不同浓度诺氟沙星对中国对虾非特异性免疫酶活的影响

向对虾配合饲料中添加不同剂量的诺氟沙星投喂中国对虾7d,分析不同时间诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉及鳃溶菌酶(LSZ)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响.结果表明,15mg/kg诺氟沙星可以显著抑制中国对虾肌肉SOD活力(P＜0.05),而对鳃SOD活力则整体呈现促进作用,该浓度组肌肉和鳃CAT及LSZ活力整体高于对照组,而AKP和ACP活力则显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);30 mg/kg诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉SOD活力呈现先抑制后促进的作用,而对鳃SOD活力则整体呈现抑制作用,该组肌肉和鳃CAT活力显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肌肉LSZ活力呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而鳃LSZ活力则与对照组没有显著差异;向饲料中添加60 mg/kg诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉、鳃SOD、CAT、LSZ活力整体呈现促进作用,而对AKP和ACP活性则呈现显著抑制作用(P＜0.05).     

野生及养殖茴鱼体内ACP、AKP和CAT活力的比较研究

茴鱼是我国珍稀濒危冷水性鱼类,本研究分别对黑龙江茴鱼的野生群体及养殖群体肝、肾、肌肉组织中免疫相关的碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活力进行了测定。实验结果表明：两群体三种组织中AKP活力均表现为：肾脏〉肝脏〉肌肉;ACP活力均表现为：肾脏〉肌肉〉肝脏;而CAT活力表现为：肝脏〉肾脏〉肌肉。同时,肾脏及肌肉组织中,ACP活力野生群体明显高于养殖群体相应组织,而在肝脏中,则表现为养殖群体较高;CAT活力与AKP活力变化趋势相同,均为：养殖群体肝脏及肾脏组织中,CAT活力明显高于野生群体相应组织,而在肌肉中,则表现为野生群体较高。了解和掌握养殖群体及野生群体茴鱼不同组织各种免疫相关酶活力的变化趋势,对完善并推广茴鱼全人工繁育、养殖具有重要的指导意义。     

副溶血弧菌感染日本蟳后对几种免疫活性酶的影响

用副溶血弧菌悬液和生理盐水(对照)注射感染日本蟳,研究其血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化,并进行统计学分析。试验结果表明,注射副溶血性弧菌悬液组12、24、48 h后SOD活性均高于对照组,48 h达到最高;122、4 h CAT活性增加明显,24 h达最高;AKP活性5、12、24 h均有增加,高于对照组,24 h最高;ACP活性12 h开始上升,24 h达最高。在人工感染副溶血性弧菌48 h内,日本蟳体内的免疫因子发生明显的变化,血清中SOD、ACP、AKP、CAT活性在不同时间段均有显著升高趋势,高于对照组。     

野生及养殖茴鱼体内ACP、AKP和CAT活力的比较研究

茴鱼是我国珍稀濒危冷水性鱼类,本研究分别对黑龙江茴鱼的野生群体及养殖群体肝、肾、肌肉组织中免疫相关的碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活力进行了测定。实验结果表明：两群体三种组织中AKP活力均表现为：肾脏〉肝脏〉肌肉;ACP活力均表现为：肾脏〉肌肉〉肝脏;而CAT活力表现为：肝脏〉肾脏〉肌肉。同时,肾脏及肌肉组织中,A...     

