额尔齐斯河鱼类单殖吸虫研究Ⅲ.指环虫属-新记录

记述了采自额尔齐斯河(中国段)湖拟鲤(Rutilus rutilus)鳃上的一种指环虫科(Dactylogyridae)、指环虫属(Dactylogyrus)的维氏指环虫(Dactylogyrus vistulae Prost,1957);经比较,鉴定为我国指环虫属一新记录种.对其主要形态特征进行了描述并绘制了特征图,同时与寄生于湖拟鲤鳃上的国内已记述的其它指环虫的主要形态特征进行了比较.     

中草药防治淡水鱼指环虫病的研究进展

近年来由指环虫Dactylogyrus sp.寄生所引发的指环虫病呈高发态势,给淡水鱼养殖业带来严重的经济损失。传统杀灭指环虫的药物通常毒性较大,中草药天然、污染小、不易产生耐药性及无药物残留,在防治淡水鱼类寄生虫,包括指环虫病中逐渐得到重视。本文系统地综述了中草药防治淡水鱼指环虫病的临床应用现状、发展趋势以及可能遇到的问题,为指环虫病的中草药防治提供借鉴。     

鱼类指环虫病诊断与防治技术

1病原 1．1分类地位 指环虫属（Dactylogyrus）是扁形动物门、吸虫纲、单殖亚纲、单后盘目、指环虫科的一属。本属种类众多，常见的致病种类有：页形指环虫（Dactylogyrus lamellatus Achmerov）；小鞘指环虫（Dactylogyrus vaginulatus Tchang＆Niu）.     

观赏鱼类疾病诊断及其防治技术

十、指环虫病 (一)病状:初期病状不明显,后期鳃部显著肿胀,鳃盖张开。翻鳃金鱼可看见鳃上有乳白色虫体,鳃丝通常不鲜艳。有时病鱼急剧侧游,在水草丛中或缸边撞擦,企图摆脱指环虫的侵扰,最后游动缓慢,衰竭而死。 (二)病原体:是多种指环虫,金鱼鳃上有中型指环虫(Dactylogyrus intermedius)、坏鳃指环虫(D.vastator)和弧形指环虫(D.arcuratus)。锦鲤鳃上有坏鳃指环虫、伸展指虫(D.extensus)。热带鱼鳃上有坏鳃指环虫、大钩指环虫(D.magnihamatus)等。     

白洋淀4种经济鱼类指环虫寄生情况的调查

于2011-2012年期间,对白洋淀水域4种经济鱼类(鲫鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼)指环虫(Dactylogyrus)的寄生情况进行了调查,并对指环虫的重要分类特征——中央大钩和交接器进行了显微拍照。本次调查共发现指环虫12种(其中2种为未定种),在鲫鱼上发现6种,其中美丽指环虫(D.formosus)和弧形指环虫(D.arcuatus)为优势种。鲢鱼上发现2种,鲢指环虫(D.hypophalmichthys)为优势种。鳙鱼上发现2种,鳙指环虫(D.aristichthys)为优势种。草鱼上发现2种,页形指环虫(D.lamellatus)为优势指环虫。通过调查,初步掌握了白洋淀4种经济鱼类指环虫的寄生情况,为白洋淀指环虫病的研究提供了基础资料。     

额尔齐斯河鱼类单殖吸虫研究III. 指环虫属一新记录

记述了采自额尔齐斯河(中国段)湖拟鲤(Rutilusrutilus)鳃上的一种指环虫科(Dactylogyridae)、指环虫属(Dactylogyrus)的维氏指环虫(DactylogyrusvistulaeProst,1957);经比较,鉴定为我国指环虫属一新记录种。对其主要形态特征进行了描述并绘制了特征图,同时与寄生于湖拟鲤鳃上的国内已记述的其它指环虫的主要形态特征进行了比较。     

