长江天鹅洲故道“四大家鱼”种质资源天然生态库建库可行性研究

天鹅洲故道水面面积为１３．７－３０．０ｋｍ＾２。据１９９１－１９９４年的调查，该故道具有以下优良性状：（１）水质好，溶解氧为５．７－１０．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ，透明度为０．３－１．７５ｍ。（２）水生生物丰富，共有１６门，３０６种。（３）鱼类种类繁多，计有９目１８科７７种。（４）家鱼资源丰富，性状优良。每年７－８月约有近２０万尾鲢、鳙、草、青鱼苗种进入故道育肥，其渔获量在７万ｋｇ左右；生长参数的比较分析证明     

老江河鱼类种类多样性和优势种的初步研究

利用１９９１年６月至１９９４年１２月在老江河主要渔具渔获物中采集的４６９０８９尾、１８９９２０７ｋｇ样本，在分析老江河鱼类群落组成的基础上，依优势度确定了９个优势种，并得到Ｓｈａｎ ｎｏｎ指数、Ｗｉｌｈｍ改进指数和Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数分别为４１４７３、３１６０１和０８９７９，Ｈｍａｘ为６４４２９，种类均匀性ＥＩ、ＥＢ、ＥＳ分别为０６４３７、０４９０５和０１３９４。老江河饵料生物资源和现在的渔业生产方式，有利于鱼类多样性的提高。     

长江天鹅洲通江故道水生和湿地生物多样性保护

长江天鹅洲通江故道水生和湿地生物多样性保护刘建华，张泽民，陈昌湧（湖北省石首市水产局）天鹅洲故道位于湖北省石首市境内，长约２１公里，宽１５００米，呈新月形。故道平均水深４．５米，上口在高水位（３６．０ｍ）时与长江相通，下口全年与长江通流。其周围有芦苇...     

长江天鹅洲故道短颌鲚（Coilia brachynathus）年龄研究

长江天鹅洲故道位于湖北省石首市境内，周围无工业污染，水质条件好，饵料生物十分丰富，是鱼类繁育的优良场所。近年来，由于长江水环境的恶化，列为国家一级保护对象的珍稀动物白鬻豚濒临灭绝，1992年国务院批准在天鹅洲故道建立白紧豚国家级自然保护区。目前，故道里生活着20多头江豚，生长良好，而且已经实现了正常的繁殖，为放养白紧豚提供了宝贵的科学依据。     

东、黄海冬季底层鱼类群落结构及其多样性

根据１９９１年１～２月东、黄海冬季底层鱼类资源调查资料，分析了该海域的鱼类群落结构。本次调查共捕获鱼类４５６２．４９ｋｇ，７２９３５尾，１９８种。其中，暖温种居第１位，有８７种，占４３．９％；暖水种次之，有８６种，占４３．４％；冷温种最少，有１５种，占７．６％。相对重要性指数（ＩＲＩ）大于５００的鱼类定为优势种，共有５种：竹Ｊｉａ鱼、带鱼、小黄鱼、Ｔｉ鱼、绿鳍马面Ｔｕｎ；ＩＲＩ值在５００～１００的鱼类定为常见种，共有１０种：银鲳、短尾大眼鲷、黑鳃梅童鱼、短鳍红娘鱼、黄ＡｎＫａｎｇ、细纹狮子鱼、黑ＡｎＫａｎｇ、龙头鱼、黄鲫、白姑鱼。使用种类丰富度指数（Ｄ）、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ多样度指数（Ｈ′）、种类均匀度指数（Ｊ′）分析该海域鱼类群落多样性特征，Ｄ值变动在１．１２１～７．０８６之间，Ｈ′值在０．５８６～     

