迈向远海的中国水产养殖：机遇、挑战和发展策略

根据中国国情对海上养殖和深远海养殖装备进行了分类、比较,并综述了中国近海和远海养殖特别是深远海养殖发展面临的机遇、挑战和发展策略。海上养殖可分为近岸养殖、离岸养殖、远海养殖和深远海养殖四类,前二者可合称为近海养殖。深远海养殖或称装备型远海养殖特指具有钢架结构和自动投饲系统等,可抵御或躲避强台风的远海养殖方式。深远海养殖装备包括远海围栏、复合式钢构网箱(包括半潜式和全潜式)、船形网箱(包括有动力和无动力)和海基养殖舱(包括养殖工船和封闭养殖舱)四类。近岸养殖向离岸、远海发展已是学术界共识和海水养殖业发展的内在需求。根据养殖水体生态性养殖容量和社会性养殖容量放养适宜种类和数量的苗种,开展多营养层次综合养殖,实施产业融合发展,是提高离岸和远海养殖产量和经济效益的有效途径。在当前近海养殖、远海养殖与深远海养殖共存的背景下,深远海养殖实现盈利的前提只能是养殖那些在池塘、近岸海域和离岸海域很难养殖的更高品质的种类,或通过深远海养殖可获得额外收益的种类。基于鱼类行为和生理学知识的“以鱼为本”的智能化技术是目前深远海智能化养殖的短板,需要依靠水产养殖、鱼类生物学、工程和信息技术等方面的专家深度合作才可...     

海水健康养殖技术

<正>C海水池塘立体养殖技术技术概述:海水池塘立体养殖技术是根据不同养殖生物间的共生互补原理,利用自然界物质循环系统,在一定的养殖空间区域内,通过相应的技术和管理措施,使不同生物在同一环境中共同生长,实现生态平衡,提高养殖效益的一种养殖方式。在一个池塘水体中,上层水养虾,池塘底部     

养殖用水设施化处理技术

为使水产养殖水体达到或保持安全水质的标准,往往需要对水体中的悬浮物、有机物、敌害生物、致病微生物以及其他有害物质进行严格控制或有效去除。养殖水体的设施化处理技术包括源水处理、养殖排放水处理、池塘原位水体净化等方面,养殖场可以针对自身的具体情况,灵活选用适宜的方式解决水质问题。     

大型藻类在综合海水养殖系统中的生物修复作用

减少水产养殖自身对环境的负面影响是维持水产业持续健康发展的关键所在。大型藻类生物滤器可以有效地吸收、利用养殖环境中多余的营养物质，从而减轻养殖废水对环境的影响，并提高养殖系统的经济输出，被广泛应用于鱼、虾和贝类等的综合养殖系统中，是控制水体富营养化、增进食品安全和对污染水体进行生物修复的有效措施之一。本研究概述了大型藻类生物滤器用于养殖废水生物修复和环境控制的原理、依据、研究现状、修复效果以及应用大型藻类生物滤器产生的效益和存在的问题。     

养殖池塘水体中氨氮的来源、危害及控制

<正>氨氮是水产养殖中备受关注的一个重要水质指标。水产养殖水体中的氨氮由非离子氨(NH3-N)和离子态铵(NH4+-N)所组成,主要来源于含氮物质的转化分解,包括无机和有机氮肥、水产生物的排泄物、残剩饵料及死亡残体(藻类等)。养殖水体中氨氮浓度的升高,一方面可造成水体富营养化,导致蓝藻暴发,另一方面可影响水产生物的生长、降低其对不良环境及疾病的抵抗能力,成为诱发病害的主要原因,影响水产养殖生产。氨氮污染已成为制约水产养殖环境的主要胁迫因子。     