A3α肽聚糖对牙鲆不同组织中超氧化物歧化酶及磷酸酶活性的影响

研究了口服不同剂量的A3α肽聚糖(A3α-PG)对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)体表粘液和组织中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(Acid phosphatase, ACP)及碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase, AKP)活力的影响.饲料中A3α-PG添加量分别为0(对照),0.05%,0.10%,0.20%,0.40%,0.80%和1.60% (质量比),饲喂天数为40 d.结果表明,饲料中未添加A3α-PG时,牙鲆体表粘液、肾脏、肝脏和肌肉中SOD、ACP及AKP活性各异,其中SOD活性从高到低依次为粘液、肝脏、肌肉、肾脏;ACP活性大小依次为肝脏、肾脏、肌肉、粘液;AKP活性大小依次为肾脏、肝脏、肌肉,粘液中则检测不到AKP.饲料中添加A3α-PG后,实验组与对照组相比,各组织中SOD活性变化不大,未见显著性差异(P>0.05).ACP活性,肌肉与粘液中未见显著提高;而在肝脏中0.05%和0.40%(质量比)剂量组能显著提高其ACP活性,与对照差异显著(P<0.05);在肾脏中,0.20%(质量比)剂量组使其ACP活力得以显著提高(P<0.05).AKP活性呈现不同组织变化趋势各异,肌肉中没有明显提高,而在肾脏与肝脏中,除两个低剂量组(0.05%和0.10%) (质量比) 未能使AKP活力得以显著提高外,其他剂量组与对照组相比均有显著提高 (P<0.05或P<0.01).本次研究结果表明,A3α-PG作为一种天然免疫多糖,能对牙鲆体内氧化酶和水解酶系统产生积极地调理作用,使其非特异性免疫力得到改善与提高,可作为免疫增强剂使用,建议其适宜添加量为0.20%～0.40% (质量比).     

0#柴油水溶性成分对黑鲷肝脏、鳃、肌肉组织中抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用室内实验方法,研究了不同浓度(0 mg·L-1、0.015 mg·L-1、0.03 mg·L-1、0.06 mg·L-1)0#柴油水溶性成分(WSF)对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)肝脏、鳃和肌肉谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果显示:(1)肝脏、鳃、肌肉和组织中GST活性与0#柴油具有明显的时间-效应和剂量-效应关系,肝脏组织中GST活性较肌肉和鳃组织中的更为灵敏;(2)各组织中SOD活性随时间和剂量的变化整体无明显规律;(3)肝脏组织中CAT活性先诱导后抑制,肌肉中始终被诱导,鳃中始终被抑制。CAT活性变化幅度不如GST明显。实验表明,黑鲷肝脏组织中GST更适合作为0#柴油污染响应的生物标志物,用作早期海洋石油污染的预警和监测的指标之一。     

"翻背症"对方斑东风螺主要消化酶及免疫相关酶的影响

为探索方斑东风螺消化及免疫系统对"翻背症"的应答机制,采集了健康(对照组)和"翻背症"早期、中期和晚期的方斑东风螺,采用TCBS平板计数法检测螺体内弧菌含量,试剂盒法检测螺体内组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)等免疫相关酶和胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶等消化酶活性。结果显示,方斑东风螺体内弧菌含量随病情的发展而显著增加,晚期达到最大值。发病早期,CAT、SOD、POD、ACP和胃蛋白酶等酶活性均显著上升。发病中期,POD、AKP、LZM活性均上升,且显著高于对照组和发病早期;与发病早期相比,CAT、SOD、ACP、胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性有所下降;与对照组相比,CAT、ACP活性仍显著升高,胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性显著降低,而SOD、淀粉酶活性无显著变化。发病晚期,各消化酶与免疫相关酶活性均较发病中期有所下降,但POD、ACP活性仍显著高于对照组,CAT、SOD、AKP、LZM活性与对照组无显著差异,而胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性显著低于对照组。研究表明,"翻背症"方斑东风螺体内弧菌的暴发过程中,机体的免疫系统与消化系统均参与了机体病害免疫应答反应,且可以采用CAT、POD和ACP活性作为方斑东风螺"翻背症"的检测评价指标。     

鳗弧菌感染对日本鑚部分免疫活性因子的影响

对日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)进行鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)悬液和生理盐水(对照)注射感染,研究其血清免疫因子超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化,并对试验结果进行统计学分析。结果表明,注射鳗弧菌悬液组SOD活性12、24、48h均高于对照组,48h达到最高;CAT活性12、24h增加非常明显,12h达最高;AKP活性5、12、24h都有增加,均高于对照,24h最高;ACP活性12h开始上升,24h达最高。在人工感染鳗弧菌48h内,日本蟳体内的免疫因子发生了明显的变化,血清中SOD、ACP、AKP、CAT活性在不同时间段均有显著升高趋势,高于对照组水平。     

