灭藻灵对养殖池水中蓝藻的杀灭效果

有一部分蓝藻会对水产养殖业造成较大的危害,如红海束毛藻大量繁殖时,能形成有臭味的赤潮。由这些蓝藻死亡后分解产生的毒素能导致养殖动、植物的大量死亡,造成严重危害。淡水蓝藻大量繁殖时形成水华,不但大量消耗养殖水体中的氧气,而且释放的毒素对淡水养殖动、植物也有极大的     

米氏凯伦藻对海洋生物致毒作用的研究进展

近年来,米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)已成为我国海域主要的有毒赤潮藻。仅2012年在我国浙江和福建海域就连续爆发了12起米氏凯伦藻赤潮,造成大量养殖鲍死亡,经济损失超过20亿元人民币。本研究通过收集国内、外最新报道,探讨了米氏凯伦藻赤潮对各类海洋生物,主要包括海洋浮游动物、贝类、鱼类以及哺乳类毒性作用的研究进展。研究发现,溶血毒素是米氏凯伦藻赤潮引发海洋生物大量死亡的主要原因;直接接触活的米氏凯伦藻细胞是导致浮游动物死亡的主要途径;米氏凯伦藻产生的溶血毒素和鱼毒素,可溶解鱼类的鳃组织,从而造成鱼类死亡。然而,关于米氏凯伦藻产生的溶血毒素是否会在贝类体内累积、在贝类体内的迁移和转化规律、米氏凯伦藻赤潮对鲍鱼死亡的致死途径与致死机制、溶血毒素在生物链传递过程中是否会发生改变、这些毒素对人类健康的影响机制与综合作用等问题还不了解,这些问题亟待深入的研究。米氏凯伦藻溶血毒素的研究报道还处于起步阶段,毒素以何种方式导致红细胞破裂、不同红细胞膜上组分的差异和毒素的溶血活性是否存在对应关系等问题也都需要开展进一步的研究。     

褐潮研究现状

继甲藻赤潮、浒苔绿潮的暴发后,2011年中国又一种新的海洋灾害——褐潮(brown tide)被首次确认,中国成为继美国和南非之后第三个出现褐潮的国家。褐潮对我国沿海养殖业、渔业资源、生态环境以及人类健康构成了重大的危害和威胁,严重影响了沿海经济。因此加强与褐潮相关的生态学与海洋学研究,探索褐潮的发生机制,并建立监测网络,进行褐潮预警预报,对减少褐潮的危害,保障我国沿海经济的持续发展,具有十分重要意义。     

海南省赤潮状况及防治对策

<正>赤潮对渔业资源和海水养殖业危害极大,海南省近年来曾发生多次赤潮,引起了社会各界的普遍关注。海南省是我国的海洋大省,海洋资源十分丰富。海南建省以来,     

腹泻性贝毒素的特征与检测技术

在全世界4000多种海洋浮游藻中，大约有260多种能形成赤潮，其中有70多种能产生毒素。有毒的赤潮藻中的“藻毒素”通过食物链，在贝类和鱼类的身体里累积，人类误食以后轻则中毒，重则死亡。贝毒素问题是目前贝类食用安全的关键问题之一。2010一ll—15     

赤潮灾害对水产养殖业损失的分级评估

通过分析赤潮灾害损失的构成,建立了一套新的赤潮灾害对水产养殖业损失的评估方法,分别对养殖业的直接经济损失,间接经济损失,赤潮恢复费用等3个方面进行评估,并根据对灾害评估时间要求的不同,将赤潮灾害对养殖业的经济损失评估由粗评到细评,由定性到定量划分为3个等级,即灾前损失预评估,灾时损失评估和灾后损失实评估。最后利用2005年6月发生在浙江南麂列岛赤潮造成水产养殖业灾害损失的实地调查资料,运用建立的分类分级标准进行灾害损失评估。结果表明,此次赤潮属于中型鱼毒赤潮,其直接经济损失为3 100万元,总损失为4 290万元。     

细菌对引发赤潮相关藻类的杀藻作用研究综述

工业革命以来,由于人类生产活动影响的急剧增加,水生生态系统富营养化状况加剧,与富营养化密切相关的赤潮在世界范围内频发,其已然成为了一种全球性的海洋灾害问题。赤潮的发生会破坏海洋生态系统,并且对水产养殖业构成极大的威胁。尽管目前已有物理和化学方法用于赤潮的治理,但是其投入成本巨大,且可能会对环境造成不利的影响,因此,迫切需要寻找更有效的方法来预防赤潮的发生和减少赤潮带来的不利影响。研究发现,某些细菌具有抑制藻类生长甚至杀死藻类的功能,在防治赤潮方面表现出巨大的潜力。近年来,越来越多具有杀藻功能的细菌被分离鉴定出来,使得对其杀藻方式和作用机制也有了更深入的了解。现通过对杀藻细菌的分布、种类及杀藻作用机理进行梳理和总结,展望杀藻细菌在防治赤潮领域未来的重点研究方向,以期为开发新的赤潮治理方法提供借鉴和帮助。     