应用高通量测序技术分析大菱鲆幼鱼肠道及其养殖环境的微生物群落结构

采用基于Illumina测序平台的高通量测序技术,对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼肠道及其养殖水体、生物饵料中细菌种类及丰度进行研究。测序结果显示,养殖水体、生物饵料和大菱鲆幼鱼肠道等19个样品共获得有效序列547621条,可聚类于3771个可分类操作单元(OTUs),归属于养殖水体、生物饵料、健康幼鱼和发病幼鱼的操作分类单元(OTU)个数分别为3038、1090、87和777,其中,健康幼鱼与生物饵料、健康幼鱼与养殖水体特有的OTU个数分别为57和0,发病幼鱼与生物饵料、发病幼鱼与养殖水体特有的OTU个数分别为481和31。表明幼鱼肠道微生物多样性与生物饵料密切相关。根据细菌注释结果,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在大菱鲆幼鱼肠道中占优势地位,其中,健康幼鱼肠道微生物共聚类为8个门,发病幼鱼的肠道微生物可聚类为19个门。与健康幼鱼相比,发病幼鱼肠道门水平上的3种主要优势菌群落结构出现失衡。此外,对各样品中丰度最高的100位OTU分析显示,幼鱼肠道优势菌种类与生物饵料中的优势菌种类密切相关,而每个发病幼鱼肠道优势菌种类具有一定的独立性。本研究旨在为大菱鲆健康养殖和微生态调控提供实验依据。     

菲律宾咸淡水池塘综合养殖

发展中国国家正在试验水产养殖与畜牧业相结合养殖方式,已取得满意的结果。综合养殖优点是:最大利用陆地空间;②利用家禽废弃物作为培养生物或作为池塘肥料;③经济效益高。     

稻渔综合种养技术：稻香鱼肥

<正>稻渔综合种养俗称"稻田养鱼"。中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所研究员王广军解释称,一般指的是利用稻田的浅水环境,辅以人为的措施,既种植水稻又养殖水产品,使稻田内的水资源、水生动物资源以及其它物质和能源更加充分地被养殖的水生生物所利用,并通过所养殖的水生生物的生命活     

生物修复在水产养殖中的应用

通过生物修复技术,促进C、N、P在养殖水体中循环,保持了水产环境的动态平衡,修复受损的养殖水体生态系统,加速生态系统的物质循环和能量循环,增加水体溶氧,减少水产养殖的污染,改善水质和养殖水体自净能力,提高水产养殖产量和品质,实现水产养殖的可持续发展.     

鳖鳜乌鳢网箱养成技术

网箱养鱼是利用大水面优越的自然条件,结合小水体密放精养措施实现高产高效的一种养殖方式,具有机动、灵活、简便、水域适应广、方法简单等优点。在同一水域环境中,同时进行多品种单养或混养,不仅可以节省大量开挖鱼池的土地,充分利用江河湖泊等大中型水体资源,而且能适应机械化操作和现代化养殖技术的发展。网箱养殖鳖、鳜鱼、乌鳢等名特优稀水产品种,是集池塘养殖特种水产品     

Italian aquaculture and the diffusion of alien species: costs and benefits

The aim of this review is to clarify the relation between Italian aquaculture and the introduction on alien species in Italy. In Italy, the most common aquatic alien species are rainbow trout and Manila clam, and they represent main economic product of Italian aquaculture. Wels catfish and red clawed crayfish have been voluntarily or involuntarily introduced for aquaculture scope, and they are now the most invasive alien aquatic species. Other alien naturalized species, as some salmonid species, are important economic resources in north Italy for inland professional fishery and are considered worthwhile of conservation. Thus, aquaculture is directly or indirectly responsible of the introduction of several alien species in Italy, but its effect on alien species diffusion is peculiar, as few successfully farmed species have become rapidly common. Until now, conventional aquaculture has played main role in the diffusion of alien species in Italy, while ornamental aquaculture will be the main source of alien introductions in the future.     

Economic,Regulatory, and Technological Barriers to Entry into the Florida Aquaculture Industry

A mail survey was conducted in 1991 to identify barriers-to-entry into the Florida aquaculture industry. The survey was administered to all 586 individuals on the Florida Agricultural Statistics Service aquaculture industry participant mailing list. Two hundred twenty of the 227 returned questionnaires were complete. Of these, 175 respondents currently owned an aquaculture business; 141 reported producing only one species (defined in this study to be the general collection of species such as ornamental fish or aquatic plants rather than specific species within these groups), 29 reported producing two different species, and four reported producing three or more species. In order to analyze the data by species; only those aquaculturists producing single species were included in the final analyses. The survey results showed that economic factors (financial and marketing) presented the greatest barriers-to=entry into the Florida aquaculture industry, while regulatory barriers were relatively less problematic. Barriers were found to be highest for catfish culturists, followed by ornamental fish, bivalves, aquatic plants and alligators.     