感染桃拉综合症病毒的凡纳滨对虾体内4 种同工酶酶谱的变化

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法，对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）成体的复眼、肝脏、心脏、鳃和肌肉等5种组织中的酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、酯酶（EST）和过氧化物酶（POD）4种同工酶进行研究，并将健康虾与感染桃拉综合症病毒（TSV）病虾的同工酶酶谱进行比较。结果表明，这4种同工酶在凡纳滨对虾体内的不同组织均有分布，但在酶活性和条带数量上存在不同程度的组织特异性，其中4种同工酶均在肝脏组织中表达最强，ACP和POD在肌肉中、EST在复眼中表达最弱，AKP在复眼中不表达。感染TSV后，病虾的ACP和AKP均出现酶带数量减少和酶活性降低，如病虾的ACP酶谱在肝脏、心脏和鳃中缺失的酶带数分别为2、1和1条，酶活性也呈现下降；AKP酶谱在肝脏、心脏和肌肉中缺失的酶带数分别为3、4和3条，且酶活性均明显降低；而病虾的EST和POD表达的酶带数和酶活性却均有明显增加，尤其是在肝脏和心脏中，EST分别新增3条和5条酶带，POD各新增1条酶带。总之这4种同工酶的表型在健康虾和病虾之间存在着明显的差异，尤其是在肝脏中的变化最为明显，说明肝脏中这4种同工酶的特异性变化可以作为研究凡纳滨对虾桃拉综合症的生理生化指标。     

丙烯酸对仿刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)幼参免疫酶活性的影响

为研究丙烯酸对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的免疫酶活性的影响,采用半静水式毒性测试方法,分别用3种不同浓度(0.84、4.20、21.00mg/L)丙烯酸处理24、48、72、96h后,检测仿刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果发现:与对照组相比,各浓度丙烯酸处理24h后,ACP、CAT酶活性无显著差异,SOD酶活性显著上升;中、低浓度处理组AKP酶活性显著上升。48h后,随着丙烯酸处理浓度升高,ACP、AKP、SOD酶活性上升,具有剂量-效应正相关性;与对照组相比,中、低浓度处理组CAT活性显著降低,高浓度处理组CAT活性显著上升。72h后,随着丙烯酸处理浓度升高,SOD酶活性下降,具有剂量-效应负相关性。96h后,ACP、AKP酶活性与对照组无显著差异,高浓度组SOD酶活性极显著降低。上述结果表明:0.84~21.00mg/L的丙烯酸处理0~96h对仿刺参体腔液ACP、AKP、SOD和CAT等免疫指标有一定程度的影响。     

天津大沽口冬季浮游植物生态学特征

研究了2004年12月份天津大沽口9个站点的浮游植物物种及其群落特征。共发现浮游植物3门16属30种,其中硅藻14属28种,甲藻和蓝藻均为1属1种,硅藻在数量和种类上都占绝对优势。优势种为刚毛根管藻、短角弯角藻、卡氏角毛藻,夜光藻。调查区浮游植物细胞丰度为5.28×104cell/m3~31.20×104cell/m3,平均值为12.94×104cell/m3。在潮水的作用下,浮游植物数量的高值区分布在5号站位附近,低值区在3、4号站位。调查区内浮游植物群落物种丰富度指数(D)平均值为0.84;香农-威纳多样性指数(H′)平均值为2.30;物种均匀度指数(J)平均值为0.14;单纯度(C)平均值为0.36。调查海域内除5号测站单纯度稍高,均匀度、多样性偏低外,大部分调查海域浮游植物群落结构处于较完整、稳定的状态。经分析,这种稳定状态是潮水造成的,是暂时的现象。与历史资料对比,该区域的浮游植物现存量处于较高水平,尤其是赤潮生物的种类和数量均增多,优势种也发生了改变,这可能与目前该海域营养盐较为丰富有关。     

Assessing adult Trichoptera communities of small streams: a case study from Charnwood Forest,Leicestershire, UK

