the quantities of fish below current minimum size were similar, but for example future survival studies may reach different conclusions. Additional factors were found to be important in determining catches of both gears.     

Response of benthic fauna to experimental bottom fishing: A global meta‐analysis

Bottom‐contact fishing gears are globally the most widespread anthropogenic sources of direct disturbance to the seabed and associated biota. Managing these fishing disturbances requires quantification of gear impacts on biota and the rate of recovery following disturbance. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis of 122 experiments on the effects‐of‐bottom fishing to quantify the removal of benthos in the path of the fishing gear and to estimate rates of recovery following disturbance. A gear pass reduced benthic invertebrate abundance by 26% and species richness by 19%. The effect was strongly gear‐specific, with gears that penetrate deeper into the sediment having a significantly larger impact than those that penetrate less. Sediment composition (% mud and presence of biogenic habitat) and the history of fishing disturbance prior to an experimental fishing event were also important predictors of depletion, with communities in areas that were not previously fished, predominantly muddy or biogenic habitats being more strongly affected by fishing. Sessile and low mobility biota with longer life‐spans such as sponges, soft corals and bivalves took much longer to recover after fishing (>3 year) than mobile biota with shorter life‐spans such as polychaetes and malacostracans (<1 year). This meta‐analysis provides insights into the dynamics of recovery. Our estimates of depletion along with estimates of recovery rates and large‐scale, high‐resolution maps of fishing frequency and habitat will support more rigorous assessment of the environmental impacts of bottom‐contact gears, thus supporting better informed choices in trade‐offs between environmental impacts and fish production.     

Indirect effects of bottom fishing on the productivity of marine fish

One quarter of marine fish production is caught with bottom trawls and dredges on continental shelves around the world. Towed bottom‐fishing gears typically kill 20–50 per cent of the benthic invertebrates in their path, depending on gear type, substrate and vulnerability of particular taxa. Particularly vulnerable are epifaunal species, which stabilize the sediment and provide habitat for benthic invertebrates. To identify the habitats, fisheries or target species most likely to be affected, we review evidence of the indirect effects of bottom fishing on fish production. Recent studies have found differences in the diets of certain species in relation to bottom fishing intensity, thereby linking demersal fish to their benthic habitats at spatial scales of ~10 km. Bottom fishing affects diet composition and prey quality rather than the amount of prey consumed; scavenging of discarded by‐catch makes only a small contribution to yearly food intake. Flatfish may benefit from light trawling levels on sandy seabeds, while higher‐intensity trawling on more vulnerable habitats has a negative effect. Models suggest that reduction in the carrying capacity of habitats by bottom fishing could lead to lower equilibrium yield and a lower level of fishing mortality to obtain maximum yield. Trawling effort is patchily distributed – small fractions of fishing grounds are heavily fished, while large fractions are lightly fished or unfished. This patchiness, coupled with the foraging behaviour of demersal fish, may mitigate the indirect effects of bottom fishing on fish productivity. Current research attempts to scale up these localized effects to the population level.     

Strategies for improving fuel efficiency in the Portuguese trawl fishery

The recent rise in oil prices has brought renewed attention to energy savings in the fishing industry, and particularly in trawling. Coastal trawlers spend most of their time on fishing grounds near the coast. In such cases, the most successful energy-saving modifications ought to result from changes in the fishing gear and towing conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify the energy-economy potential for Portuguese fish trawlers after altering a vessel's operating conditions and improving its trawl gear performance. Two trawlers, named Tricana de Aveiro and João Macedo were selected as subjects in this project. Both vessels work with gear of similar design and size. Experimental sea trials were carried out to elucidate the actual vessel and gear performance. A model trawl was then built and tested in a flume tank, which provided the basis for improving the gear design. Full-scale trials were then carried out with both vessels using the modified trawls in order to assess changes in gear performance. The new trawls maintained their previous ability to catch species of different ecological groups and consumed less fuel at the same commercial trawling speed. An economic study showed potential increases in the net cash flow (NCF) of up to 27% over the range of operational navigation and trawling speeds. Having demonstrated the performance of the new trawls, the skippers of both vessels subsequently adopted the new design for commercial fishing.     

