紫红笛鲷Lutjanus argentimaculatus(Forsskal) 繁殖和池塘育苗研究

在海南陵水进行了紫红笛鲷繁殖和池塘育苗的试验，70尾雌性亲鱼、30尾雄性亲鱼，连续产卵6d，其中第3d产卵2．4kg，受精率83．7％，孵化率81．4％。所得仔鱼用于鱼种培育，14号池塘0．34hm^2，放养仔鱼280万尾，经过50d培育，育成全长5cm鱼种52．4万尾，育苗成活率达到18．7％。对土池育苗的鱼苗生长、食性转变过程、饵料系列、饵料培养和育苗管理措施等做了较详细的研究分析。     

三角鲤人工繁殖技术研究

从收购天然鱼种进行驯化养殖入手，经3年池塘人工培育获三角鲤亲鱼1676尾，亲鱼培育成活率达96．1％，性腺普遍发育成熟；先后进行了10批600组三角鲤亲鱼的人工繁殖试验，孵化鱼苗680.9万尾，培育成2．5cm以上规格的鱼种631．7万尾；通过设计实施生态刺激诱导产卵、敏感催产药物筛选、催产药物剂量控制、受精与孵化、胚胎发育研究、鱼苗不同培育方式的效果比较等一系列专项研究，摸索总结出一套效果稳定、可靠的三角鲤人工繁殖技术。研究达到的各项技术指标分别为：催产率平均达82．3％；产卵受精率平均达85.5％；孵化率平均85．6％；苗种培育成活率平均92．8％。     

鳜苗种大批量繁育技术和工艺的研究

１９９３年在涨渡湖催产鳜亲鱼７组，产卵率１００％，获卵４５万粒。受精率７７．８％，孵化率８５．７％，获鱼苗３０万尾。经用孵化环道培育成夏花２９．５万尾；环道和产卵池培育成寸片２１．４２万尾。选择１ｋｇ以上的适宜规格鳜亲鱼强化培育是提高怀卵量和卵子质量及提高受精率、孵化率、苗种成活率的重要措施，采用环道流水培育苗种效果较好。开口饵料鱼以鳊最好。     

鳜鱼种大批量繁育技术和工艺的研究

１９９３年在涨渡湖催产鳜亲鱼７组，产卵率１００％，获卵４５万粒。受精率７７．８％，孵化率８５．７％，获鱼苗３０万尾。经用孵化环道培育成夏花２９．５万尾；环道和产卵池培育成寸片２１．４２万尾。选择１ｋｇ以上的适宜规格鳜亲鱼强化培育是提高怀卵量和卵子质量及提高受精率、孵化率、苗种成活率的重要措施，采用环道流水培育苗种效果较好。开口饵料鱼以鳊最好。     

金头鲷全人工育苗技术研究

利用金头鲷亲鱼202尾，获受精卵39900万粒，选取产卵盛期受精卵583万粒，孵化初孵仔鱼462万尾，平均孵化率78．2％，培育出3—4cm的幼鱼34．2万尾，平均成活率7．4％，最高达18．4％。     

斜带石斑鱼人工育苗试验

广东省大亚湾水产试验中心从1999年至2002年，使用3．5～16kg的斜带石斑鱼作亲鱼，通过强化培育，实现自然产卵，培育出2．6～6cm的鱼苗66．8万多尾，其中2002年(5月30日前)出苗37．1万多尾。年产卵量为1．6亿粒～3．5亿粒，受精率在69．5％～81．3％；从仔鱼至出苗，最高成活率为3．3％；每立方育苗水体最高出苗量为1130尾。     

澳洲线纹尖塘鳢人工繁殖技术初报

澳洲线纹尖塘鳢为多次产卵型鱼类，具筑巢产卵习性，人工繁殖需设置人工鱼巢。培育二冬龄鱼作亲鱼，进入繁殖期时平均性腺成熟系数4．02％，相对怀卵量451粒／g。2003年4～5月进行繁殖试验，共计获卵2365万粒；受精率95．4％，获受精卵225．6万粒；经3～5d孵化，孵出鱼化199．7万尾，平均孵化率88．5％。实现了澳洲线纹尖塘鳢鱼苗规模化繁殖。     

月鳢全人工繁殖技术研究

本通过人工繁殖的月鳢苗种在池塘饲养至亲鱼，并进行亲鱼配对方式对比、饵料种类比较、孵化方式比较等试验，共配对亲鱼551对次，产卵总量51．4万粒，受精卵31．8万粒，孵出仔鱼27．3万尾，出苗20．2万尾(34∽52mm)：平均受精率61．84％，平均孵化率85．79％，平均出苗率74．14％。     

斑点叉尾鮰的人工繁殖试验

针对我区斑点叉尾鮰鱼苗供应自给率低的状况，于2000年～2002年在那马水产中试基地进行了斑点叉尾鮰人工繁殖技术试验。2000年9月选择后备亲鱼198尾，培育至次年4～5月间产卵，共获得卵块35块，产卵率为35．4％，平均受精率87％，孵化出卵黄苗36万尾，培育至2．8cm规格时存活34．4万尾，成活率95．6％。     

