银鱼漫谈

银鱼属鲱形目、银鱼科,因形似玉簪、细嫩透明、洁白如银而得名。安徽有4种银鱼:大银鱼、前颌间银鱼、太湖新银鱼及长江银鱼。人们常说的银鱼主要指太湖新银鱼(原称太湖短吻银鱼),体长约70毫米,俗称小银鱼,古称灰残鱼、白小。大银鱼,俗称面鱼,体长约170毫米,古称残鱼。     

太湖银鱼人工批量繁育获成功

中国水产科学烷淡水渔业研究中心研人员经过多年试验研究，于1998年2月入工繁育太湖银鱼鱼苗200万尾，除在太湖鱼类繁殖保护区放养50万尾外，其余均被有关单位移殖到当地水域养殖。近几年全国各地养殖单位都从太湖移殖银鱼受精卵，投放到当地大中型湖泊和水库以增殖银鱼资源。但在自然水域中放养银鱼受精卵因受孵化率低、孵化期长等因素限制，效果不甚理想。因此人工批量繁育银鱼鱼苗一直是一项难题。此次繁育成功为全国各地移殖、增殖银鱼资源提供了苗率来源。太湖银鱼人工批量繁育获成功@张建寿$无锡市水产技术指导站!214023…     

海子水库引进大银鱼初见成效

大银鱼属鲑形目，胡瓜亚目，银鱼秤，为浮游于水上层的一种小型经济鱼类，该鱼正体可食，肉味鲜美，营养价值高，能出口创汇，为太湖著名名鱼种．1990年1月北京市水产科学研究所从太湖引进大银鱼发眼卵221万粒，投放在京郊平谷县海子水库进行冰下孵化，三月中旬逐渐孵出后，鱼苗入库，经过一年多的生长观察，已繁育后代。     

关于太湖银鱼资源可持续发展的探讨

银鱼是太湖主要经济鱼类之一，它的盛衰直接关系到太湖渔业经济的效益和渔民收入，在这种形势下，对于银鱼资源的增殖保护就显得更为重要本文作者结合太湖湖区实际情况，从增殖保护的角度对太湖银鱼资源可持续发展提出一些确实可行的具体措施和建议。     

太湖银鱼种群消长动态及其增殖措施

研究了太湖5种银鱼的形态检索特征。繁殖生物学和种群消长动态等，银鱼具典型蒙氏第一产卵群体类型的生物学特征，环境因子和人为干预的协同作用是造成太湖银鱼种群变化和资源衰退的主要原因。增殖资源可采取：限制凶猛鱼类发展，建立太湖银鱼人工增殖放流站和银鱼繁殖场，治理污染等措施。     

巢湖太湖新银鱼营养成分分析及营养评价

正太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)隶属于胡瓜鱼目(Osmeriformes)、银鱼科(Salangidae)、新银鱼属(Neosalanx),浮游动物食性,生命周期一般一年,是长江中下游及其附属水体重要的小型经济鱼类。太湖新银鱼是巢湖银鱼中最主要的品种,年捕获量达数千吨。目前国内对太湖新银鱼的研究大部分在生物遗传学、种质资源、移植养殖等方面,周彦锋等人对河南陆浑水     

祖国各地

内蒙岱海移养驯化太湖大银鱼初获成功自云南省滇池移养太湖短吻银鱼获得成功后,北方地区曾先后多年进行了引入太湖短吻银鱼的试验,但至今未获得生产性成效。占太湖银鱼总产50%以上的太湖大银鱼,是出口创汇的经济鱼类之一。这是一种一年生小型鱼类,比较耐寒。苏州蚕桑专科学校(水产专业)与内蒙古水产研究所合作,以大银鱼作为北移对象,并选择     

