长江天鹅洲故道鱼类群落结构特征及其年际变化

根据2010-2011年和2015-2016年对长江天鹅洲故道鱼类资源的调查,分析了长江天鹅洲故道鱼类种类组成、优势种和物种多样性的变化,着重了解长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)潜在饵料鱼资源-小型鱼类的情况。结果表明,2次调查共采集到鱼类51种,隶属于6目12科41属,其中2010-2011年采集鱼类50种,2015-2016年采集鱼类38种。小型鱼类共采集到32种,其中2010-2011年度为31种,2015-2016年度为22种,减少的种类主要为长江干流繁殖进入天鹅洲故道的种类。2015-2016年相比2010-2011年,小型鱼类优势种也发生了较大的改变,2010-2011年故道小型鱼类优势种5种,按优势度大小排序为:短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)、贝氏歺又鱼(Hemiculter bleekeri)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)和银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);而2015-2016年优势种为4种,按优势度大小排序为:黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)、短颌鲚和鲫,来自长江干流繁殖的小型鱼类资源有所减少。建议通过灌江纳苗引入似鳊、银鮈、贝氏歺又鱼等长江干流繁殖的小型鱼类,改善生境,为歺又鱼、鲫等湖泊定居鱼类提供良好的繁殖环境,以增加长江江豚饵料鱼类的资源量,满足其食物需求。     

长江天鹅洲故道长江江豚饵料鱼类状况与管理建议

<正>饵料鱼资源是影响长江江豚个体营养状况、生长和繁育的关键因素。调查发现,贝氏鰲、鰲、短颌鲚等1 1种优势种是天鹅洲故道长江江豚的主要饵料鱼类;放流长江干流鱼类早期资源对保护区长江江豚饵料鱼增殖具有关键作用;丰富和稳定饵料鱼供给是天鹅洲保护区长江江豚种群稳步增长的重要原因。长江江膝(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是仅分布于长江及附属通江湖泊的濒危保护动物;2017年考察结果显示,当前长江     

长江水生生物资源与环境本底状况调查(2017—2021)

长江是中华民族的母亲河,为了落实长江大保护,农业农村部统筹部署设立长江渔业资源与环境调查(2017—2021)。由中国水产科学研究院总牵头,中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所技术总协调,联合流域内外24家科研院所和高校,对长江流域重点水域的鱼类种类组成及分布、鱼类资源量、濒危鱼类、长江江豚、渔业生态环境、消落区、捕捞渔业和休闲渔业等7个专题开展了系统调查。调查结果显示,(1)长江历史(2017年前)分布鱼类记录有18目37科163属443种,本次调查中有135种鱼类未采集到,新采集到15种外来鱼类;(2)当前鱼类资源数量约为8.86亿尾,重量约为12.48万t,仅相当于20世纪50年代的27.3%、80年代的58.7%,流域性优势种为鲤、鲫、鲢、黄颡鱼、短颌鲚、鲇、蛇、草鱼、光泽黄颡鱼、?、鳜、铜鱼、翘嘴鲌、鳊、鳙,重量占比达50%,数量占比达45%;(3)长江流域的国家一、二级重点保护鱼类29种(属),本次调查共记录到15种,白鲟已被IUCN认定灭绝,鯮和鲥已多年未见野生个体,长江鲟被IUCN认定野外灭绝,中华鲟、胭脂鱼和松江鲈多年未见自然繁殖;(4)2017—2021年,长江中下游干...     

福建建溪细鳞鲴国家级水产种质资源保护区的鱼类多样性

2011—2013年对福建省建溪细鳞鲴国家级种质资源保护区的4个江段进行了鱼类资源现状调查。共采集到鱼类77种,隶属于4目18科57属。渔获物分析表明,该保护区鱼类以鲤形目鱼类为主,占鱼类总种类比的64.9%;常见种有黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco)、细鳞鲴(Xenocypris microlepis)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus nitidus)、子陵吻虎鱼(Ctenogobius giurinus)、银(Gnathopogon argentatus)等15种,以杂食性、底层、适应缓流生活的鱼类为主。保护区内的鱼类多样性指数、单船捕捞努力量较低,主要经济鱼类个体出现小型化现象。     

北盘江九盘段特有鱼类国家级水产种质资源保护区渔业资源保护现状及建议

北盘江九盘段特有鱼类国家级水产种质资源保护区经农业农村部(原农业部)批准建立,该保护区核心区为北盘江干流水电开发后贵州境内现存较长的自然河段,水质优良、河水清澈,具备多种鱼类生存及繁衍的复合生态体系,土著鱼类等水生生物资源较为丰富.保护区主要保护鱼类种类为唇鲮、黄颡鱼、鳜鱼、鲶.为使保护区充分发挥保护作用,本文从保护区鱼类资源保护现状入手,并应用多个鱼类资源调查成果对保护区鱼类资源现状进行分析,提出相关建议.     

