南海北部大陆架鱼种组群初步分析

根据南海北部大陆架水深40—200米范围内200网次底拖网鱼类调查资料,计算125个鱼种在采样中同时出现的 Jaccard 群落系数,用聚类分析导出8个组群。分析鱼种组群格局与环境因素之间关系的结果表明,组群中所包含的鱼种具有相似的环境需求特性,从而按组群概括阐述了各鱼种的环境适应特点和分布区域。优势鱼种组群对环境的适应范围广,分布遍及整个调查海区。其余各组群的形成与一定的环境条件相联系,并沿等深线分布在特定水深范围内。陆架外缘环境因素的明显变化,成为大多数陆架鱼种分布的阻限。本研究还以鱼种组群为基础对群落格局作了反相分析。     

汕头海域生态环境、水产资源变化状况及加强管理保护的措施

汕头海域地处南海东北部，现汕头市管辖的区域海岸线长289公里，有40多个岛屿和9个优良渔港。汕头延伸至40米等深线海域渔场面积约2万平方公里，延伸至200米大陆架等深线海域渔场面积约5万平方公里。0～10米等深线内海滩涂面积为74．3万亩。但历年来由于无序的围海造田，填海成地，     

加强水生生物资源与水域生态环境保护工作促进渔业可持续发展

一、中国水生生物资源基本情况 我国海域辽阔,江河湖泊纵横交、星罗棋布,海岸线长度18000多公里,岛屿6500多个,所毗邻的渤海、黄海、东海和南海海域面积达473万平方公里，其中水深200米以内的大陆架面积约148平方公里,潮间带滩涂面积1.9万平方公里,10米等深线以内的浅海7.3万平方公里.     

夏季台湾海峡北部及邻近海域鱼类群落结构及环境解释

根据2014年7月台湾海峡中部、北部及邻近水域渔业资源底拖网调查资料,分析了该水域的鱼类群落结构,包括种类组成、区系特点、优势种、多样性及空间分布等,探讨了鱼类群落结构与环境因子的关系,并阐述了鱼类群落的群聚结构。结果表明,调查海域共捕获鱼类84种,隶属于16目、48科、69属。从种类数上看,适温类型以暖水种为主,区系类型以大陆架浅水底层鱼类以及大陆架岩礁性鱼类为主;从生物量组成上看,区系类型则以大陆架浅水中低层鱼类为主。优势种为带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)和七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum),合计渔获质量占总渔获质量的46.92%,对总渔获质量的回归贡献值分别为0.30和0.62;高生物量区集中分布在台湾海峡北口海域,在空间上表现为明显的生态位重叠。层次聚类分析将群落优势物种划分为2个主要的生态类型:沿海类型和广布类型,沿海类型的代表性物种包括龙头鱼、黄鲫、鳓;广布类型物种有带鱼、窄颅带鱼、七星底灯鱼、竹荚鱼、刺鲳、麦氏犀鳕。Shannon-Wiener多样性、Pielou均匀度和Margalef丰富度的变化范围分别为0.22~2.31、0.11~0.72、0.36~4.04,平均值分别为1.44、0.51、1.59,丰富度与总渔获质量表现为显著负相关(r=?0.65),与深度显著正相关(r=0.48)。物种?环境典范对应分析表明,与物种空间结构关系密切的影响因子为底盐、底层无机氮、底温、表底温差和水深;而影响群落优势群体分布的因子为底温、底盐和底层无机氮。     

日本深海拖网渔场调查船——深海丸近年来的动态

全世界大陆架(水深200米以下)的面积为2，700万平方公里，占海洋总面积的7．5%，以往世界的海洋渔业多集中于这个水产资源丰富的大陆架渔场作业，目前它的利用面积已达90％左右。但近一、二十年来这个传统的大陆架渔场出现了捕捞过渡现象。而世界大陆坡(水深200-2，000米)面积约为2，790万平方米，占海洋总面积的7．7％，     