银鱼人工繁殖操作技术

银鱼属鲑形目，胡瓜鱼亚目，银鱼科，为一年生小型经济鱼类，是我国出口创汇的主要水产品之一。河南平顶山银鱼出口额每年上百万元以上，引进太湖产银鱼最为成功。为使渔民尽快致富奔小康，现将银鱼人工繁殖操作方法介绍如下：     

洱海西太公鱼和太湖新银鱼生长特性及种群调控效果研究

洱海先后人为引入了太湖新银鱼和西太公鱼。为了掌握这两种鱼类的生长特性及评估人工调控效果,2017年1月至2018年12月在洱海采集西太公鱼和太湖新银鱼。通过测量体长与体重数据对种群参数(L_∞、W_∞、k、t₀、Z、M、E等)进行估算,并进行了渔产量变化调查分析。结果表明： 1.西太公鱼和太湖新银鱼体长与体重关系中回归参数b值分别为3.2148和2.8274,这两种鱼在洱海均属于等速生长。西太公鱼von Bertalanffy生长方程为L_t =13.65[1-e^{_{-1.80(t+0.17)}}];W_t=28.09[1-e^{_{-1.80(t+0.17)}}]^_3.2148,生长拐点年龄为0.48,相应体重为8.51g,体长为9.41cm;太湖新银鱼von Bertalanffy生长方程为L_t=9.45[1-e^{_{-0.92(t+0.38)}}]; W_t=2.69[1-e^{_{-0.92(t+0.38)}}]^_2.8274,生长拐点年龄为0.75,相应体重为0.78g,体长为6.11cm。2. 西太公鱼总死亡系数、自然死亡系数、捕捞死亡系数和开发率分别为10.2、2.56、7.64和0.75;太湖新银鱼总死亡系数、自然死亡系数、捕捞死亡系数和开发率分别为4.66、1.84、2.82和0.60。3. 西太公鱼的资源量自2015年至2018年是逐年递增的,但是上升的幅度在逐年减小;太湖新银鱼的资源量自2015年至2018年逐年降低。综上,在洱海西太公鱼和太湖新银鱼的个体发育正常,这两种鱼生长周期相差一个月左右,西太公鱼的生长速度高于太湖新银鱼,本研究期间这两种鱼的人工调控取得了良好的效果。     

对湖南银鱼移植增殖工作的反思

银鱼素有"水中白金"之称,是我国名贵的小型经济鱼类,具有较高的经济价值,是出口的重要水产品之一。鲜银鱼国内收购价为3－8万元八,出口价为2－4万美元八。洞庭湖区历来是银鱼的生产基地,据调查,有太湖短吻银鱼、寡齿短吻银鱼、长江银鱼、大银鱼;银鱼产卵场门处,有相当产量。仅以玩江市为例,1928年年产鲜银鱼就达90t。但随着湖床淤积和变迁,水质污染以及酷渔滥捕,致使有名的白沙长河银鱼产卵场已不复存在。目前银鱼资源已近绝迹,产量也无统计。l银鱼移植增殖工作的由来1979年中科院南京地理所将太湖新银鱼授精卵移入云南滇池（面…     

环境与摄食对山东省近海鱼礁区不同体长许氏平鲉分布的影响

为研究环境与摄食因素对人工鱼礁区不同体长许氏平鲉分布的影响,采用2017—2018年山东省近岸3处鱼礁区环境和渔业资源的调查数据,利用变异系数CV均值将样本的体长分为10组,每组体长间隔为33 mm,并使用Bray-Curtis相似性指数比较不同海域许氏平鲉体长组成的相似性;运用去趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)分析各环境要素对不同体长组许氏平鲉分布的影响;运用胃含物分析法分析许氏平鲉的食物组成。结果显示,西霞口与长岛鱼礁区样本体长组成相似性指数为70.66%,前三岛鱼礁区与西霞口鱼礁区、长岛鱼礁区的相似性指数较低,分别为54.94%和59.46%;大体长(299～365mm)许氏平鲉的分布与水深、水质指数(WQI)和化学需氧量(COD)相关性较大,喜好水深较深、营养丰富的水域;小体长(35～200 mm)许氏平鲉喜好水深较浅,水质好的水域。大体长(200～365 mm),高龄(2～3龄)的个体主要摄食鱼类、虾类和蟹类,优势饵料为鱼类(IRI为65.94%);小体长(35～200 mm),低龄(0～1龄)的个体主要摄食虾类和蟹类,优势饵料为虾类(IRI为45.69%)。研究表明,在浅水区域投放幼鱼保护型鱼礁,为幼鱼提供庇护所;将捕捞作业集中在深水区,减少对许氏平鲉小体长个体的兼捕,可以达到针对性增殖、保护许氏平鲉资源的目的。     

