褐牙鲆亲鱼野生群体与养殖群体维生素A、C、E含量的比较

为探讨养殖褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)亲鱼后代较野生亲鱼后代质量下降这一问题,本实验分析了野生与人工养殖(包括营养强化处理)褐牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏及卵中维生素A、维生素C、维生素E含量的差异,并进行了养殖褐牙鲆维生素营养强化的探索实验.结果显示,野生与养殖亲鱼肌肉和肝脏中维生素A含量无显著差异,野生亲鱼卵中维生索A含最显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05);野生亲鱼肝脏和卵中维生素C含量显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),肌肉中两者无显著差异(P>0.05);维生素E含量在野生和养殖亲鱼各组织内均有显著差异(P<0.05),仅肝脏中养殖亲鱼显著低于野生亲鱼(P<0.05),其余组织均为养殖亲鱼较高.在本实验中,营养强化显著增加了养殖亲鱼肌肉和肝脏维生素A、维生素C及卵和肝脏中维生素E的含量,但对卵中维生素A和C的含量均无显著影响(p>0.05),而肌肉中维生素E含量则显著降低(P<0.05).上述结果表明,养殖与野生褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中维生素A、C、E含量存在一定的差异,可能与养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼后代质量下降有关,本实验所采用的营养强化方法仅增加了养殖亲鱼卵中维生素E的含量,而对卵中维生素A和维生素C的含量无显著影响,更为有效的强化方式有待进一步研究.     

野生与人工养殖牙鲆亲鱼不同组织脂肪酸的比较

为研究脂肪酸对牙鲆繁育性能的影响, 采用生物化学方法, 对野生和养殖牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏及卵中脂肪酸组成分别进行测定。结果表明: (1) 牙鲆肌肉、肝脏和卵中脂肪含量大小关系为肝脏>卵>肌肉。野生亲鱼肌肉和卵中脂肪含量显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 肝脏脂肪含量与养殖亲鱼无显著差异; (2) 牙鲆亲鱼3种组织中均检测出21种脂肪酸。野生亲鱼肌肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)与养殖亲鱼无显著差异, 单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05)。肝脏和卵中SFA显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), MUFA与养殖亲鱼无显著差异; (3) 野生亲鱼肌肉、肝脏和卵中高不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量, 尤其是肝脏和卵中C20:5n-3(EPA)、C22:6n-3(DHA)的含量均显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 但肌肉和卵中的C20:4n-6(ARA)含量明显高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05); (4) 野生牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏和卵中n-3/n-6 PUFA及EPA/ARA显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 肝脏中DHA/EPA显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 但野生亲鱼肌肉和卵中的DHA/EPA与养殖亲鱼无显著差异。比较结果说明, DHA、EPA和ARA等PUFA是与牙鲆繁殖性能密切相关的重要脂肪酸。在牙鲆亲鱼养殖过程中, 除了提供牙鲆亲鱼足够的脂肪酸营养外, 也应注意各种脂肪酸, 尤其是PUFA中各种脂肪酸之间的添加比例, 从而保证亲鱼的繁殖性能及卵和仔鱼的质量。     

野生和人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼不同组织氨基酸的比较

为了探明野生和人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼的繁育性能和卵巢发育之间的关系,采用生物化学方法,将处于Ⅲ~Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期的野生和养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼中肌肉、肝脏及卵巢氨基酸含量分别进行测定,结果表明,(1)褐牙鲆肌肉、肝脏、卵巢3种组织器官中总氨基酸含量大小关系为肌肉>卵巢>肝脏;(2) 发育同期的野生和养殖亲鱼肌肉中大部分氨基酸含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,并且随着性腺的成熟,野生和养殖亲鱼肌肉中大部分氨基酸较为稳定,其中含量变化显著的必需氨基酸为蛋氨酸、组氨酸（P<0.05）;(3) 发育同期的养殖亲鱼肝脏中大部分氨基酸含量高于野生亲鱼,随着性腺发育,野生和养殖亲鱼肝脏中氨基酸含量呈明显上升趋势;(4) 在Ⅴ期卵巢氨基酸组成中,除蛋氨酸、组氨酸含量存在显著差异外,野生和养殖亲鱼卵巢中氨基酸总量及必需氨基酸总量均不存在显著差异（P>0.05）,同时,随着性腺发育,野生和养殖亲鱼卵巢中氨基酸含量呈明显上升趋势,差异显著的必需氨基酸有精氨酸、蛋氨酸、组氨酸（P<0.05）。     

