基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统研究

为了保证中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的产品质量安全,设计了基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统。通过分析中华绒鳌蟹养殖过程中的危害,结合无公害中华绒螯蟹养殖HACCP质量管理体系,确定了中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全监管措施的5个关键监控点和监控措施;依据EAN/UCC标识系统,设计出可追溯二维码标签,并应用ActiveX控件技术实现了客户端标签打印功能;采用B/S模式结构体系,建立了基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统,为中华绒螯蟹实现"从源头到餐桌"的质量安全信息的可追溯提供良好的管理操作平台。     

中华绒螯蟹常见病害的中草药防治分析

在中华绒螯蟹的养殖过程中,药物残留问题的解决刻不容缓。而将中草药用于中华绒螯蟹病害防治方面,不仅可以解决机体耐药性和药物残留的问题,而且还符合发展绿色水产养殖业的养殖理念,为提高中华绒螯蟹养殖效益提供了一条全新途径。     

恩诺沙星与中华绒螯蟹血浆蛋白结合率的研究

为探索养殖过程中恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)施用于中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)中的药效情况,文章通过静置平衡透析法分析研究了恩诺沙星与中华绒螯蟹血浆的蛋白结合率.试验测得的中华绒螯蟹血浆蛋白浓度为63.95±0.29 mg·mL-1,蛋白分子量主要集中在66.2-97.1 kDa之间,恩诺沙星与中华绒螯蟹血浆蛋白的结合率在47.39%-82.58%之间.分析结果认为,恩诺沙星与中华绒螯蟹血浆50%以上的蛋白结合率,在中华绒螯蟹养殖生产过程中需要慎重考虑恩诺沙星的有效药物浓度及其与其它药物的竞争作用,以能充分发挥恩诺沙星的作用.     

我国中华绒螯蟹资源和养殖生产管理现状及发展建议

我国中华绒螯蟹养殖正方兴未艾，但面临的问题较多，作者围绕着我国河蟹养殖生产发展迅猛，我国三大水系的中华绒螯蟹在繁育养殖生产方面存在的主要差异，我国中华绒螯蟹经营管理中存在的主要问题及采取政策和措施等专题展开论述。     

中华绒螯蟹病害的流行态势及其对产业持续发展的思考

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)养殖业是我国水产养殖支柱产业之一。随着中华绒螯蟹养殖产业飞速发展,病害问题也愈加严重,并逐渐成为了产业发展的"瓶颈"问题。本文就我国近年来中华绒螯蟹病害流行的态势、病害流行原因以及应对措施进行剖析,以期为推动该产业的持续发展提供相应的参考。     

中华绒螯蟹养殖中常见疾病与防治

中华绒螯蟹是我国主要的淡水水产品种之一,各种疾病随着养殖规模化不断出现。综合分析了中华绒螯蟹常见疾病的流行症状及防治措施。     

一种中华绒螯蟹病原——腐败希瓦氏菌

<正>中华绒螯蟹是苏州地区的主要水产养殖品种之一。在养殖过程中,部分养殖户塘口的中华绒螯蟹出现了活力下降甚至死亡的情况,造成了较大的损失。从患病蟹体内分离到腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)并人工回感成功,该文有关腐败希瓦氏菌及其药物敏感性的结果有助于对中华绒螯蟹的细菌性疾病进行预防和治疗。     

河蟹种质的外观鉴别

近年来,我国各地掀起了人工养殖河蟹的热潮,长江水系蟹种因具有其它蟹种无可比拟的生长优势而成为广大养殖户的首选。一些初次养殖河蟹的养殖户,因蟹苗市场真假混杂、鱼目混珠而没有选购到正宗优质蟹种,遭受到很大的经济损失。为了正确引导河蟹的人工养殖,本文就河蟹种质的外观鉴别方法作一介绍。 河蟹又叫螃蟹、毛蟹,学名中华绒螯蟹,在分类学上属节肢动物门、甲壳纲、十足目、方蟹科、绒螯蟹属。该属除中华绒螯蟹外,还有日本绒螯蟹、直额线螯蟹和狭额绒螯蟹三个种。中华绒螯蟹在我国分布较广,因栖息生态环境的不同,形成了四个种群,即长江水系种群、辽河水系种群、瓯江水系种群和闽江水系种群。适于人工养殖的中华绒螯蟹种是指规格在2g以上一秋龄长江水系中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的统称。     

尿素对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹非特异性免疫功能的影响

分别用0.24、0.48、0.72、0.96、1.20g/L的尿素溶液饲养中华绒螯蟹幼蟹7d,测定幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(Glutathione-S transferase,GST)的活性和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量.结果表明,随着时间的延长,各浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中上述3种酶的活性逐渐下降,丙二醛含量逐渐上升;随着浓度的增加,3种酶活性有逐渐下降的趋势,但0.24g/L尿素浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性和0.96g/L浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中谷胱甘肽-S转移酶活性显著高于其他处理组,这两组中华绒螯蟹血清中丙二醛含量则相应下降.表明尿素浓度增加使得中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内清除脂质过氧化物、过氧化氢和自由基的能力下降,对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内的非特异性防御系统有损伤.     

渔光一体池塘光伏区和非光伏区中华绒螯蟹二龄蟹的养殖生长比较

为了解渔光一体模式下中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)池塘养殖生长规律,在渔光一体池塘内,分别在光伏覆盖区域和非光伏覆盖区域开展中华绒螯蟹养殖实验,比较光伏区和非光伏区中华绒螯蟹二龄蟹的生长情况。结果显示,6月份之前,非光伏区中华绒螯蟹显示出一定的生长优势,6月份之后光伏区中华绒螯蟹的生长优势突出,生长速度和规格均明显超过非光伏区,且光伏区最终的养成规格、产量(高13.06个百分点)、成活率(高6.2个百分点)等均体现出明显优势。实验结果证实了光伏遮光对河蟹养殖具有显著优势。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.