抑食金球藻对卤虫和鼠的急性毒性及对兔皮肤和眼的刺激作用

2011年夏季,我国秦皇岛沿岸海域再次暴发了大面积的微微型浮游植物抑食金球藻褐潮。为了弄清该藻的毒性以及评估其对人们生命健康的影响,本实验以卤虫作为受试生物,在室内条件下测试了该褐潮水体对卤虫的急性毒性及卤虫对该藻的摄食作用,并以室内纯种培养的抑食金球藻对小白兔进行急性皮肤刺激和眼刺激实验,对小白鼠进行急性经口毒性实验。结果表明,抑食金球藻褐潮水体对卤虫无急性毒性,卤虫能以抑食金球藻为食,摄食率随着摄食藻密度的升高而上升。抑食金球藻藻液对实验兔的皮肤和眼睛无明显刺激作用,对小白鼠无急性毒性作用。该藻暴发褐潮时,对人们的生命健康安全影响较小。     

秦皇岛近岸爆发褐潮重金属分布研究

2009年以来秦皇岛海域爆发褐潮,赤潮种是抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens),2017年8月对秦皇岛北戴河海域进行了海域调查,探讨和分析了秦皇岛海域抑食金球藻赤潮爆发期间的海水环境因子,主要分析海水重金属分布特征,并对环境因子进行了相关影响分析。赤潮期间整个调查海域大部分区域重金属含量符合海水一类水质标准。褐潮爆发区域海水中的重金属含量较其他海域偏高。     

对虾育苗中常用海洋微藻抑菌作用的研究

研究了等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻对对虾育苗中致病菌鳗弧菌、假单胞菌的抑菌效果。结果表明,等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻的水溶性物质及脂溶性物质对鳗弧菌有抑制作用;等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻的水溶性物质及等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻的脂溶性物质对假单胞菌有抑制作用。在抑菌试验中,等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻密度达10×104/ml时,对对虾育苗池水的抑菌作用较好,特别是对弧菌的抑制效果明显。     

两种藻类饲喂中华哲水蚤的繁殖差异

通过室内实验研究了中华哲水蚤摄食三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylumtricornutum)和球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)后产卵率、孵化率变化。22d的实验时间,摄食三角褐指藻的中华哲水蚤平均产卵率为0.24±(0.07)/d,雌体存活率较低,摄食球等鞭金藻的产卵率为7.84±(1.12)/d,雌体存活亦较高。不论在藻类溶出液和过滤海水中摄食三角褐指藻后所产的卵孵化率都低于摄食球等鞭金藻者。这表明对照球等鞭金藻相比,硅藻三角褐指藻对中华哲水蚤产卵和孵化都存在明显的抑制作用。脂肪酸分析结果显示,在三角褐指藻细胞内,对桡足类繁殖十分重要的多不饱和脂肪酸(PU-FAs)和特定脂肪酸(ω3,ω6)的含量皆较低。     

三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻生产性培养过程中若干问题探讨

三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻具有生长快、耐低温,容易培养的优点,是贝类和虾类幼体的良好饵料,在象山县水产养殖公司育苗厂,笔者于1989、1990、1992年在培养这两种藻类用于中国对虾育苗的生产过程中,在藻类培养池面积有限的条件下,采用原池追肥和吸去沉淀物少量补充培养的方法,有效地延长了藻类的生长期和提高了培养浓度,从而保证了在整个育苗过程中随时都有较高浓度的优质藻液供应,以下简单介绍一下有关方法。     

氮和硅对三角褐指藻细胞增殖的交互作用研究

设置氮质量浓度和硅质量浓度双因子试验,探讨其对三角褐指藻生长的影响及对藻细胞增殖的交互作用,结果发现,氮质量浓度对三角褐指藻生长有极显著的影响.不论是在低硅质量浓度,还是高硅质量浓度下,与高氮处理相比较,缺氰处理下藻细胞不能存活,低氮处理下藻细胞生长受严重抑制.试验结束时,低硅质量浓度下缺氮、低氮和高氮处理的藻细胞密度分别为0、5.0×105个/mL和7.37×106个/mL.硅质量浓度同样对三角褐指藻的细胞密度产生显著性影响,高硅质量浓度下的藻细胞密度显著高于低硅质量浓度下的藻细胞密度.双因素方差分析结果表明,试验前期,氮和硅对三角褐指藻细胞密度的交互作用不明显(P＞0.05);但试验后期,氮和硅对三角褐指藻细胞密度有显著性的交互作用(P＜0.05).     