黄海南部近岸海域鱼类群落结构与区系划分

黄海南部海域具有复杂的水团结构和海流环境,使该海域鱼类群落产生较为复杂的空间结构。为研究黄海南部近岸海域鱼类群落结构特征,实验根据2014—2015年对该海域进行4个季度的底拖网调查数据,利用多元统计方法分析了该海域鱼类群落的分布格局并比较了各群落的相对生物量、生物多样性、优势种等结构特征。应用聚类分析(cluster)和多维标度排序(MDS)分析将黄海南部近岸海域划分为海州湾群落与江苏近岸群落;海州湾群落的平均相对资源量和生物多样性均高于江苏近岸群落,而暖温性与暖水性鱼类所占比重相对较低;海州湾群落的优势种主要为方氏云鳚、大泷六线鱼和日本鳀等,季节变化显著;江苏近岸群落的优势种为短吻红舌鳎、途、棘头梅童鱼和黑鳃梅童鱼等,季节变化不明显。研究表明,黄海南部近岸海域可划分为海州湾区系与江苏近岸区系,其鱼类群落结构特征具有显著差异。海流、水团、底质类型及水深等环境因子是形成鱼类群落结构差异的主要因素。     

闽东沿岸海域鱼类群聚结构特征的研究

种类组成和种类多样性指数是反映生物群聚结构的重要特征值．目前种类多样性指数己在许多领域中得到应用，但在渔业上的应用则不多，起步也较其它领域晚．我国运用种类多样性指数对鱼类群聚结构特征的研究，最早见于六十年代费鸿年教授对广东鱼媪纳苗群聚的形态变化和南海北部(北部湾)底层鱼类群聚的研究．近十几年来，这方面的研究有所进展，已见的报道有南海北部大陆架、东海深海，浙江北部岛礁周围海域和闽南——台湾浅滩渔场等底层鱼类和中上层鱼类群聚的研究结果．     

东海深海底层鱼类群落及其结构的研究

本文据东海深海1981年底鱼资源调查资料,按不同站、水深带之间计算渔获物组成的相似性指数C_2,应用聚类分析方法等综合分析,结果表明:调查海区底层鱼类可区分为东海大陆架(外缘)群落、东海大陆被群落和冲绳海槽(西侧)群落等三个(主)群落。其中,东海大陆坡群落还可细分为大陆坡上部、中部和下部等三个亚群落。同时,应用种类多样性、均匀性、丰盛度和优势度指数(H~1;D、J、d和D_2),对群落结构进行分析,结果表明:H~1、D、J或d值,一般是水深浅处较小,深处较大,它们随水深的变化趋势相似;D_2值则与以上各值大致相反。作者认为除种类组成和多样性指数外,种类相似性指数也是反映生物群落结构的一个重要特征。     

苏北浅滩中部典型沙脊潮沟海域不同空间鱼类群落的分析

利用2011年5月(春季)和2010年11月(秋季)在苏北浅滩大丰沿岸海域(32°44?~33°23?N、120°54?~121°38?E)开展渔业资源调查获取的资料,运用聚类分析方法划分群落结构,从鱼类的种类组成、多样性以及优势种等不同方面,探讨苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟地形对鱼类群落的影响。研究表明:春秋季苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟沿岸海域鱼类可划分为西部近岸群落、中部沙脊群落以及东部潮沟群落3个群落,其鱼类群落结构差异表现为,春季鱼类总种类数表现为潮沟(15种)沙脊(11种)近岸(3种);多样性指数(H')类似,即潮沟(1.57,1.89)沙脊(1.19,1.57)近岸(0.51,0.69);秋季鱼类种类数表现为潮沟(18种)近岸(12种)沙脊(11种),鱼类多样性指数表现为潮沟(1.54,1.54)近岸(1.02,0.96)沙脊(0.92,0.83)。潮沟海域与外海相连,外海鱼群顺着潮沟向近海移动,在潮沟末端遇到沙脊地形的阻挡,底栖性鱼群停留在沟底,造成种类数累积,多样性增加。优势种分布上,潮沟群落多为方氏锦鳚(Pholos fangi)、鮸(Miichthys miiuy)、小带鱼(Eupleurogrammus muticus)等产卵性鱼类;沙脊群落鱼类主要由赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)和大银鱼(Protosalanx chinensis)等滤食性鱼类组成。苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟海域鱼类群落空间差异显著,而地形变化以及由此导致的环境变化是苏北浅滩沙脊潮沟海域鱼类群落结构差异的主要原因。以沙脊潮沟地形因素为突破口,不仅丰富了鱼类群落结构变化的环境影响因素,也为苏北浅滩渔业的管理和保护提供可靠依据。     

深海中的动物（上）

翻开世界地图，可以看到地球上2/3的地区是海洋。而海洋又有深浅，凡200米以上叫大陆架，是广大海洋渔业主要捕捞区。超过200米就被称作深海。而深海范围又很大，通常把水深200～3,000米称作半深海，也可称为大陆坡；把水深3，000～6,000米称作深海；水深超过6,000米就称作超深海。根据记载，世界上最深的海沟达11，524米。     