Response of a Juvenile Cyprinid,Lake Minnow <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eupallasella perenurus</Emphasis> (Pallas), to Different Diets

Three commercial starters (Carp Starter, Uni Starter and Perla Plus) and one non-commercial, with frozen Chironomidae larvae as a reference diet, were evaluated for the intensive rearing of juvenile lake minnow Eupallasella perenurus, a cyprinid fish that is critically endangered in Poland. The growth, condition, survival, body deformities, and chemical body composition were studied. The 90-day laboratory experiment was performed at 22 °C with fish that were initially 24.6 mm (mean total lenth (TL)) and 0.11 g (mean body weight (BW)). Satisfactory fish growth was attained with all of the diets; however, the largest (p ≤ 0.05) final size (48.5 mm TL, 1.55 g BW) and the lowest condition coefficient (K = 1.34) were noted in fish fed the non-commercial starter. The final survival rates were very high (97.5–100%). Skeletal deformities (in 74 to 92% fish) were recorded exclusively in fish fed commercial starters. All commercial starters resulted in considerably higher lipid content and lower ash content than did the non-commercial starter and the reference diet. This suggests that both these factors might be responsible for body deformities. The present results proved that only the non-commercial starter is suitable for juvenile E. perenurus rearing under controlled condition, and that none of the commercial starters can be recommended.     

入侵地和原产地太湖新银鱼群体遗传结构

为了探讨太湖新银鱼快速适应新环境和快速入侵的遗传学机制,本研究利用10个微卫星位点对5个入侵地和2个原产地的群体遗传结构进行了分析。遗传多样性参数结果显示,入侵地滇池、邛海、抚仙湖和三峡库区群体的遗传多样性水平比原产地高,入侵地洱海群体的遗传多样性水平低于原产地太湖而高于巢湖群体,原产地巢湖群体的遗传多样性最低。遗传距离和UPGMA聚类结果表明邛海群体和其他群体的遗传关系最远,太湖与抚仙湖的遗传关系最近。ANOVA显示大多数遗传变异存在于太湖新银鱼群体内(95.78%),群体间的遗传变异为4.22%,固定系数(Fst=0.0422)显著,表明太湖新银鱼群体间存在显著的小尺度遗传分化,两两遗传分化指数也证实了这一点。MVSP主成分分析显示邛海、三峡库区、巢湖和滇池群体有明显的分化。由此推断,高水平的遗传多样性和显著的遗传结构差异性可能是太湖新银鱼成功入侵的重要原因。     

Decapsulated Artemia Cysts: A Suitable Dietary Supplement for Juvenile Tench (Tinca tinca L.)

There are no specifically formulated dry foods for tench (Tinca tinca L.), which forces farmers to use diets formulated for other fish species. This has major drawbacks, such as high mortality, slow growth, and body deformities. A 120 day experiment was performed with five-month-old juvenile tench (initial mean weight: 0.388 g; total length: 31.78 mm) to evaluate decapsulated Artemia cysts as a supplement to a dry diet for other fish species. Three treatments, differing in the daily supplement, were tested: 1,800 freshly hatched nauplii, 1,800 cysts, and 300 cysts per g of tench biomass. Final survival ranged between 95.3% and 97.9%. Juvenile tench that received the supplement of 1,800 decapsulated Artemia cysts had a specific growth rate (1.28), weight (1.83 g), and total length (52.30 mm) significantly higher than those with the same amount of nauplii. The lowest supplement (300 cysts/g of fish biomass) allowed significantly lower growth and higher condition coefficient (1.40) than the rest. Animals with body deformities (1.06%) were only recorded in the groups that received the lowest cyst supplement. Results showed Artemia cysts are a suitable dietary supplement for juvenile tench, being an advantageous alternative to live nauplii.     