牙鲆肌肉中微量元素的测定

以微波消解样品，利用石墨炉法原子吸收光谱法测定了牙鲆肌肉中的铅、镉、砷、硒、铜、铬、锰、镍、钻、锡等十种微量元素的含量。结果表明此方法简便、精密度和灵敏度高。牙鲆肌肉中铬、铜、锰和硒的含量分别可达1．096μg／g、0．613μg／g、0．347μg／g和0．199μg／g，提示牙鲆肌肉中各种有益微量元素含量较高，而有害微量元素砷、铅、镉等的含量均较低，分别仅为0．083μg／g、0．097μg／g和0．010μg／g。因此，牙鲆肌肉是人类微量元素的良好来源。     

人工养殖史氏鲟畸形原因探讨

采用原子吸收分光光度法,对骨骼畸形和体型正常的人工养殖史氏鲟脊椎、骨板、鳍条、鳃、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中锰、铜、铁、镉、铅、锌等的含量进行了检测,并对其分布和积累规律进行了研究。结果表明,畸形和正常史氏鲟身体各部位中重金属的含量无显著性差异(P>0.05),重金属积累不是造成人工养殖史氏鲟畸形的主要原因。畸形和正常人工养殖史氏鲟体内重金属的分布和积累规律基本一致,锰和铅主要分布在脊椎、骨板、鳍条和鳃等骨化组织中;铁和铜在体内主要蓄积在肝脏中;锌和镉在体内的分布较均匀。     

牙鲆抗淋巴囊肿系肌肉营养成分的分析

为研究牙鲆抗淋巴囊肿系及其亲本雌核发育系的肌肉品质,采用常规方法分析比较7月龄体质量分别为(219.88±33.82) g、(213.53±27.20) g和(237.51±26.04) g的母系、父系和抗淋巴囊肿系牙鲆肌肉的营养成分。试验结果显示：牙鲆抗淋巴囊肿系肌肉鲜样中的水分、蛋白质和灰分含量与亲本系无显著差异(P>0.05),但粗脂肪含量显著低于母系(P<0.05),而与父系差异不显著(P>0.05);3系均含有18种氨基酸,除色氨酸和酪氨酸含量差异显著(P<0.05)外,其他16种氨基酸含量均差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据氨基酸评分和化学评分,3系的第一限制性氨基酸均为色氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为抗淋巴囊肿系(87.40)>母系(79.86)>父系(79.04),必需氨基酸组成符合联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织标准;抗淋巴囊肿系的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于亲本系,而母系的二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸的含量丰富,显著高于抗淋巴囊肿品系和父系(P<0.05)。综上所述,牙鲆抗淋巴囊肿系及其亲本系的营...     

饲料中维生素C对大菱鲆繁殖性能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、800和4 800mg/kg的维生素C饲养大菱鲆亲鱼240d,通过比较各处理组亲鱼的生长、性腺指数、相对产卵量、上浮卵率、孵化率、卵径以及各组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,研究维生素C对大菱鲆亲鱼繁殖性能的影响。实验结果表明,各处理组亲鱼生长无显著差异（P>0.05）,但随着饲料中维生素C添加量的增加,亲鱼的生长呈上升趋势。800和4 800mg/kg组亲鱼相对产卵量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。随着饲料中维生素C添加量的增加,亲鱼性腺指数、产卵次数、上浮卵率、受精率和孵化率均显著提高（P<0.05）,亲鱼卵和组织中维生素C含量反映了饲料中的维生素C含量。虽然各处理组亲鱼的卵径和油球径差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但随着饲料中维生素C添加量的增加,亲鱼卵径和油球径呈上升的趋势。肝脏、卵巢和血清中SOD活性随饲料中维生素C添加量的增加而显著升高（P<0.05）,而MDA含量则显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,大菱鲆亲鱼饲料中添加维生素C,能有效改善大菱鲆的繁殖性能。     

野生与养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵的营养成分比较

以贵州省铜仁锦江河漾头河段野生黄颡鱼鱼卵和同一区域内养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵为研究对象,采用常规生化方法测定了野生与养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵氨基酸组成和含量,采用气相色谱技术检测了野生与养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵脂肪酸组成和含量。氨基酸测定结果表明,野生黄颡鱼鱼卵的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量显著低于养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵(P0.05),第一限制性氨基酸均为甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为55.60和59.12。脂肪酸测定结果表明,野生黄颡鱼鱼卵的饱和脂肪酸总量极显著高于养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵(P0.01),单不饱和脂肪酸总量二者差异不显著(P0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸总量极显著低于养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵(P0.01),但野生黄颡鱼鱼卵的二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的总量极显著高于养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵(P0.01),野生黄颡鱼鱼卵的n-3系列的多不饱和脂肪酸总量与n-6系列不饱和脂肪酸总量的比值(1.57)低于养殖黄颡鱼鱼卵(1.80)。     