十年禁渔初期金沙江下游向家坝水库鱼类资源变化的水声学研究

为科学评价长江十年禁渔政策在金沙江下游水库的初步实施效果,实验于2020年11月和2022年5月在金沙江下游向家坝水库开展了渔获物调查和水声学调查,并分析了鱼类资源的变化情况。渔获物调查结果显示,2020年11月共采集到鱼类2科9种,其中?、瓦氏黄颡鱼占优势地位;2022年5月共采集到鱼类5科14种,其中蛇、瓦氏黄颡鱼占优势地位。水声学调查结果显示,不同年间、不同区域、不同水层间的鱼类目标强度分布存在显著性差异;2022年5月的鱼类密度(0.60尾/1 000 m³)高于2020年11月(0.46尾/1 000 m³),鱼类资源在时空分布上呈现不均匀性;不同调查时期的鱼群密集区域存在一定的差异,2020年11月大部分区域之间差异不显著,2022年5月则差异显著;2022年5月的上层鱼类密度(0.44±0.83尾/1 000 m³)显著大于2020年11月(0.06±0.15尾/1 000 m³);不同水层的鱼类分布差异显著,2次调查均表现为下层大于中、上层;估算得到向家坝水库鱼类资源尾数分别为3.2...     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流段鱼类群落结构特征分析

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区位于向家坝坝下江段，随着金沙江下游梯级水电站相继蓄水运行和“十年禁渔”政策的实施，保护区干流段鱼类群落可能会发生改变。为探究“十年禁渔”前保护区干流段鱼类群落结构特征，基于该江段2017—2019年渔获物监测数据，对鱼类种类组成、生态类型、群落相似度、物种优势度、生物多样性以及群落结构稳定性等特征进行分析。结果显示，本次调查共采集到鱼类134种，隶属于7目21科83属，其中长江上游特有鱼类有27种，外来物种有12种，分别占总种类数20.15%和8.96%。鱼类群落以底层、产沉性卵、杂食性鱼类为主。等级聚类分析(Cluster)和非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示，在一定的相似性水平上，保护区干流段鱼类的群落类型基本可分为3组，宜宾、泸州与合江可以聚为一组，巴南、江津分别独立成组。保护区干流优势种共有14种，其中瓦氏黄颡鱼是整个研究区域的优势种，在合江站点的优势度最高，IRI值为27.00%。Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数变化范围分别为2.725～3.306、0.883～0.942、5.83...     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流段鱼类组成及其多样性

2010年9-11月、2011年5-7月和9-11月、2012年5-7月在长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流宜宾、合江及江津江段进行了4次鱼类资源调查,共采集鱼类样本27 836尾,隶属于7目17科111种(亚种),其中长江上游特有鱼类27种,产漂流性卵鱼类45种,外来鱼类6种。宜宾、合江及江津江段鱼类物种数分别为85、91及91种,宜宾与合江江段鱼类相似度指数为69.23%,合江与江津江段为71.70%,宜宾与江津江段为77.78%。铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)、南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)、长鳍吻(Rhinogobio ventralis)及圆口铜鱼(C.guichenoti)为保护区干流主要经济鱼类,产漂流性卵鱼类占渔获物总重量的66.35%。鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在4次调查中江津江段均最高,宜宾次之,合江最低,但三江段之间多样性指数均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与历史资料相比,该江段鱼类资源明显减少,急需加强保护措施。     

池塘培育瓦氏黄颡鱼大规格鱼种试验

瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus vachelli)俗称江颡,隶属鮎形目、鲿科、黄颡鱼属,是黄颡鱼属中最大的鱼类,主要分布于长江干、支流和大型通江湖泊中,在长江水体中产卵孵化的鱼苗游到湖泊中摄食生长。该鱼肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富、无肌间刺,并具有一定的药用价值,是长江、淮河等水域中的珍品,市场上一直供不应求,     

江黄颡、鳜鱼、青虾混养技术

江黄颡鱼Pseudobagrusvachelli(Richardson)又称瓦氏黄颡鱼,属鲶形目、鲍科、黄颡鱼属,是该属中个体最大的种类,目前发现的最大个体体重为1750g,自然分布与长江、淮河、珠江及其干流中,为底栖经济鱼类,是我国的传统渔业对象之一.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.