Shelf‐edge reefs as priority areas for conservation of reef fish diversity in the tropical Atlantic

• 1. Data from fishing surveys employing bottom long‐lines were analysed to characterize the diversity, assemblages and distribution patterns of demersal fish along the Brazilian outer shelf and upper slope, between latitudes 13°S and 22°S.
• 2. Non‐metric multi‐dimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis indicate three distinct species assemblages separated primarily by depth (the 200 m isobath) and secondarily by latitude (19°S), suggesting a continual transition along the depth and latitudinal gradients in the study area. Species richness was negatively correlated with depth, but with no clear relationship with latitude.
• 3. Results suggest the existence of reef formations on the shelf‐edge zone (40–200 m) and slope down to 500 m depth off the eastern Brazilian coast. More than 75% of the catches recorded were reef fish species from the families Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Malacanthidae, Muraenidae, Sparidae, Balistidae, Carangidae, Haemulidae, Scorpaenidae and Priacanthidae.
• 4. The maximum depth of occurrence for 20 reef species was extended from limits previously recorded.
• 5. The findings reinforce the hypothesis of a faunal corridor for species associated with deep reef formations along the shelf‐edge zone (40–200 m), in the South American continental margin, connecting the south‐western Atlantic and the Caribbean provinces.
• 6. The shelf‐edge reefs support important multi‐species fisheries and harbour critical habitats for the life cycle of many reef fish species, including spawning aggregation sites that are extremely vulnerable to human pressures, such as intensive fishing, shipping and offshore oil and gas exploitation; all activities currently expanding off the Brazilian coast.
• 7. Results reveal the biological importance of deep shelf‐edge reefs as a critical ecological area. Despite their importance, shelf edge reefs are not currently included in any marine protected area network in the tropical south‐western Atlantic. There is now an urgent need to enhance knowledge, implement adequate management strategies and consider these deeper habitats as priority areas for conservation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Fishing grounds of bottom-liners on the continental shelf of south-east Brazil

Abstract The space and depth distribution of the bottom-line fisheries on the continental shelf of south-east Brazil were analysed, and an attempt was made to identify the areas and depths where fishing effort is concentrated to delimit the main fishing grounds. Four main fishing grounds were identified based on the effort and catches between 1975 and 1985. These were, in decreasing order of importance: north of Espírito Santo state, near the Abrolhos archipelago; adjacent to Rio de Janeiro state, under the influence of Cabo Frio upwelling; north of São Paulo state, encircling Alcatrazes archipelago; and the outer edge of the Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo state continental shelves, between the Guanabara and Sepetiba bays. The concentration of the fisheries, the greater catches and the best productivity indices were found in outer and deeper areas along the edge of the continental shelf. There was a concentration of fishing effort and higher catches in deeper grounds, from the north to the south of the regional fishing area. The bathymetric distribution of the fisheries showed that they intensified from 30 m depth to the outer edge of the continental shelf. The fishery productivity indices increased towards a depth of 50 m, but fell thereafter. Fishing activities were lowest during the winter season for the whole region, but intensified during the summer-autumn or spring-summer seasons.     

The significance of shore height in intertidal macrobenthic seagrass ecology and conservation

相似文献   

Multi‐decadal climate and fishing predictors of abundance for U.S. South Atlantic coastal fishes and invertebrates

Abundance of marine stocks fluctuates in response to both internal processes (e.g., density dependence) and exogenous drivers, including the physical environment, fishing, and trophodynamic interactions. In the United States, research investigating ecosystem drivers has been focused in data‐rich systems, primarily in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. To develop a more holistic understanding of important ecosystem drivers in the Southeast U.S. continental shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, we applied generalized linear and dynamic linear modeling to investigate the effects of climate and fishing covariates on the relative abundance trends of 71 demersal fish and invertebrate species sampled by a coastal trawl survey during 1990–2013. For the assemblage as a whole, fishing effects predominated over climate effects. In particular, changes in trawling effort within the penaeid shrimp fishery governed abundance trends of bony fishes, invertebrates, and elasmobranchs, a likely result of temporal changes in bycatch mortality. Changes in trawling intensity induced changes in overall community composition and appear to have altered trophic interactions among particular species. Among climate indices investigated, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Western Bermuda High Index were most prevalent in well‐supported dynamic linear models. Observed annual abundance trends were synchronous among some taxonomically related species, highlighting similar responses to exogenous influences based on life history. This study strengthens the foundation for generating hypotheses and advancing ecosystem‐based fisheries research within the region.     