黄骅沿海赤潮危害海养业

河北省黄骅县今年8月初在歧口沿海发现赤潮。主潮带长为55公里、宽5公里、厚度在2—2.3米左右。赤潮亦称红潮,是由某些微小的浮游生物大量繁殖和高度密集所引起的海水变色的自然现象。赤潮能杀死贝类、虾类和鱼类,对海水养殖业危害极大。     

气候变化对海洋渔业资源的影响

气候变化问题是近年来国际社会关注的热点,海洋是气候系统储存能量的主要载体,气候变化给生活于其中的鱼类带来的影响不可忽视。气候的变化影响着各大洋低频气候变化模式以及海洋环境要素的变化,这些变化通过对鱼类个体的直接作用或生态系统食物链传递的间接作用影响海洋鱼类,包括鱼类的生理(生长、繁殖、洄游)、物候、资源量以及分布等,并形成了对海洋生态系统的影响,最终影响人类对渔业资源的管理。本文通过收集国内外相关文献,侧重从海洋鱼类资源量、分布变化以及海洋生态系统和渔业资源管理4个方面,综述了气候变化对渔业资源产生的影响,为应对气候变化、实现对渔业资源开发的可持续发展研究提供基础。     

棕囊藻的危害及防治探讨

赤潮,亦称红潮,是海洋中某一种或多种微小的浮游植物、原生动物或细菌,在一定环境下爆发性增殖或聚集,使一定范围内的海水在一段时间内变色的生态自然现象.赤潮作为全球性的海洋灾害,已被联合国列为世界三大近海污染之一,主要危害在于破坏海洋环境,造成大量海洋生物和海水养殖生物死亡,严重破坏捕捞业、水产养殖业的正常生产,有的甚至通过鱼、贝类生物体将毒素传给人类,严重时将危及人的生命安全.……     

浅议养鳗池中的微囊藻

养鳗池中常易引起微囊藻“水华”,国内外一些养鳗技术资料对此藻类的存在和大量繁殖持肯定态度,认为有利于增氧,除氨氮,笔者则认为,微囊藻产生的毒素对鱼类有害,鳗池中培养绿藻（如小球藻等）同样能起到增氧,除氧作用,我国的传统养鱼经验之一,掌握池水的“肥、嫩、爽”也适用于养鳗生产。     

Impact of Mycotoxins on Aquaculture Fish Species: A Review

As the use of ingredients of plant origin has increased in aquaculture, the potential for mycotoxin poisoning in fish has increased accordingly. Feeding fish with mycotoxin‐contaminated feed can lead to a breakdown in health, manifested as tissue damage or through immunosuppression. Both effects can lead to an increase in mortality. To date, however, there have been few reports of mycotoxins in feed at toxic concentrations. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of those toxic mycotoxins most commonly found as contaminants in fish feed. In terms of fish health, the most harmful mycotoxins are aflatoxin B₁ and Fusarium mycotoxins. The most sensitive fish species was rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Future research in the field of mycotoxicosis in fish should be focused on the effects of combinations of mycotoxins.     

Replacement of fresh algae with commercial formulas to enrich rotifers in larval rearing of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833)

This study compared the efficacy of four products that are commonly used in hatchery for nutritional enhancement of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as the starter food for yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi larvae. This experiment consisted of one fresh algae and three enrichment products: (1) Fresh algae were a mixture of Nannochloropsis and Isochrysis at 2:1 on a cell concentration basis; (2) S.presso, (Selco S.presso ^®, INVE Aquaculture); (3) Algamac 3050^® (Aquafauna, USA); (4) Nutrokol ^® (Nutra‐Kol, Australia). Survival rates of the fish fed rotifers enriched with fresh microalgae (40.69%) and S.presso (31.21%) were higher than those fed Algamac 3050 (10.31%). On 3 day post hatch (DPH), fish feeding incidence in the fresh algae treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments. On 6 DPH, fish showed the lowest feeding incidence in the Algamac 3050 treatment. The methods of enrichment did not affect total lipid levels in either rotifer or fish larvae, but Algamac 3050 enrichment achieved the highest DHA/EPA ratio and lowest EPA/ARA ratio in both rotifers and fish larvae. This study indicates that fresh algae can be replaced by S.presso, but Algamac 3050 is not as good as other formula for rotifer enrichment in rearing yellowtail kingfish larvae in this system.     