月鳢全人工繁殖试验

人工繁殖的月鳢茁种在池塘饲养至亲鱼，并进行亲鱼配对方式对比、饵料种类、孵化方式比较等试验，共配对亲鱼551对次，产卵总量51、4万粒，受精卵31．8万粒，孵出仔鱼27．3万尾，出苗20．2万尾，规格34～52mm；平均受精率61．84％，平均孵化率85．79％，平均出苗率74．14％。     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

叶尔羌高原鳅胚胎发育与胚后发育观察

采用形态学和生态学方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis(Day)]胚胎发育和胚后发育阶段全过程进行观察、拍照并测量。结果显示:叶尔羌高原鳅,卵微黏性,略有沉性,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径为(0.60±0.052)mm,在水温(20.0±1.0)℃下,历时65 h 34 min完成整个胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段过程;胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、体色、鼓鳔和须的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。初孵卵黄囊仔鱼全长(2.0±0.65)mm,出膜后7 d,卵黄囊吸收完毕,完全消失;初孵仔鱼继续培育至16日龄,仔鱼鳃盖后缘鼓鳔明显长出,须清晰可辨,体色加深,心脏红色素明显,体色与成体相似,标志后期仔鱼发育完全进入稚鱼期,此时鱼苗全长(8.0±0.45)mm;培育至30日龄,仔鱼鼓鳔完全,鳃盖张合明显,身体透明特征消失,稚鱼阶段完成发育进入幼鱼期,此时全长达(13.0±0.55)mm,其外部形态和生态习性均与成鱼相似。试验中,卵黄囊长度(LY)和出膜天数(D)的关系式:LY=0.0286D2–0.0636D+3.1196(R2=0.9050);用直线方程拟合卵黄囊长度(LY)和卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)的关系式:LY=–1.315LT+5.368(R2=0.8199);拟合卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)和出膜后仔稚鱼天数(D)的关系式:LT=–0.0263D2+0.5113D+1.6169(R2=0.9890)。本研究旨在通过了解叶尔羌高原鳅的早期发育特征为该物种的保护和增殖对策提供科学依据,并对其苗种生产提供理论指导。     

Global conservation status and research needs for tarpons (Megalopidae), ladyfishes (Elopidae) and bonefishes (Albulidae)

We assessed the taxonomic diversity, geographic distributions, life history, ecology and fisheries of tarpons, ladyfishes and bonefishes (members of the subdivision Elopomorpha), which share many life history and habitat use characteristics that make them vulnerable to environmental and anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments. This assessment of Red List status for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature reveals three species considered near threatened or vulnerable, three species of least concern, and 11 data‐deficient species. Although the taxonomy of tarpons appears stable, it is less so for ladyfishes and bonefishes. In aggregate, these species are distributed circumtropically and foray into temperate zones. Although they spawn in marine habitats, larvae of many species disperse into estuarine habitats, which are declining in area or degrading in quality. Several species support high‐value recreational fisheries, or culturally important small‐scale commercial and artisanal fisheries. Nonetheless, no formal stock assessment exists for any species, so improved data collection, information sharing and assessment techniques should facilitate socio‐economic development of individual fisheries. Catch‐and‐release recreational fisheries that promote conservation of tarpon and bonefishes in some regions are promising models to improve the conservation status of these fishes elsewhere, as well as the economic development of these fishing communities. Most tarpons, ladyfishes and bonefishes likely face significant challenges from anthropogenically mediated habitat loss and alteration, and several are vulnerable to both habitat degradation and overfishing. Broader protection and enhancements to fisheries habitat in all regions will benefit these as well as many other coastal fishery species.     

鱼体内环境激素DMP和DEP的检测方法

建立同时检测鲫(Carassuys auratus Linnaeus)血浆和肌肉中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的高效液相色谱方法,进行初步的代谢动力学研究。血浆样品经液-液萃取,肌肉样品经液-液萃取和固相小柱处理后,以乙腈∶水=40∶60(V/V)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,采用SHIMADZU ODS柱(150mm×4.6mm;i.d.,5μm)色谱柱分离。测定鲫经口染毒后血浆和肌肉中DMP和DEP的浓度。结果表明,标准曲线线性范围为0.05~10.0μg/mL,线性关系良好(r>0.99),定量限为0.05μg/mL,回收率95%以上,日内变异系数和日间变异系数均低于15%。经口染毒48h内,鲫血浆和肌肉中均能检测到DMP和DEP的残留。该法操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确,已经初步用于鲫血浆和肌肉中DMP和DEP的代谢动力学和残留研究。     

鱼体内环境激素ＤＭＰ和ＤＥＰ的检测方法

建立同时检测鲫(Carassuys auratus Linnaeus)血浆和肌肉中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的高效液相色谱方法,进行初步的代谢动力学研究.血浆样品经液-液萃取,肌肉样品经液-液萃取和固相小柱处理后,以乙腈:水= 40:60(V/V)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,采用SHIMADZU ODS柱(150 mm×4.6 mm; i.d., 5 μm)色谱柱分离.测定鲫经口染毒后血浆和肌肉中DMP和DEP的浓度.结果表明,标准曲线线性范围为0.05～10.0 μg/mL,线性关系良好(r>0.99),定量限为0.05 μg/mL,回收率95%以上,日内变异系数和日间变异系数均低于15%.经口染毒48 h内,鲫血浆和肌肉中均能检测到DMP和DEP的残留.该法操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确,已经初步用于鲫血浆和肌肉中DMP和DEP的代谢动力学和残留研究.     