乳山海域养殖太平洋牡蛎中营养成分及重金属含量分析及评价

牡蛎是中国主要养殖经济贝类之一,乳山作为"牡蛎之乡",牡蛎的品质及食品安全问题引人瞩目。根据2015年对乳山市4个海域的养殖太平洋牡蛎的检测数据,对太平洋牡蛎中蛋白质、牛磺酸、锌、铁、硒、铜等人体所需营养成分及砷、汞、铅、镉、铬等重金属元素的含量水平、产品中分布特征进行分析讨论,评价其安全性,引导健康安全消费。结果表明,调查海域养殖牡蛎蛋白质、脂肪质量分数为9.78%和3.0%;牛磺酸、磷含量分别为7.84和1.5 mg/g;硒、铁、锌、铜、锰的含量分别为0.46、105.7、152.7、34.2和10.7 mg/kg。该海域养殖太平洋牡蛎营养成分含量较高,而重金属元素含量远低于食品安全国家标准中食品污染物限量,表明其未受到重金属污染,故在该海域进行太平洋牡蛎养殖具有一定的地域优势;不同海域对比,太平洋牡蛎个体间蛋白质、水分、脂肪、磷、砷、汞、镉等含量分布差异不明显,牛磺酸、硒、铁、锰、锌、铜、铬、铅的含量具有显著差异,说明太平洋牡蛎对不同参数的选择性累积存在差异;同一海域不同元素分布差异不同,表明不同元素体内累积可能存在相互竞争或抑制作用。     

重金属离子的处理方法

<正>一、海水养殖用水重金属离子限量标准海水养殖用水水质标准规定各重金属的限量为:汞≤0.0002mg/L、镉≤0.005mg/L、铅≤0.05mg/L、总铬≤0.1mg/L、砷≤0.03mg/L、铜≤0.01mg/L、锌≤0.1mg/L、硒≤0.02mg/L。从上可看出,汞、镉、铅、砷是有害无益的重金属离子,限量较低;铬、铜、锌、硒、铁、锰是对虾和藻类生长均需要的营养元素,在饲料中还需专门添加这些微量矿物质以促进对虾健康快速生长,但这些超量了亦会有害;铁作为重金属离子在标准中不作要求,可见相对是安全的。     

Effects of conventional and organic feed on the mineral composition of cultured European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a widely consumed marine fish in Mediterranean areas, and different farming techniques are applied for fish culturing to satisfy the growing demand for seafood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conventional and organic feed on the quality of cultured European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) collected during the growth period. The concentrations of ash, moisture, essential macro‐elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P), micro‐elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn) and toxic elements (As, Cd, and Pb) were determined in feeds and in fillets of cultured fish. The results were compared to those obtained from wild sea bass. Results showed that the differences between organic diet‐fed and conventional diet‐fed sea basses varied in relation to the specific element measured and the growth period. The former showed higher concentration of Fe, Mg and Cr, and lower Na content. The amount of P, Na, Fe, Cu and Cr in wild sea bass was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than that found in farmed fish. The levels of toxic elements in cultured sea bass were always within the allowed limit for fishery products. Wild samples had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher content of arsenic and lead than farmed sea bass. Cultured fish represent a valuable dietary source of essential macro‐ and micro‐elements. Controlled rearing systems and feedings were related to a decrease in the presence of some toxic metals in cultured fish compared with wild fish.     

丁(鱼岁)不同生长阶段肌肉脂肪酸和微量营养元素的比较

对丁不同生长阶段鱼体肌肉中脂肪酸组成及微量营养元素含量进行了比较。结果表明:丁不同生长阶段肌肉中的脂肪酸含量及组成有明显差异。脂肪酸总量、不饱和脂肪酸总量和饱和脂肪酸总量,亲鱼均高于幼鱼和成鱼,成鱼均高于幼鱼;不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸总量,成鱼和亲鱼均高于幼鱼;同时,成鱼和亲鱼肌肉中高度不饱和脂肪酸花生三烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和EPA、DHA含量明显高于幼鱼肌肉。成鱼和亲鱼肌肉中微量营养元素Fe和Mn含量显著低于幼鱼(P<0.05);亲鱼肌肉中Zn含量显著低于成鱼和幼鱼(P<0.05),成鱼显著高于幼鱼(P<0.05);亲鱼肌肉中Cu含量显著低于成鱼和幼鱼(P<0.05)。     