额尔齐斯河银鲫寄生指环虫18S rDNA序列测定及 系统发育研究

为验证依靠形态鉴定的指环虫种类的正确性,进行了分子生物学鉴定,并研究了系统发育。2009-2014年在额尔齐斯河采集的银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)鳃部的指环虫,依靠形态鉴定为坏鳃指环虫(Dactylogyrus vastator)和伸展指环虫(Dactylogyrus extensus)。18S rDNA序列与Gen Bank中18S rDNA序列同源性比较结果,坏鳃指环虫同源性为99.36%(457/460),碱基转换率为0.65%(3/460);伸展指环虫同源性为100%(472/472)。用MEGA4.1软件分析和计算3科8属19种单殖吸虫18S r DNA序列的遗传距离。3个科单殖吸虫种类的种间遗传距离0.006~0.238,指环虫科的遗传距离0.007~0.047,指环虫科与锚首虫科的遗传距离0.097~0.182,指环虫科与鳞盘虫科的遗传距离0.164~0.235。系统发育研究结果,坏鳃指环虫和中间指环虫首先聚为一支,然后与伸展指环虫聚为一支,最终指环虫科的所有虫种聚为一支。研究结果同时也为额尔齐斯河人工养殖银鲫的病害防治提供依据。     

鲤鱼寄生粘孢子虫一新种

作者在进行辽宁地区池养鱼类鱼病调查时,发现单极虫属Thelohanellus Kudo,1933一新种,命名为清河单极虫,新种Thelohanellus qinghoensis sp.nov.     

额尔齐斯河鱼类单殖吸虫研究Ⅲ.指环虫属一新记录

记述了采自额尔齐斯河（中国段）湖拟鲤（Rutilusrutilus）鳃上的一种指环虫科（Dactylogyridae）、指环虫属（Dactylogyrus）的维氏指环虫（DactylogyrusvistulaeProst,1957）;经比较,鉴定为我国指环虫属一新记录种。对其主要形态特征进行了描述并绘制了特征图,同时与寄生于湖拟鲤鳃上的国内已记述的其它指环虫的主要形态特征进行了比较。     

额尔齐斯河温氏指环虫的种群生态学研究

2009年4月至2010年1月对额尔齐斯河(中国段)东方欧鳊(Abramis brama orientalis Berg)鳃部寄生的温氏指环虫(Dactylogyrus wunderi Bychowsky)进行了取样调查,以期了解温氏指环虫的种群生态学特点。结果表明,温氏指环虫的总感染率为12.92%,平均感染强度为5.70(1～19)。感染率、感染强度在不同体长组的宿主中表现出不同的变化趋势,随着宿主体长(L)的增大,温氏指环虫的感染率在35cm以上的宿主中达到最大,为50%,而平均感染强度在20≤L<25的体长范围内最小,为1.75;温氏指环虫种群在不同体长组宿主中的分布类型主要为聚集分布,且各体长段宿主之间的感染强度差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Growth performance of disk abalone Haliotis discus hannai in pilot- and commercial-scale recirculating aquaculture systems

The study investigated the growth performance of abalone from juvenile to marketable size in a commercial-scale recirculating aquaculture system. The rearing system consisted of 12 raceways (4.0 × 0.8 × 0.6 m) with a protein skimmer and a submerged biofilter for juveniles and 10 raceways (6.6 × 1.3 × 0.6 m) with a protein skimmer and a trickling biofilter for on-growing. Sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) and kelp (Laminaria japonica) were fed to the abalone. The total weight of abalone in the recirculating aquaculture system at the juvenile stage increased from 22.0 kg (average shell length 24.5 mm) to 75.5 kg (average shell length 42.5 mm) after 180 days. Feed conversion ratios increased slightly from 13.7 for the first 90 days to 16.3 thereafter. The shell growth rate of juvenile abalone between 24.5 mm and 34.8 mm was 3.4 mm month⁻¹, while for juveniles between 34.8 mm and 42.5 mm it was 2.6 mm month⁻¹. The total weight of abalone in the recirculating aquaculture system for the on-growing stage increased from 100.0 kg (average shell length 44.0 mm) to 433.3 kg (average shell length 72.7 mm) after 570 days. The feed conversion ratios for the first 173 days, the next 320 days, and the last 570 days were 19.6, 22.1, and 24.8, respectively. The growth rate of the average shell length during the on-growing period was 1.5 mm month⁻¹. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations were stabilized below 0.12 mg l⁻¹ in the juvenile recirculating system and 0.14 mg l⁻¹ in the on-growing recirculating system after conditioning of the biofilters.     