Tilapia fisheries in Guangdong Province,China: Socio‐economic benefits,and threats on native ecosystems and economics

Tilapia is one of the groups of fish species most widely cultured globally. China has been the largest producer of tilapia in the world since 1990s. Guangdong Province produces almost 40% of all tilapia in China because of its suitable geography and weather conditions, and tilapia culture has brought considerable economic benefits. Unfortunately, many of the biological traits that make tilapia popular for culture also contribute to its success as an invader. Tilapia has invaded natural waters and has become the dominant fish in many rivers of Guangdong Province, causing economic loss in capture fisheries, and affecting native fish species, biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. Poor fishery management, water quality degradation and biodiversity loss have all facilitated the tilapia invasion. Tilapia have filled the niches left vacant by now locally extinct native species resulting from environmental changes in freshwater ecosystems of the province. The introduction of tilapia has both advantages and disadvantages, which should be managed to use effectively the various tilapia species in aquaculture while controlling their spread in natural waters.     

The Potential and Sustainability of Aquaculture in India

ABSTRACT

India is a very populous country with more than one billion people. In order to provide food for this growing population, serious environmental problems may result. Despite many benefits from the green, blue, and silver revolutions adopted in India, there has been much concern resulting from intensive agricultural practices that led to environmental problems in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Increasing demand for aquatic resources also caused inland fisheries to decrease over the past few decades. The location of aquaculture projects, landscape destruction, soil and water pollution by pond effluents, over-exploitation of important fish stocks, depletion in biodiversity, conflicts over agriculture and aquaculture among various stakeholder groups over resource and space allocation, and international fish trade controversies have threatened the long-term sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture industries. The subject of sustainable aquaculture has not been adequately projected in terms of current aquaculture practices aimed to boost a rural economy. This review briefly describes the key issues of aquaculture unsustainability in terms of intensive aquaculture, nutrient enrichment syndrome, soil and groundwater salinization, destruction of mangroves, loss of biodiversity, marine pollution and loss of fish stock, use of aquachemicals and therapeutics, hormone residues, etc. The strategies for sustainability have been highlighted with respect to rice-cum-fish culture, carp polyculture, integrated farming with livestock, rural aquaculture, intensification of small farms, wastewater-fed aquaculture, crop rotation, probiotics, feed quality, socioeconomic considerations, environmental regulations and fisheries acts, transboundary aquatic ecosystems, impact of alien species, ethical aspects of intensive aquaculture, responsible fisheries, and environmental impact assessment. A suggested model outlines the feedback mechanisms for achieving long-term sustainability through improved farm management practices, integrated farming, use of selective aquachemicals and probiotics, conservation of natural resources, regulatory mechanism, and policy instruments.     

我国鲟鱼类养殖现状及发展前景

我国鲟鱼类天然资源数量稀少，难以满足市场巨大需求，近年来鲟鱼养殖在我国各地快速发展。本文总结了我国鲟鱼养殖的主要种类史氏鲟、俄罗斯鲟、西伯利亚鲟、匙吻鲟等生物学特性．鲟鱼养殖的主要方式网箱养殖、池塘养殖和工厂化养殖．并且阐述了目前我国鲟鱼养殖的规模和发展前景．预计鲟鱼可能是我国海水网箱养殖的优良新品种。     

山东省水产养殖外来物种调查研究

外来物种(Aliem species)是指在某地区或生态系统原来不存在，由于人类活动以及与人类活动有关而引进的物种。近年来，山东省先后引进近百种水产养殖外来物种，为促进山东省的水产事业发展做出了积极的贡献。作者通过3年时间，对山东省近年水产养殖外来物种情况进行了全面地调查研究，简要总结了水产养殖外来物种现状，找出了存在的主要问题，并对今后工作提出了一些建议，以供有关部门决策参考。     