1. Adult caddisflies were collected using non‐attracting Malaise traps at four sites on a small headwater stream from May to November 1990. Sites S1 and S2 were most natural and upstream of a reservoir; where S3 was located in the bypass channel, and S4, downstream. 2. The flight period for each species is recorded to provide baseline data. Flight activity patterns fall into two groupings: (a) species with a flight activity of 3–4 months, and (b) those species with a short flight period of up to 6 weeks. 3. Sixty‐one species from 15 families were collected, including the endangered Red Data Book species Tinodes pallidulus McLachlan. 4. Significant differences in community parameters are shown among all sites, many species apparently having local catchment areas. The influence of artificial habitats, the open bypass channel and adjacent reservoir, is clearly demonstrated. 5. The data illustrate the potential of using adult caddisflies in conservation assessment of small streams. Working with adults is taxonomically rigorous and they are useful bioindicators of the environmental quality of the valley floor corridor. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银鱼科鱼类的分类分布和种群生态

本论及了银鱼科鱼类的分类、分布和种群生态特点。现知世界银鱼科鱼类共6属17种，分布于中国、韩国、朝鲜、日本、俄罗斯远东地区和越南北部湾的沿海。按分布地域和水温状况可把17种鱼类划分为暖温种、冷温种、温水和广温种4种类型。银鱼种群的共同生态特点是：（1）广盐性；（2）对温度适应范围广，多数种适低温；（3）栖息于水域中上层，以浮游动物为主要食物；（4）繁殖适应力强；（5）生命周期短，种群结构简单，群体数量消长变化快。     

Balanced exploitation and coexistence of interacting,size‐structured,fish species

This paper examines some effects of exploitation on a simple ecosystem containing two interacting fish species, with life histories similar to mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and cod (Gadus morhua), using a dynamic, size‐spectrum model. Such models internalize body growth and mortality from predation, allowing bookkeeping of biomass at a detailed level of individual predation and growth and enabling scaling up to the mass balance of the ecosystem. Exploitation set independently for each species with knife‐edge, size‐at‐entry fishing can lead to collapse of cod. Exploitation to achieve a fixed ratio of yield to productivity across species can also lead to collapse of cod. However, harvesting balanced to the overall productivity of species in the exploited ecosystem exerts a strong force countering such collapse. If balancing across species is applied to a fishery with knife‐edge selection, size distributions are truncated, changing the structure of the system and reducing its resilience to perturbations. If balancing is applied on the basis of productivity at each body size as well as across species, there is less disruption to size‐structure, resilience is increased, and substantially greater biomass yields are possible. We note an identity between the body size at which productivity is maximized and the age at which cohort biomass is maximized. In our numerical results based on detailed bookkeeping of biomass, cohort biomass reaches its maximum at body masses <1 g, unlike standard yield‐per‐recruit models, where body growth and mortality are independent externalities, and cohort biomass is maximized at larger body sizes.     

Status of galaxiid fishes in Tasmania,Australia: conservation listings,threats and management issues

• 1. Fish of the family Galaxiidae are restricted to the southern hemisphere where they occupy a diverse array of habitats ranging from over 2000 m in elevation to sea level. Some species are diadromous and, hence, freshwater, estuarine and marine habitats are used during their life‐cycle; other species complete their entire life‐cycles in freshwater environments.
• 2. Tasmania has a diverse galaxiid fauna that accounts for 64% of native freshwater fish species found on the island. The Tasmanian galaxiid fauna is characterized by high species richness (5 genera and 16 species), endemism (11 species), restricted distributions, and non‐diadromous life histories (11 species).
• 3. The galaxiid fauna of Tasmania has significant conservation status with 69% of species considered ‘threatened’. The conservation status of the fauna is recognized at State, national and international levels.
• 4. The key threats to galaxiids in Tasmania are exotic species, hydrological manipulations, restricted distributions, general habitat degradation and exploitation of stocks.
• 5. Although work has recently been undertaken to conserve and manage Tasmanian galaxiid populations, the fauna is still thought to be imperilled. Knowledge gaps that need to be addressed include the biology and ecology of most species (e.g. reproductive biology, life histories, habitat use and requirements) and impacts of habitat manipulations, as well as mechanisms and impacts of interactions with exotic species. Techniques to monitor accurately the status of galaxiid species and their populations need to be developed and the coexistence of some galaxiids with introduced salmonids should also be examined.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Barnacle culture: background,potential and challenges