Two spawning stocks of icefish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neosalanx taihuensis</Emphasis> revealed from annual reproductive cycle analyses

Neosalanx taihuensis were sampled from the Tian-e-zhou Oxbow from March 2006 through November 2007. Two separate spawning seasons were identified based on the annual reproductive cycles of the females, designated as the autumn-spawning season and the spring-spawning season. Lifespan of the offspring of the spring-spawning fish was 1 year, with them dying after the subsequent spring spawning. Autumn-spawned females seem to be the offspring of the spring-spawning fish, based on monthly changes in the length–frequency distributions. Spring-mature females had higher absolute fecundity, gonadosomatic index, and relative condition factor in 2007 than in 2006. Relative condition factor of the immature female offspring of spring-spawning fish was higher in 2007 than in 2006, portending a further increase in reproductive investment during the spring spawning of 2008. The increasing reproductive investment suggests that the population of N. taihuensis in the Tian-e-zhou Oxbow may be recovering from its recent decline.     

渤海小黄鱼摄食习性

根据2009年8月至2011年5月4个航次渤海底拖网调查所获得的样品,采用胃含物分析法、K-W检验和聚类分析等方法,对38～218 mm体长范围小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)的摄食习性及其随体长、季节的变化进行了研究,并探讨了小黄鱼摄食随海域和年际的时空变化。结果表明:渤海小黄鱼摄食的饵料有40余种,主要以鱼类、虾类和浮游动物为食,优势饵料种类为六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys heaema)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)、太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifia)、长额刺糠虾(Acanthomysis longirostris)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)。渤海小黄鱼在春夏秋这三个季节中,春季的摄食强度最低,夏季和秋季的摄食强度都较高,不同的是夏季摄食率更高,而秋季的摄食量更高。随着体长的增大,渤海小黄鱼的摄食策略发生了相应的变化。从摄食强度分析,在体长较小时,胃饱满指数低,小黄鱼通过高摄食率来提高摄食强度;随着体长的增加,通过高胃饱满指数来提高摄食强度。从摄食的饵料个体分析,小黄鱼采取了随着体长增加摄食饵料个数减少,饵料个体增大的摄食策略。从摄食的饵料组成分析,小黄鱼随着体长增加发生了显著的食性转换现象:体长小于60 mm属浮游动物食性;体长60～99 mm时,属混合动物食性;体长100～119 mm时,属虾食性;体长超过120 mm,包括了虾/鱼食性和鱼食性。小黄鱼摄食的时空变化与环境中优势饵料生物的数量波动密切相关。     

Identification of individuals born in different spawning seasons using otolith microstructure to reveal life history of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neosalanx taihuensis</Emphasis>

Otolith microstructure was used to distinguish specimens of Neosalanx taihuensis born in spring and autumn. Increment width during the early life stage was significantly narrower for spring-born than autumn-born juveniles, and the frequency distributions of the width of the first 5 increments were distinctive and diagnostic. Otolith growth trajectories and frequency distribution of the first 5 increments of spring-spawning adults displayed similar patterns to spring-born juveniles. Otolith growth trajectories of autumn-spawning adults were intermediate between those of spring- and autumn-born juveniles, and the frequency distribution of the width of the first 5 increments showed two modes, one similar to spring-born juveniles and the other similar to autumn-born juveniles. Populations of N. taihuensis have previously been shown to be dominated by spring-spawning fish. Thus, the putative life history of N. taihuensis can be summarized as: (1) a small part of the spring-born fish mature and spawn in autumn of the year of their birth, (2) the majority of the spring-born cohort matures and spawns in spring of the next year, and (3) offspring of the autumn-born fish mature and spawn in autumn of the following year. This stock-structure information should be considered in fisheries management for this species.     