Using fatty acid markers to distinguish between effects of salmon (Salmo salar) and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) farming on mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus)

Presence of coastal aquaculture activities in marine landscapes is growing with impacts on the wild fish that share these habitats. However, it is difficult to disentangle subsequent ecological interactions between these activities and marine fish communities. We evaluated the impact of both salmon and halibut farms on mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) sampled near sea cages using condition indices and fatty acid (FA) biomarkers. Results of the stomach content analysis indicated that mackerel and whiting consumed waste feed which was also reflected in their modified FA profiles. Both mackerel and whiting had elevated levels of FAs that are of vegetable oils origin. The use of vegetable oils as replacement for marine oils is a lot more common in salmon farming than halibut farming. Additionally, the overall effects of the two fish farms were more pronounced in whiting than in mackerel sampled near the sea cages. By allowing discrimination between sources of trophic interactions, this method could lead to more informed decisions in managing different farming activities.     

泰山赤鳞鱼生物学特性及其人工繁殖技术

泰山赤鳞鱼与富春江的鲥鱼、青海湖的湟鱼、渤海的油鱼和弓鱼并称为我国“五大贡鱼”,近年来由于生态环境的恶化而使这一珍贵鱼种濒临灭绝。为了保护和开发利用这一珍稀的物种资源,笔者经过多年精心研究,取得了泰山赤鳞鱼人工繁殖实验的成功,通过撰写该稿希望能引起业内有关人士的重视。一、泰山赤鳞鱼生物学特性1.形态泰山赤鳞鱼为小型鱼类,多数个体体重为50g~120g,个别个体体重可达150g,成鱼全长20cm左右,体窄长且略侧扁,头顶钝圆,口下位呈弧形横裂。有上颌须2对,上吻部略向体前方突出,下颌有角质缘,各鳍无棘。在自然环境中,体背侧面沙黄…     

Comparative gonad histology and semen quality of normal (XY) and neo‐males (XX) of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

With an overarching objective of improving the hatchery production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) all‐female progeny, this study comparatively evaluated the reproductive parameters between normal (genotype XY) and neo‐males (genotype XX). Four normal (XY) and seven neo‐ (XX) males, from the same brood stock, distinguished by their ability to or lack of expressing semen, respectively, were comparatively evaluated. The left testicular lobe was used for histomorphometric analyses, while the right for semen collection and sperm quality analyses. Histomorphometric observations revealed that neo‐male testes are irregularly shaped, and have poorly formed seminiferous ducts, higher proportions of interstitial tissue and lower gonadosomatic index (p < .05). In addition, hypertrophied and cyst forming Sertoli cells were found in these individuals which collectively appear to form a physical barrier, precluding the semen collection by standard stripping techniques and reducing sperm quality. Particularly, semen motility (80.69 ± 2.4% and 57.2 ± 36.5% for XY and XX respectively) and duration of motility (99.31 ± 28.03 s and 66.84 ± 23.83 s for XY and XX respectively) of neo‐males were most compromised (p < .05). Interestingly, the TUNEL assay indicated no signs of apoptotic tissue suggesting that the histological differences may relate to delayed physiological/sexual maturity of neo‐males.     

Carbohydrate Metabolism of Vitellogenic Follicles and Eggs of Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae) and Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and of Embryos of Sparus aurata (Sparidae)

The present study compared the carbohydrate metabolism of pelagic eggs of three marine species, Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae), Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and Sparus aurata (Sparidae). In particular, in Serranus cabrilla and Mullus barbatus the changes in carbohydrate metabolism from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the ovulated egg stage (final maturation of the egg) were investigated, and in Sparus aurata the changes from the unfertilized egg stage to the late-embryo stage just before hatching were observed. In mature, unfertilized eggs of these three species the qualitative and quantitative composition of carbohydrates, enzymes and metabolites were similar, indicating no differences in carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway occurred in the follicles and eggs. From the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage glycolytic activity was constant in S. cabrilla and M. barbatus, while the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway and of gluconeogenesis decreased. Quantitative carbohydrate composition changed as the levels of hexose, ketose, 6-deoxyhexose, uronic acid and fructose-6-phosphate increased from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate decreased. In S. aurata, the investigated parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were similar between unfertilized eggs and eggs in the first cleavage stage. From the first cleavage stage to the late embryo stage the levels of hexose, 2-deoxyhexose, ketose, ribose, uronic acid and phosphoenolpyruvate increased, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate decreased.