贵贵州地区碳汇渔业潜力研究

我国是当今世界水产品产量最高的国家，渔业呈现地区发展不平衡、不充分的格局，内陆地区渔业发展水平总体上远低于沿海地区。在当前“碳达峰”和“碳中和”双碳战略背景下，渔业迎来了前所未有的机遇和挑战尤其是对于内陆淡水渔业，碳汇渔业将成为未来的一个重要发展方向。该文主要根据《中国水产统计资料》和《中国渔业统计年鉴》，以贵州省为例，结合贵州地区近年来的渔业发展现状，估算了贵州省近五年(2016—2020年)的渔业碳汇强度，分析了贵州地区发展碳汇渔业的潜力。渔业碳汇强度估算结果显示，2016—2020年贵州省渔业碳移出量在1.4 t到1.7 t之间，平均碳移出量为1.5 t。贵州省渔业发展相对落后，水产品捕捞产量和养殖产量均远低于全国平均水平，但贵州省近年来大力推广稻渔综合种养和湖库养殖等生态渔业模式，到2020年稻田养殖和湖库养殖面积分别占全省水产养植总面积的74.2%和19.2%，二者产量达到全省总产量的一半以上，远高于全国平均水平。稻渔综合种养和湖库养殖等生态渔业成为贵州省水产养殖业的重要养殖模式，未来这类具备碳汇功能的生态渔业规模将会进一步扩大，是贵州地区扭转渔业养殖模式和渔业经济增长方式的机遇，对碳汇渔业的全面推广和渔业的可持续发展具有重要指导意义。     

Evaluation of carrying capacity for shrimp pond culture with integrated bioremediation techniques

The integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is a semi‐artificial habitat optimization ecosystem by co‐culture species from multiple trophic levels, in which farm waste produced by species of a higher trophic level is a nutrition source for species of a lower trophic level. However, in system construction it is essential to distinguish the roles of aquaculture organisms from different trophic levels and optimize the aquaculture capacity allocation. With this objective, a carrying capacity evaluation model for shrimp culture with integrated bioremediation techniques was developed, and the efficiency to repair the aquaculture pond environment was evaluated. Scenario simulations were conducted to assess the shrimp culture capacity for optimal economic and ecological benefits. The sensitivity analysis of the model indicated that changes in bivalve biomass had no significant impacts on the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in the system, and macroalgae were more sensitive to the changes in TN than biofilters did. In conclusion, 1,500,000 Litopenaeus vannamei co‐cultured with 15,000 kg Crassostrea gigas and 1,125 kg Gracilaria lemaneiformis per hectare would bring maximum integrated benefit, and the use of integrated bioremediation techniques can make shrimp pond culture a virtuous cycle incorporating both production and restoration.     

投喂策略对水产动物生长生理及行为特征影响研究进展

近年来,中国水产养殖业高速发展,水产动物投喂策略逐渐受到重视。列举与分析了一系列国内外水产动物饲料投喂策略的相关研究内容,并进行了较为系统的整理与总结。投喂策略是现代集约化水产养殖生产过程中重要的生产管理要素,其技术内涵可简要概括为投喂频率、投喂率和投喂作业方式等,不同的水产动物种类以及不同的生长阶段所需的适宜养殖投喂策略亦不相同。叙述了投喂策略对养殖动物生长性能、消化代谢能力、应激免疫水平、行为响应以及存活率等影响,为水产动物饲料投喂策略的选择和相关技术理论的研究提供参考。     

中国水产苗种进口特征及其对养殖产业发展的影响分析——基于2013—2018年的数据

水产种业是水产养殖业的战略性、基础性核心产业,水产苗种引进是促进水产养殖业绿色发展的一个重要途径。中国水产苗种引进品种繁多,水产观赏动物成为新宠,通过分析2013—2018年水产苗种进口贸易数据,其主要特征为:进口额呈下降趋势,进口种类涉及24种,部分种类的进口频率达到100%,用于水产养殖的苗种和受精鱼卵进口额分别为14061.19×104美元和632.02×104美元。从进口额数据来看,小虾及对虾、鳗鱼、受精鱼卵及其他鱼种等主要进口苗种种类对水产养殖业发展的影响较大,其中鳗鱼增养殖业对进口鳗苗的依赖程度较高,平均依赖度为50.86%。提出构建养殖鱼类苗种进口预警机制,谋划养殖鱼类品种的替代策略,提高对虾苗种控制能力,做好水产苗种进口质量安全防范等建议,以保障水产养殖产业健康稳定发展。