There are approximately a dozen species of commercially interesting barnacles worldwide, some of which have been cultured on a semi‐industrial scale. These species are listed and information is provided with regard to geographical distribution, landings and prices. Traditionally, ‘goose’ barnacles (four species) are considered to be the most important for consumption. World production already stands at 500 tonnes year^?1, but this species has not been cultured to date. Some ‘acorn’ barnacles are also consumed (seven species), with harvest levels per species that do not exceed 200 tonnes year^?1 and selling prices that can reach US$17/kg. ‘Acorn’ barnacle culture on a world scale is still developing. Nevertheless, production has occurred on a semi‐industrial scale; specifically, spat have been collected from the wild and grown in suspended systems. Farming trials have focused on two species of acorn barnacles: Austromegabalanus psittacus (Molina 1782) ‘picoroco’ in Chile and Megabalanus azoricus (Pilsbry 1916) ‘craca’ in Portugal. The large‐scale production of these crustaceans will depend on the optimization of spat collection from the wild and/or the parallel development of mass production technologies for larvae (hatcheries). In addition, further development will be achieved by opening up new markets for commercialization.     

Advance in the Culture Research of Small-Eye Flounder,Paralichthys microps,and Chilean Flounder,P. adspersus,in Chile

ABSTRACT

Over 71% of the aquaculture production of Chile is based on salmonids, and given the recents problems in the world salmon industry, it is necessary to investigate the culture of new species as a vital priority to maintain an industry of great social and economic impact for Chile. Small-eye flounder, Paralichthys microps, and chilean flounder P. adspersus, are native, high-value flatfish present off the coasts of Perú and Chile, that are commonly exploted by artisanal fishermen. Since 1986 both species have been objects of research studies for culture based on techniques developed for Japanese flounder. This paper is a review of current knowledge of this species and to identify research needs for the near future. Natural spawning of small-eye flounder and chilean flounder broodstock in captivity is already possible, but the manipulation of spawning using photoperiod and hormonal inducement, as well as the role of broodstock nutrition in egg and larval quality, needs to be explored. Successful incubation and larval culture protocol for both species have been developed, with larval survival over 24% from certain egg batches. Nutritional characterization and requirements for chilean flounder eggs and larvae during the culture period, optimal temperature, density, light intensity and green-water culture, are all subjects of ongoing research. Efforts to improve early culture protocol continues with emphasis on causes of larval mortality, early use of dry feed, microbial ecology of culture tanks and water quality. Weaning from live to formulated diets has been investigated, demonstrating survival of 30-50%. Presently only about 1-5% of hatchery raised flounder show a pigment disorder. Research on formulated diets and the weaning process are under way to ameliorate these results. Juveniles are being grown experimental in tanks and net pens systems and their performance (growth, survival, health) in both systems is being evaluated. Chilean flounder require approximately 2.8 years to reach 1 kg. Effort is also focusing on improving juvenile growing protocol, including recirculation systems, culture environment and diet formulation. Much future research will be required to attain optimal production of the species, such as species-specific nutritional requirements, optimum stocking density, disease and health management and growing protocols with new systems (shallow raceway). At present there is enough known about chilean flounder to begin a pilot-stage that will be the key for future development of its culture.     

Reproductive biology of ridgeback shrimp Solenocera choprai (Decapoda, Penaeoidea, Solenoceridae) off Mangalore coast, south India

Abstract:   The ridgeback shrimp Solenocera choprai has emerged as one of the important commercial species in 60–100 m depth zone off Karnataka coast, India, since 1993. Studies were conducted on S. choprai to understand its reproductive biology which can help in formulating policies for management of the species. The diagnostic features of reproductive morphology of the species were studied and illustrated in detail. Based on the coloration and size of the ovary and ova diameter variations, five stages of maturity in female S. choprai were identified. The mature ova are fully yolked with diameters between 0.24 and 0.35 mm. Size at maturity (50%) has been estimated at 54.5 and 66.5 mm total length (TL) in males and females, respectively. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed an increasing trend according to the advancement of maturity of the ovary, and monthly mean GSI showed a positive correlation with monthly percentage of spawners. Solenocera choprai was found to be a continuous breeder with two peaks: a major peak in November and another extended peak during January–February. The estimated numbers of ova in the mature ovary were 38 532 and 133 689 in shrimps measuring 80 and 110 mm TL, respectively. A sigmoidal increase in the female-to-male sex ratio with increase in size was noticed in the species. A χ ²-test showed that the annual distribution of females and males is not significantly different from a 1:1 ratio at the 1% level.     