2014年江苏沿海定置张网渔业生产时空分布特征

本研究基于 2014 年江苏沿海定置张网渔船的大样本随机抽样调查数据, 对渔船捕捞产量及渔获物结构的时空分布特征进行了初步分析。研究结果显示: 江苏沿海渔船捕捞具有显著的空间特征, 多数在近海生产、少有渔船远赴外海生产, 除个别月份, 少有渔船在长江口航道中生产, 长江口近岸北侧常年有该类渔船生产, 在江苏近岸 20 m 等深线附近水域形成了一条连贯、且相对高产的水道走廊。渔船生产具有季节性, 在水温偏低的冬季, 渔船趋于向外、向南扩展生产, 而在水温偏高的夏季则趋于向北扩展生产。渔获物结构比较分析发现, 主捕对象存在季节变化, 分别出现虾类(1—4 月和 10—11 月)、毛虾(2—3 月、5 月和 11—12 月)、梭子蟹(9—11 月)等渔获比例相对较高的情况, 而杂鱼杂虾除 1—4 月和 11 月比例相对偏小外, 其余月份比例均较高, 虾类资源与其他杂鱼杂虾资源之间呈现显著负向关系。文献比较分析发现, 渔获物中的杂鱼杂虾与经济鱼类幼鱼之间有对应关系。基于研究结果, 建议定置张网伏休时间提前一个月、并加强伏休后渔船捕捞网目尺寸的管理, 以确保足量补充群体维持渔业资源的可持续利用。     

A synthesis to understand responses to capture stressors among fish discarded from commercial fisheries and options for mitigating their severity

Discarding non‐target fish from commercial fisheries is controversial and has been a persistent concern for fisheries managers globally. Discard management strategies typically begin by understanding mortality rates among discarded fish, a challenging task given the dynamic, highly context‐specific nature of fisheries. An alternative is to develop our knowledge of how stressors operate by first understanding the causes of mortality that drive this context dependence. Particularly relevant to mitigation efforts is an understanding of how fish respond to the physical factors of fishing, such as the gear itself and methods of fishing and handling the gear. We provide a synthesis of how commercial fishing methods may influence discard mortality and outline means by which capture‐induced stress and injury can be mitigated for common commercial gear types, emphasizing method variants or alternatives during capture, handling, and release that could improve survival. This synthesis identifies exhaustion and injury as the most detrimental and ubiquitous stressors experienced by discarded fish, with few options for mitigating their effects. Trawls and hanging net fisheries are identified as the most harmful gears for by‐catch, characterized by high stress regardless of method variants and limited options for mitigation. Irrespective of gear type and type of stressor, minimizing durations of capture and handling and encouragement of good handling behaviour (e.g., during landing and sorting) will reduce the magnitude of stress and injury in fish, and ultimately increase survival.     

Flume tank and in situ trials for verification of static and dynamic methods for gear depth and underwater behavior of hairtail trolling lines

We investigated the underwater shapes of trolling lines for the improvement of hairtail fishing efficiency. Two sets of experiments were carried out, one on a small scale, where flume tank tests of four models were scaled down by a ratio of 1:10 and trolled at different speeds, and another at full scale, comprising a survey on board a commercial fleet. In situ trials were conducted off the coast of Jeju Island, South Korea, at 33°27′57.528″N, 126°55′48.846″E, a potential fishing ground for hairtail fishing. The full-scale gear was set by altering sinker weights whilst changing the length of the warp line at different towing speeds. A dynamic method using a mass-spring technique and full-scale gear was developed. External and internal forces that govern the motion of the gear were considered. A non-linear differential equation of motion was developed, solved by a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method at a time step of 5?×?10^?4 s for each trial. A static method was also developed using full-scale gear to predict the equilibrium gear configuration under all fishing conditions. The dynamic method better predicts the actual underwater performance of trolling line gear in real time.