斑鳜人工繁殖技术初报

2011-2013年,利用野生和经人工驯养的野生斑鳜（ Siniperca scherzeri ）亲鱼进行人工繁殖试验。结果表明：采用地欧酮（ DOM）和促黄体素释放激素类似物（ LHRH -A3）组成的混合药物催产,在17．8-25．4℃水温条件下,斑鳜亲鱼群体的效应时间为24-46．5 h,存在产卵高峰期,产卵持续时间一般长达1-1．5 d。自然产卵高峰期的受精率较高,最高可达80%以上,早期和晚期的较低;而孵化率差异不大,最高可达86．7%。人工授精的受精率可达91．3%,孵化率可达89．3%。未经人工驯养的野生斑鳜亲鱼人工催产的受精率、孵化率都明显低于经人工驯养的。     

Egg quality determinants in cod (Gadus morhua L.): egg performance and lipids in eggs from farmed and wild broodstock

Lipids and essential fatty acids, particularly the highly unsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), 22:6n‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) and 20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid, AA) have been shown to be crucial determinants of marine fish reproduction directly affecting fecundity, egg quality, hatching success, larval malformation and pigmentation. In Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) culture, eggs from farmed broodstock can have much lower fertilization and hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that potential quality and performance differences between eggs from different cod broodstock would be reflected in differences in lipid and fatty acid composition. Thus eggs were obtained from three broodstock, farmed, wild/fed and wild/unfed, and lipid content, lipid class composition, fatty acid composition and pigment content were determined and related to performance parameters including fertilization rate, symmetry of cell division and survival to hatching. Eggs from farmed broodstock showed significantly lower fertilization rates, cell symmetry and survival to hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. There were no differences in total lipid content or the proportions of the major lipid classes between eggs from the different broodstock. However, eggs from farmed broodstock were characterized by having significantly lower levels of some quantitatively minor phospholipid classes, particularly phosphatidylinositol. There were no differences between eggs from farmed and wild broodstock in the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The DHA content was also similar. However, eggs from farmed broodstock had significantly lower levels of AA, and consequently significantly higher EPA/AA ratios than eggs from wild broodstock. Total pigment and astaxanthin levels were significantly higher in eggs from wild broodstock. Therefore, the levels of AA and phosphatidylinositol, the predominant AA‐containing lipid class, and egg pigment content were positively related to egg quality or performance parameters such as fertilization and hatching success rates, and cell symmetry.     

不同年龄野生和养殖兴凯湖翘嘴鲌肌肉营养成分分析

为评定营养价值、建立种质标准以及研制人工配合饲料,对2龄、4龄和6龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)野生和养殖群体的肌肉营养成分和营养品质进行了分析比较,结果显示,2龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生和养殖群体肌肉营养成分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);4龄、6龄野生群体的水分和粗蛋白含量显著高于养殖群体(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著低于养殖群体(P<0.05)。与常见养殖鱼类相比,野生兴凯湖翘嘴鲌Ca和P含量较高。野生和养殖群体的氨基酸组成一致,甘氨酸含量最高,谷氨酸和赖氨酸次之。4龄、6龄野生群体氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸总量(EAA)和鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于养殖群体(P<0.05)。结果表明,兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生与养殖群体蛋白质含量较高,均含有丰富的氨基酸,具有较高的营养价值和食用价值;野生群体肌肉营养价值和肉味鲜美程度明显优于养殖群体,且随年龄增长差异更鲌加明显。在配制兴凯湖翘嘴鲌人工饲料时,应适当添加限制性氨基酸蛋氨酸和胱氨酸,以提高其营养价值;适当添加甘氨酸和谷氨酸,以提高养殖鱼体风味。     

A comparison of fatty acid composition and quality aspects of eggs and larvae from cultured and wild broodstock of common sole (Solea solea L.)

Eggs from a F₁ cultured broodstock of sole were compared with eggs from wild‐caught breeders throughout one spawning season, to evaluate if egg quality may be affected by culture‐related conditions. Fourteen batches of eggs from cultured broodstock and 17 batches from wild‐caught sole were compared with respect to fatty acid (FA) composition, egg size, fertilization rate and hatching rate. Based on a multivariate analysis of the FA profiles, it was possible to discriminate between culture and wild inheritance. Eggs from cultured broodstock had high levels of C20:1(n‐9), C18:2(n‐6) and C18:3(n‐3), whereas eggs from wild fish had high levels of C16:1(n‐7), C20:4(n‐6) and C20:5(n‐3). Differences in FA profiles were most likely related to dietary differences. Fertilization and hatching rates were generally low and lowest in eggs from cultured broodstock, but not related to FA composition. Larval growth of one batch from each group was compared. Larval growth was not correlated to broodstock origin, FA composition or egg or larval size. However, larval survival was significantly lower for larvae from cultured broodstock.