大竹蛏生产性人工繁育试验

2007年对大竹蛏进行了生产性人工繁育试验。对亲本不同批次催产效果、不同规格亲本产卵差异、孵化密度进行了比较,研究了D形幼虫发育与温度的关系以及幼虫发育各阶段生长规律等,结果显示,大竹蛏属分批成熟、分批产卵的潜居性贝类,不同批次个体平均产卵量(36~118)×104cell,个体总产卵量294×104cell。壳长8~10 cm的亲贝产卵量大,催产效果好。受精卵适宜的孵化密度为5~10 cell/mL。在水温21~24.5℃条件下,D形幼虫经8~5 d生长,发育变态为附着稚贝。D形幼虫壳长日生长33.33±4.22μm,1 mm前的稚贝壳长日生长108.33±22.57μm,1~10 mm的稚贝平均旬生长量2.12 mm,10.4~30.6 mm的苗种平均旬生长量为2.02 mm。当水温下降到15℃后,大竹蛏苗种生长滞缓。2007年培育出壳长11.52±0.27 mm的稚贝2 165×104cfu,平均成活率12.1%。     

厦门杏林湾鲻鱼年龄和生长的研究

厦门杏林湾鲻鱼鳞片年轮可作为年龄鉴定依据。鳞片边缘增长率a的周年变化，表明鳞片年轮每年形成一次，新年轮主要在10-11月间出现。已计算出鲻鱼体长与鳞长、体长与体重的关系式。3龄鱼以前属于幼鱼生长阶段，体长和体重的相对增长率较大，生长指标较高；3龄鱼以后则进入成鱼生长阶段。其生长适合于von Bertalanffy生长方程，体重生长曲线的拐点位于2龄至2．5龄之间，其生长速度和加速度曲线能反映生长过程的变化特征，合理捕捞的生物学指标应以生长转折点较为适当，限制捕捞1龄和2龄的港养鲻鱼是提高单位面积产量的关键之一。     

Laboratory experiment on survival,growth and tag retention following PIT injection into the body cavity of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)

A laboratory study was conducted to assess the effect of PIT tagging on survival and growth of young-of-the-year brown trout (Salmo trutta) and evaluate PIT tag loss as a function of body size at tagging. Transponders (11.5 mm long and 2.1 mm in diameter) were injected into the peritoneal cavity of fish ranging from 41 to 70 mm fork length (FL) using hypodermic needles. A total of 145 tagged fish and 136 control fish of similar size were reared over 4 weeks. Logistic regressions show that survival rate reached 95% for fish ≥52 mm FL at tagging (with a tag retention rate >70%), and 99% for fish ≥57 mm FL (tag retention rate >80%). No significant effect of tagging on growth (fork length and weight) was detected at the end of the experiment. The specific growth rate varied markedly among PIT-tagged fish regardless of fork length, weight or tag-to-body-weight ratio at tagging. Results suggest that juvenile brown trout larger than 57 mm FL (tag-to-body weight ratio in water <3.4%) can be marked by injection of 11.5 mm PIT into the peritoneal cavity with negligible effects on survival and growth, but this leads to a relatively high tag rejection rate (up to 20%).     

洪泽湖河蚬种群生长方程的估算及其应用

015年4月（春季）、8月（夏季）、11月（秋季）和2016年2月（冬季），对洪泽湖河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）进行了采样调查，共设置30个样点，从各采样点分别随机选取30个河蚬，记录不同壳长、壳宽、壳高和体重的河蚬数量，计算其年龄组成和分布频率，并统计不同壳长组的年龄分布情况，以期为其资源的合理利用与保护提供参考依据。结果显示，形态指标和体重呈现显著的季节变化；壳长、壳宽、壳高、体重和年龄范围分别为1.47~40.82 mm、3.93~27.81 mm、8.46~37.40 mm、0.43~20.56 g和1~5龄，壳长、壳宽、壳高、体重和年龄的优势组分别为15~35 mm（92.6%）、12~20 mm（83.2%）、15~31 mm（88.8%）、2~10 g（79.6%）和2~3龄（76.5%）；其相对增长率和生长指标随年龄的增加逐渐降低；壳长-体重关系式为W = 1.5×10-3L 2.5795(R2= 0.90)，Von Bertalanffy壳长和体重生长方程分别为Lt= 39.42 ×[1 - e- 0.33 (t + 0.6)]和Wt= 22.574 × [1-e- 0.33 (t + 0.6)]3；拐点年龄为2.73龄，对应的体重和壳长分别为6.69 g和26.28 mm。分析表明，洪泽湖有适宜河蚬生长的环境条件，且秋季为最佳捕捞季节；年龄与壳长和体重显著正相关，可以通过河蚬的体长和体重来估测其年龄；其生长可分为3个阶段，1~2龄为快速生长期，2~3龄为稳定期，3~5龄为衰老期。建议将拐点年龄所对应的壳长26.28 mm作为洪泽湖河蚬开捕壳长。     