有害赤潮藻对鱼类影响的研究进展

赤潮灾害的多发性和普遍性极大危害了海产养殖业和渔业资源,严重破坏了正常的海洋生态系统,直接威胁着人类的生存环境和健康水平[1,2]。在赤潮灾害中,鱼类的大量死亡带来的危害和损失占相当大的比重[3],在我国,1998年春季南海的一次特大赤潮造成了大规模的养殖鱼死亡,直接经济损失超过3亿元。在这类赤潮灾害中不仅渔业资源和鱼类养殖业遭受了极大的破坏,海洋生物的种群结构乃至整个海洋生态系统也受到了影响,毒素在鱼类体内的累积威胁着食用者的生命安全[4]。因此,科学家们针对有害赤潮藻及其毒素对鱼类的影响开展了一些调查和研究工作…     

温度影响三角褐指藻生长和脂肪酸组成的初步探讨

实验对指数生长期、指数生长末期、静止期和衰亡期的三角褐指藻脂肪酸进行研究,发现在指数生长末期二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)含量最高。实时定量PCR分析三角褐指藻Δ5脂肪酸去饱和酶基因在不同生长时期的表达变化水平差异显著,其中指数生长期表达量最高。为了探讨温度对微藻生长和脂肪酸组成的影响,作者在不同温度下对三角褐指藻进行了培养,并测定其生长和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,三角褐指藻的生长随着温度的升高到达指数生长末期所需时间缩短;不同温度下三角褐指藻的主要脂肪酸为C14∶0、C16∶0、C16∶lΔ9、Cl8∶lΔ9、C18∶2Δ9,12、C20∶5n3(EPA),总脂肪酸随着温度的升高依次呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在15℃时EPA占总脂肪酸的百分含量达到最高值25.71%。     

UV-B辐射对三角褐指藻DNA伤害的研究

运用生态毒理学和生物化学的方法研究了紫外线对三角褐指藻DNA的伤害作用。结果表明，低剂量的UV-B辐射对三角褐指藻的生长有促进作用，而高剂量的UV-B辐射则有抑制作用。随着UV-B辐射剂量的增加，三角褐指藻DNA损伤程度加剧。而UV-B辐射处理解除后，DNA的损伤可明显恢复。说明DNA的损伤可在一定程度上指示海洋微藻受UV-B辐射伤害的程度。     

2种海洋微藻对氮浓度生长响应的研究

以中肋骨条藻和三角褐指藻为试验材料,探讨2种海洋微藻对氮浓度的生长适应性差异。结果发现2种海洋微藻的生长速率显著受氮浓度的影响。试验结束时,氮质量浓度为0.75、7.5、75 mg/L和150 mg/L时,中肋骨条藻的叶绿素荧光值分别为139.5、816.3、881.9μg/L和868.5μg/L;三角褐指藻的叶绿素荧光值分别为54.3、572.9、974.4μg/L和976.4μg/L,说明高质量浓度氮促进海洋微藻增殖,但超出一定的氮质量浓度范围,促进作用不明显。2种海洋微藻对氮质量浓度的生长响应存在显著差异,中肋骨条藻比三角褐指藻更忍耐低氮质量浓度的胁迫。结果证实氮营养在海洋微藻生长繁殖过程中的重要性,不同微藻对氮营养的生长适应性差异是决定微藻在海洋环境中占据优势程度的一个重要因素。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.