Effect of dietary protein and energy levels on growth,oxygen consumption,haemolymph and digestive gland carbohydrates,nitrogen excretion and osmotic pressure of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and L. setiferus (Linne) juveniles (Crustacea,Decapoda; Penaeidae)

The influence of protein and energy levels on growth rate, survival, pre- and post-prandial oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, haemolymph glucose (HG), glycogen in digestive gland and osmotic pressure (OP) in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and L. setiferus (Linne) juveniles was studied. Diets containing a high-quality protein at a protein/energy (P/E) ratio of 16, 26, 31 and 36 mg kJ⁻¹ were fed at 20% of shrimp body weight of two sizes: < 1 g and > 1 g. Both species showed a optimum P/E ratio of 36 mg kJ⁻¹ (33–44% protein and 6–23% carbohydrate) in juveniles < 1 g. For shrimp > 1 g, L. setiferus showed a higher growth rate in the diet with 16 mg kJ⁻¹ (27% protein; 32% carbohydrate) and L. vannamei between 26 and 36 mg kJ⁻¹ (33–44% protein and 6–23% carbohydrate). In both experiments, the growth rate of L. vannamei was 2–3 times that observed in L. setiferus. Routine oxygen consumption and apparent heat increment (AHI) of L. setiferus juveniles was two times higher than that observed in L. vannamei juveniles, which could indicate that L. setiferus has a higher metabolic rate. The O/N ratio varied according to protein level, with higher values (O/N = 180) with a 16-mg kJ⁻¹ diet and lower values (O/N = 73) with a 36-mg kJ⁻¹ diet in L. setiferus juveniles. A similar variation in O/N ratio was obtained in L. vannamei fed with all diets with an interval between 22 and 50. An inverse relation between ammonia excretion and HG, and digestive gland glycogen (DGG) in relation to an increase in the P/E ratio indicate that both shrimp species are well adapted to use carbohydrates and/or proteins from their diet. The higher values of hyper-osmotic capacity (hyper-OC) were observed in L. setiferus < 1 g fed with 36 mg kJ⁻¹ and the lowest in L. vannamei < 1 g fed with 31 mg kJ⁻¹. Intermediate values of hyper-OC were observed in both species fed all diets indicating that osmotic factors of juveniles < 1 g of both species are more affected by the P/E ratio than juveniles > 1 g. All results showed that juveniles > 1 g of both species are less dependent of P/E ratio than juveniles < 1 g. Litopenaeus vannamei is a most tolerant shrimp species with a high capacity to use a wide range of dietary P/E ratios for growth, which may be due to its lower energy requirements. Litopenaeus setiferus showed a lower capacity to accept different P/E ratios but the optimum P/E ratio obtained with this species shows that L. setiferus accept diets with a high carbohydrate level as well. These results demonstrate that there are nutritional and physiological differences that explain the differences that have been observed when both species were cultured in commercial ponds.     

Feeding patterns in a fish community of Baia da Onça,a floodplain lake of the Aquidauana River,Pantanal, Brazil

Abstract The stomach contents of 24 species of fish and unidentified species from four genera in a floodplain lake of the Pantanal were studied. Fish were collected during the dry season when the lake was isolated from the main river. A community food ingestion index (feeding index weighted by consumer biomass, FIWCB, where 0 < FIWCB < 1) was calculated to quantify feeding patterns. Detritus and algae ingested by Curimatidae were responsible for 46.5% of the FIWCB, while that for algae ingested by Loricariidae (armoured catfish) accounted for 13.2%. The importance of detritus in fish diets is discussed as a strategy for shortening food chains, thereby increasing community efficiency, and as a consequence, fish biomass. It was learnt that the main route of energy flow in this perennial lake was through the detritus chain. The floodplain lakes function as a dry season feeding ground for small-sized species of fish, which are potential prey for the more highly valued larger species of fish.