Lipid composition of malpigmented and normally pigmented newly settled yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea (Storer)

The lipid composition of malpigmented (MP) and normally pigmented (NP), newly settled yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea, Storer) was compared in order to elucidate a possible connection between lipids and pigmentation development. Larvae were fed commercially enriched live food for 12 weeks post hatch and then differences in lipid composition and size were analysed. NP fish were found to be significantly larger (standard length 35 mm) than MP fish (32 mm) at 100% settlement. There were higher proportions of triacylglycerols in NP fish (P = 0.01), whereas MP fish had an increased percentage of phospholipids (P = 0.01). NP fish had a higher percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the polar lipids of their body (P = 0.03) and total lipids of their eyes (P = 0.04). These data support previously proposed theories for the importance of DHA in pigmentation development. Principal components analysis (PCA) described the majority of the variance (77%) within the data set using just two principal components axes. PCA demonstrated that differences between body zones were greater than those between NP and MP fish within a given zone.     

太湖主要鱼类食物组成

根据2004年9-12月和2005年4月的调查,研究了太湖8种鱼的食物组成.结果表明:优势种鲚主要摄食枝角类、占食物个数比例89.77%±13.69%;太湖新银鱼主要摄食桡足类、占个数比例70.11%±10.57%;鲢、鳙主要摄食微囊藻、占食物体积比例90%以上;鲤食物中水生植物约占体积比例70%;鲫主要摄食微囊藻、占体积比例93.99%±3.34%;翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌主要摄食鲚和小型鱼类.分析认为,随着太湖富营养化程度不断加重,以蓝藻为主的浮游植物食性鱼产力在快速增加,但实际渔获量以浮游动物食性鱼类为主.如2003年浮游植物食性鱼产力为10234t、占总鱼产力37.0%.而2004年实际渔获量中浮游动物食性鱼类占80%-90%,浮游植物食性鱼类渔获量仅3637.7t、占10.9%.因此,太湖现有鱼类群落组成和实际饵料构成是不吻合的.不仅如此,浮游动物食性鱼类数量的快速增加对浮游动物形成了巨大牧食压力,这更利于藻类繁殖.太湖鲫几乎完全以微囊藻为食物,可能对蓝藻暴发有抑制作用,应重新评价其对环境的影响.     

Fecundity of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi on its native host Eleginops maclovinus captured near salmon farms in southern Chile

The sea louse (Caligus rogercresseyi) is the most significant parasitic pathogen in Chilean salmon farms, and it infects farmed salmon and native host fish. Fecundity is one of the most important parameters for understanding the population dynamics of a species; however, this information is scarce for this parasite. The fecundity of C. rogercresseyi females collected from native hosts (Eleginops maclovinus) captured near salmon farms in southern Chile was measured to evaluate the reproductive output of this parasite on this host fish. From June 2008 to May 2009, 212 specimens of E. maclovinus were examined. Each fish was measured, and all its parasites were collected, sorted and counted. Seventy‐nine ovigerous C. rogercresseyi females (OFs) were measured. Total body length, egg string length and total number of eggs per string were recorded for each parasite. Ovigerous females body length varied between 3.9 and 5.0 mm. Fecundity varied between 12 and 56 eggs string^?1, and it was correlated with OF body length. Temporal variations in OF fecundity were explained by co‐variation in OF body length, but not by month. Ovigerous females on E. maclovinus were smaller and showed lower fecundity than OFs on farmed salmon. Our results suggest that native hosts play a secondary role in C. rogercresseyi egg production in Codigue bay.