黄海无脊椎动物资源结构及多样性

根据1998～2000年在黄海进行的生物资源底拖网定点试捕调查，所取得的春、夏、秋、冬4季347个样方的无脊椎动物资料，分析了黄海无脊椎动物的资源结构及多样性。调查捕获无脊椎动物53种、2336．896kg、1385397尾。运用相对重要性指数(IRI)作为生态优势度的度量指标，依此来划定每个种在群落中的作用。IRI大于1000的种类定为优势种，全年只有1种，即冷温性的脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)，该种的渔获量占总渔获量的61．4％；IRI值在1000～100的种类定为重要种，有3种(类)，即枪乌贼(Loligo sp.)、太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)和鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curuirostris)，它们的渔获量占总渔获量的25.8％。使用物种丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)和种类均匀性指数(J')剖析了该水域无脊椎动物群落的多样性特征。群落各样方指数D=0．000～2．347，H’=0．000～2．140，J=0．006～1．000。此外还采用Bray-Curis指数CN来比较黄海不同区域无脊椎动物群落之间物种组成的相似性。研究结果表明，黄海北部无脊椎动物群落与黄海南部无脊椎动物群落之间的种类组成相似性最高，CN=0．846，黄海中部无脊椎动物群落与黄海南部无脊椎动物群落之间的种类组成相似性最低，CN=0．478。经分析，黄海现有无脊椎动物群落的优势种及多样性具有比较好的稳定性。     

福建东山岛海域渔业资源前景及其开发与管理

１９９０年５、８、１０和１９９１年１月四个季度月调查结果，东山岛海域有游泳生物１８１种，其中鱼类１３９处，甲壳类３４种，头足类８种。小种类的生物量和密度，占总生物量和总密度的７６．１８％和８６．０７％。与１９８５年同期比较，生物量和密度分别下降２８．６９％和２３．００％，年递减率为０．０６５４和０．０５０９，其中１１种重要经济鱼类的生物量和密度，下降幅度达８４．３５％和８３．４５％，年递减率为０．     

长江天鹅洲白鱀豚国家级自然保护区鱼类资源现状

了解湖北长江天鹅洲白鱀豚国家级保护区的鱼类资源现状,为豚类保护措施的制定提供参考,也为长江渔业资源的保护和管理提供依据。于2017-2019年在保护区水域进行了渔获物和渔业水声学调查。调查共采集到鱼类83种(亚种),结合历史资料,保护区共分布有鱼类154种(亚种),隶属于11目25科85属。历史资料中的71种在此次调查中未采集到,有7种为此次调查新增种类。长江干流和天鹅洲故道的优势种和鱼类密度均存在较大差别。在保护区长江干流江段,黄颡鱼(Tachysurus fulvidraco)和银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)为优势种,在天鹅洲故道,光泽黄颡鱼(Tachysurus nitidus)和贝氏歺又鱼(Hemiculter bleekeri)为优势种。长江干流和天鹅洲故道的鱼类资源平均密度分别为(0.40±0.38)和(0.94±0.81)尾/m~3。调查结果表明,保护区的鱼类资源仍处于衰退的进程中,需针对保护区不同水域采取不同的保护措施。     

低值鱼和水产废弃物在调味料生产中的利用

资源潜力巨大 1984年，全世界总渔获量8，631．4万吨，其中暖水性中上层低值鱼鲲鱼、沙丁鱼类，占15．4％，达1，332．8万吨。这一年日本的鲲鱼、沙丁鱼渔获量459万吨，占其海洋渔获1，129万吨的41％。     

长江口及其邻近海域渔业资源结构的季节变化

基于2012年8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)、2013年1月(冬季)和5月(春季)长江口及其邻近海域的渔业底拖网调查数据,对渔业种类组成、数量分布、群落多样性及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果显示,共捕获渔业种类114种,隶属于17目66科90属,其中鱼类12目36科50属58种,鲈形目种类最多(26种),甲壳类2目25科33属49种,头足类仅3目5科6属7种。长江口及其邻近海域渔业资源优势种季节更替明显,仅龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)为全年优势种。秋季平均单位网次渔获量最高(29.20 kg/h·net),春季(17.95 kg/h·net)高于夏季(14.60 kg/h·net),冬季最低(10.15 kg/h·net),各季节均以底层鱼类和甲壳类为主,中上层鱼类渔获量仅春季较高,占总渔获量20.1%。春、夏季群落多样性指数较秋、冬季高,春季(163)和夏季(176)渔业资源群落更替指数较高,群落稳定性较低,夏季(6)和冬季(–5)迁移指数接近于零,渔业生物迁入和迁出处于相对平衡状态。各季节渔获种类数和总渔获量分别与底层鱼类和甲壳类渔获量呈极显著正相关;秋季渔获种类数与表层温度呈显著正相关,与深度呈极显著正相关。长江口及其邻近海域渔业低质种类呈增加趋势,并且渔业资源结构存在明显的季节变化,渔获种类数、总渔获量及群落多样性指数与表层温度及深度关系密切。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.