Testing a depth‐based Habitat Classification System against reef fish assemblage patterns in a subtropical marine park

• 1. The Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, has strong cross‐shelf patterns of reef fish assemblages on shallow reefs (<25 m). While the SIMP also contains reef at depths of up to 75 m, marine communities below 25 m are poorly described. The Habitat Classification System (HCS) used for planning the arrangement of zones in this marine park included three depth categories for reef: shallow (<25 m); intermediate (25–60 m); and deep (>60 m). However, these had not been tested to determine if they adequately reflect biotic patterns.
• 2. Using baited remote underwater video (BRUV), fish assemblages were surveyed at 56 sites spread across shallow, intermediate, and deep reefs within the SIMP to examine spatial variation between depth categories. Relationships between assemblage patterns, depth, and four additional factors considered likely to affect assemblage patterns (distance from shore, reef type, dominant benthos, and latitude), were subsequently explored using multivariate statistical methods.
• 3. Reef fish assemblages differed significantly among the depth categories. Assemblage patterns for fish were strongly correlated with depth and moderately correlated with the dominant benthic assemblage. Correlations with the other factors were generally weak. Three distinct assemblages occurred on reefs <25 m, 25–50 m and >50 m. Shallow (<25 m) reefs also displayed strong cross‐shelf patterns, supporting the results from other studies. Weaker cross‐shelf patterns were evident at intermediate depths (25–50 m).
• 4. Depth‐based and cross‐shelf categories are clearly fundamental components for a HCS that will adequately represent reef fish assemblages for conservation planning in the SIMP. Further refining the depth criteria for the intermediate/deep boundary (to 50 m) improves this representation. Further research is required to determine the wider application of the refined HCS to other marine parks in NSW and to determine how well it represents other components of biodiversity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Spatial and temporal changes in the groundfish assemblages on the north-east Newfoundland/Labrador Shelf, north-west Atlantic, 1978–1991

From 1978 to 1991, biomass and abundance have declined in members of the marine fish community on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf. This decline was common to all commercial groundfish and to many noncommercial ones as well. Since about 1985, the biomass decline has been accompanied by major shifts in the geographic distribution of almost every species. Some species disappeared from inshore, others disappeared from the north, and others did both. Some species appear to have had major shifts in abundance (north to south or inshore to offshore) whereas other species exhibited a biomass decline in one area but maintained a rather uniform level in others. Multivariate analysis of groundfish survey data identified four groundfish assemblage areas on the shelf, i.e. areas characterized by a homogeneous faunal composition. Distribution patterns of the assemblages remained relatively stable from 1978 until 1987, but have entered a period of dramatic change since then. Changes in the distribution patterns of individual species anticipated changes at the community level. Intense exploitation of groundfish is the most likely explanation for the decline of fish biomass on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf. The shifts in distribution observed, however, suggest that broad-scale environmental effects may also be at work.     

闽东渔场张网禁渔区研究

本文首先收集了张网渔船在闽东渔场生产的海区、渔船数量、渔船功率和产量。然后检测了在不同深度海区捕捞的渔获组成并分析和比较其结果,最后提出了如何管理闽东渔场张网的一些建议。张网是一种严重损害经济鱼类幼鱼的渔具,其生产渔场不应扩大;40米等深线外海域的渔获个体较大,表明张网在40米等深线外海域损害幼鱼的程度比40米等深线内海区小,可以把“40米等深线以外海域为张网作业的禁渔区”的规定改为“在拖网禁渔区线以外海域为张网作业的禁渔区”。     

东海南部海域虾类种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2008年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和2009年2月(冬)在东海南部海域(26°00′~28°00′N、120°00′~125°30′E)的虾类资源调查资料,结合1998~1999年调查资料,研究分析了该海域虾类的种类组成、地理和区系分布及其数量分布变化的特点。结果表明,该渔场类虾有44种,隶属14科、25属,以热带和亚热带暖水性种为主,属印度-西太平洋区系中的中-日亚区,与南海关系最为密切,而与黄、渤海关系较为疏远。虾类分布遍及整个调查海区,但时空分布差异明显,以调查海区东南部和沿27°45′N一带海域数量较多,渔获量平均密度指数以春、夏季较高,冬季最低;同时虾类数量分布与水深有较大的关系,以水深80~100 m海域数量最多,这与主要种类长角赤虾、假长缝拟对虾的分布海域明显相关;具有开发利用价值的经济种类有10来种,在渔业产量中占主导地位的为长角赤虾、假长缝拟对虾等。