Impact and effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins derived from harmful algal blooms to marine fish

Fish are frequently exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) derived from harmful algal blooms (HAB). PSTs are potent neurotoxins with strong effects on fish at multiple trophic levels. Here, we examine the historical and contemporary mass mortality events combining with the available data on response of fish to PSTs' exposure. The data show that fish are negatively affected by these natural toxins on a recurring basis. Transient effects of PSTs have also been observed in fish and although difficult to quantify, these sublethal effects can affect foraging and predation avoidance. Additionally, the spatiotemporal overlapping of fish spawning and HAB can also be critical for fish survival and fisheries recruitment. Exposure of fish in their early life stages to dissolved toxins in the water column has also been identified as a risk factor for fish survival. In the context of global climate change, where PSTs are likely to become increasingly important, new insights and a synthesis of up‐to‐date information on fish response to PSTs and the risk associated with toxic dinoflagellate blooms are presented.     

金属硫蛋白基因对转基因鲤及实验动物体内重金属累积的影响

金属硫蛋白(metallothiontine,简称MT),又称重金属结合蛋白,是一种低分子量富含半胱氨酸的金属结合蛋白。锌、铜、镉等多种金属元素均可在体外或体内诱导组织MT大量合成。已有研究表明,MT在微量元素代谢、重金属富集、环境污染的清除等方面起重要作用,因此, 选择恰当的启动子是保证外源基因在转基因鱼中成功表达的最重要因素。在转基因鱼的研究过程中,使用的转基因材料从最初阶段的人及其它哺乳类如牛、羊等的生长激素基因发展到现在的鱼的生长激素基因,启动调控顺序也由小鼠的重金属螯合蛋白(MT-1)基因发展到鱼的重金属结合蛋白基因,如虹鳟金属硫蛋白基因、鲤β-肌动蛋白基因、美洲鲽抗冻蛋白基因以及鲤金属硫蛋白     

鱼蚌混养对池塘水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响

2012年4月26日—2012年12月12日通过在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中放养不同密度的三角帆蚌,研究不同三角帆蚌放养比例对鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响。实验中,鲢鳙放养比例统一为3∶7,总密度为1.5尾/m3。三角帆蚌放养密度则设置4个水平,分别为单养鲢鳙鱼池塘(0只/m3),低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(0.8只/m3),中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.0只/m3)和高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.2只/m3)。结果显示,混养三角帆蚌池塘的水化指标(TP、PO4-P、NH3-N、NO2-N和NO3-N)均显著低于单养鱼池塘。中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘除NH3-N和化学需氧量(COD)与低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘无显著差异外,其他各项水化指标均显著低于其他3个池塘,并且极显著低于单养鲢鳙鱼池塘。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘藻类平均密度均极显著高于鱼蚌混养池塘,其中在鱼蚌混养池塘中浮游植物密度与三角帆蚌密度成负相关关系。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘的浮游植物生物量均极显著低于中、高密度鱼蚌混养池塘,并且显著低于低密度混养池塘。浮游植物生物量与三角帆蚌密度成正相关关系,鱼蚌池塘中绿藻和裸藻的生物量在养殖过程中上升显著。低、中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘三角帆蚌存活率均显著高于高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘;低密度混养池塘中蚌湿重、壳长及壳宽相对增长率均为最大,显著高于中、高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘。研究表明,养鱼池塘混养三角帆蚌不仅能改善养殖池塘的水质,还能控制藻类数量,促使绿藻和裸藻等大型藻类的生长,提高养殖水体浮游植物的生物量总量,最终还能有效提高三角帆蚌的存活率及生长率。从改善水质,藻相结构,蚌成活率及生长等指标角度考虑,在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中,三角帆蚌最佳放养密度为1.0只/m3。     

Efficacy of Concentrated Algal Paste During Greenwater Phase of Cobia Larviculture

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine if concentrated algal paste could effectively replace live algae during the greenwater stage of cobia fingerling production without negative impact upon larval growth or survival. Mean cobia survival per tank from 2 dph through post weaning at 28 dph for the live algae treatment was 24.44 ± 2.43% (mean ± SD) as compared to 24.47 ± 2.48% for the algal paste treatment. Furthermore, the number of fish produced per liter for the live algae treatment was 2.44 ± 0.24 fish/L compared to 2.47 ± 0.25 fish /L recorded from the algal paste treatment. Mean fish weight for cobia weanlings from the live algae treatment was 0.417 ± 0.059 g compared to 0.411 ± 0.026 g for the algal paste treatment. These observations demonstrate that during the greenwater stage of cobia larviculture, live algae can be completely replaced with commercially available, concentrated algal paste without negative impact upon cobia growth, survival, or resultant weanling production per unit volume.     