Size selective capture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in floating pots

Little is known about the size selectivity of cod in static fishing gears such as pots and traps. In this field study, floating fishing pots were equipped with 40, 45 and 50 mm square mesh escape windows in order to estimate the size selectivity of cod at different mesh sizes. Relationships between selectivity parameters and mesh size, as well as an optimal mesh size for the escape window with respect to current minimum landing size of cod in the Baltic Sea were sought. The results show that the floating pot is not only species selective when used in the Baltic Sea cod fishery, the implementation of an escape window reduced the proportion of undersized bycatch in the pots by more than 90%. The estimated length at 50% retention was found to be a direct function of fish body length (girth) and mesh size of the escape window, while the estimated selection range remained unchanged regardless of mesh size. Optimal mesh size, with respect to the length at 50% retention and current minimal landing size of 38 cm in the Baltic, was determined to be 45 mm. Strong indications (significant on the 0.01 probability level in the case of 50 and 40 mm escape windows) suggested that the relative fishing power of the pots increased with the implementation of an escape window. This result could be explained as a “saturation effect”, i.e. the probability of cod entering the pot is likely to be negatively dependent on cod density in the pot. The high species selectivity and the low catch rate of undersized fish have consolidated the floating pots position as a highly benign fishing method and the foremost alternative gear for the future coastal cod fishery in the Baltic Sea.     

Use of escape vents to improve size and species selectivity of collapsible pot for blue swimming crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Portunus pelagicus</Emphasis> in Thailand

Laboratory experiments were firstly conducted to determine the possibility of modification of the collapsible pot for blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus by designing appropriate escape vents in terms of shape, position, and size to improve size selectivity by reducing the catch of immature crabs. In laboratory observations, nearly square-shaped vents of 35 mm height and 45 mm length, located at the lower part of the side panel, showed the best performance to allow the escape of immature-size crabs by side-crawling escape behavior through the vents, with L _50% selection carapace length (CL) of 39.1, 44.4, and 48.7 mm CL for 40, 45, and 50 mm vent length, respectively. Comparative fishing trials between conventional and vented pots with vents of 35 × 45 mm size were conducted to examine the crab size and species selectivity. Use of the vented pots was found to reduce the number of immature crabs in the catch from 70.5% to 11.0% on average, while not affecting the catch efficiency of mature-size crabs. The vented pots also had a selective effect for reducing the catch of bycatch species in comparative fishing trials.     

太湖大银鱼生长与食性的初步研究

大银鱼Protosalanx hyalocranius(Abbott)为太湖主要经济鱼类之一．为了合理利用太湖银鱼资源和探讨湖泊鱼类构成“小型化”问题提供参考，在1981年2月至1982年2月研究了太湖大银鱼的周年生长与食性，主要结果如下：大银鱼全年在太湖生长发育，属一年生的定居性小型鱼类，其生长较为迅速，经7个月平均体长可达到110毫米；大银鱼为肉食性鱼类，幼鱼阶段摄食枝角类与桡足类，成体在太湖中主要以湖鲚和太湖短吻银鱼等为食．为提高太湖银鱼产量和合理利用资源，建议大银鱼的起捕规格由全长40毫米提高到60毫米(体长约为52．4毫米)。     

Growth and production of hatchery-reared juvenile spotted babylon Babylonia areolata Link 1807 cultured to marketable size in intensive flowthrough and semi-closed recirculating water systems

Hatchery‐reared juvenile spotted babylon Babylonia areolata (mean initial shell length 12.8 mm) were cultured intensively to marketable size in three 3.0 × 2.5 × 0.7 m indoor canvas rectangular tanks. The duplicate treatments of flowthrough and semi‐closed recirculating sea‐water systems were compared at an initial stocking density of 300 individuals m^?2 (2250 juveniles per tank). The animals were fed ad libitum with fresh carangid fish Selaroides leptolepis once daily. During 240 culture days, average growth rates in shell length and body weight were 3.86 mm month^?1 and 1.47 g month^?1 for the flowthrough system and 3.21 mm month^?1 and 1.10 g month^?1 for those in the semi‐closed recirculating system. Survival in the flowthrough system (95.77%) was significantly higher than that in the semi‐closed recirculating system (79.28%). Feed conversion ratios were 1.68 and 1.96 for flowthrough and semi‐closed recirculating systems respectively.