Ceramic clay reduces the load of organic matter and bacteria in marine fish larval culture tanks

Ceramic clay has been increasingly used to improve contrast and prey detection in tanks for rearing of fish larvae. In contrast to live microalgae or algae pastes, clay increases turbidity without contributing to the organic matter load. In addition, clay may aggregate and sediment organic matter and bacteria, facilitating its removal. Marine larvae are sensitive to infections by opportunistic bacteria. Fish, algae, and live feed increase the microbial carrying capacity of the rearing water which allow exponential growth of bacteria and favor fast-growing opportunists. Reducing substrate levels by replacing microalgae with clay may reduce bacteria proliferation and benefit larvae. We compared the effects of three rearing regimes including live Isochrysis galbana, Nannochloropsis oculata paste, and ceramic clay on the bacterial community, concentration of organic matter, and growth and survival of Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.). The application of clay resulted in reduced substrate levels for bacteria in the rearing water compared to the addition of live algae or algae paste. To some extent, clay aggregated and transported organic matter to the bottom of the larval fish tanks, where it could be effectively removed. Fish tanks receiving clay showed a lower abundance of bacteria in the water than tanks added algae paste or live algae. Fish tanks with algae paste showed a higher abundance of bacteria and a higher share of cultivable bacteria and TCBS counts than the other two treatments. Tanks with live algae showed low relative abundances of opportunistic bacteria and TCBS counts in both water and rotifers. Cod larvae in tanks with clay or live algae initiated exponential growth earlier than larvae in tanks with algae paste. Larvae in tanks receiving clay had significantly higher dry weight than larvae in tanks receiving algae paste at day 5 and 20 post hatching. The survival of larvae in the tanks added clay was variable. Two of the three tanks with clay had significantly higher larval survival than the tanks with live algae or algae paste. However, one tank with clay underwent 100% mortality. It is not possible to conclude whether this was related to the use of clay or an incidental development of a harmful microbial community in this tank. The effects of clay addition on larval performance should be studied further. Clay addition appears to be an easy way to reduce bacterial load during early first feeding of marine larvae without compromising the beneficial effects of turbidity.     

Feeding territory and variations in behavioural modes of algae‐grazing fish Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis (Ryukyu‐ayu) in subtropical island streams

Abstract – Social and foraging modes in fish often vary between individuals with different body sizes and between populations under different ecological conditions. We studied social and foraging behaviour of algae‐grazing fish Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis (Ryukyu‐ayu) inhabiting Japanese subtropical island streams. Ryukyu‐ayu exhibited four behavioural modes: territorial, schooling, solitary and floating. Their body sizes differed among these modes. Territorial fish predominantly foraged on benthic algae, whereas schooling and solitary individuals frequently consumed drifting materials as well. Schooling fish were smaller than territorial fish, but, unlike some other algae‐grazing fish species, did not use schooling to gain access to food within territories. Territorial fish attacked smaller conspecifics but exhibited lateral display towards larger fish and schooling fish while occasionally attacking grazing gobies. Larger fish maintained larger feeding territories and occupied territories for longer periods than smaller fish did. This suggests that, in Ryukyu‐ayu, intra‐ and interspecific food competitions and relative body size can influence diverse behavioural modes and duration of territory occupation. We also found that Ryukyu‐ayu foraged more often and had larger feeding territories than ayu P. a. altivelis inhabiting temperate streams. We conclude that foraging strategies of Ryukyu‐ayu may have adapted to subtropical island streams, where algal productivity is much lower than that in temperate regions.     

Development of diets for the intensive culture of Pacific lamprey

The Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is an ancestral species of critical importance to the ecosystem and indigenous cultures in the Pacific Northwest. Conservation aquaculture has been proposed as a potential technique to restore Pacific lamprey populations. Intensive culture methods and diets for this species have not been developed. A sixteen week feeding trial tested the effects of seven diet treatments on the survival, growth, fatty acid profile and whole body lipid content of Pacific lamprey ammocoetes. Dietary treatments were: active dry yeast, yeast plus fish oil emulsion, micro‐algae, micro‐algae plus fish oil emulsion, yeast with micro‐algae, yeast with micro‐algae plus fish oil emulsion and yeast with larval fish diet. Each diet was offered to five replicate tanks stocked with 20 ammocoetes that were 51 days post hatch. Survival during the trial was not affected by diet. The greatest length and weight increases were in fish fed diets containing yeast. Growth decreased as the amount of algae in the diet was increased. Lipid retention was significantly higher in fish fed yeast with larval fish diet relative to the other treatments. Feed conversion ratio was lowest in fish fed diets containing yeast. Whole body fatty acid profiles tended to reflect the fatty acid profile of the diet. Percentages of 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were significantly higher in fish fed diets containing fish oil emulsion. Overall, yeast with larval fish diet provided the best growth performance in larval Pacific lamprey.