牙鲆仔鱼轮虫日摄食量及摄食节律的研究

为了解牙鲆仔鱼对轮虫的摄食量和昼夜摄食规律，我们对孵化5-7天的仔鱼进行连续的摄食观察。结果表明，5．6、7日龄的仔鱼．平均全长分别为3．62、3．68、4．07mm；轮虫日摄食量分别为19个／尾、27个／尾、32个／尾；仔鱼摄食主要在白天进行．昼夜摄食比例平均为83．5％和16．5％，在10：00到12：00及16：00到18：00出现摄食高峰。     

红鳍东方鲀仔鱼轮虫日摄食量的研究

为了解红鳍东方鲀仔鱼对轮虫的摄食量和昼夜摄食规律，我们对孵化16天的仔鱼进行轮虫日摄食量的试验。结果表明，16日龄的仔鱼，平均全长7．015mm，轮虫日摄食量为360个／尾，昼夜比例为79．0%和21．0%，在9：00到11：00及17：00到19：00出现摄食高峰。     

温度对黄盖鲽仔鱼生长、发育、摄食及PNR的影响↑（*）

对黄盖鲽（Ｌｉｍａｎｄａｙｏｋｏｈａｍａｅ）仔鱼生长、发育、摄食及ＰＮＲ的研究结果表明：在１０．５－１９℃范围内，温度对其卵黄囊期仔鱼的生长基本上无影响，不适当地升高温度对卵黄耗尽至变态期之间仔鱼的生长不利，较高的温度可促进仔鱼的发育使之提早进入变态期，１０日龄内过高的升温可明显增加仔鱼的死亡率与畸形个体数。黄盖鲽仔鱼在２０日龄以内的摄食无明显节律性；温度对近变态期以前仔鱼在１０：００－１４：００之间的摄食强度基本上无影响，仔鱼的摄食强度随日龄的增加而逐步增加；适宜的轮虫投喂密度在１０日龄内为１０个／ｍｌ，１５－２０日龄为２０个／ｍｌ。黄盖鲽仔鱼的混合营养期很短，约在２４小时以内；仔鱼开口摄食期为孵化后４－６日；升温可使饥饿仔鱼提早进入ＰＮＲ。     

牙鲆仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力

本文主要在实际观察值的基础上，利用发育反应方程Ｃ＝ＫＷ＾ｙ与功能反应Ｈｏｌｌｉｎｇ、Ｉｖｌｅｖ方程对２～１０日龄的牙鲆仔鱼的摄食能力进行了计算与预测。其结果表明：牙鲆仔鱼在２～６日龄、轮虫饵料密度不超过３０００ｉｎｄ．Ｌ＾－１的水体中，摄食强度不超过１．７μｇ．ｈ＾－１；随着日龄的增加，摄食强度迅速增强，在４、６、１０日龄、饵料密度为３０００ｉｎｄ．Ｌ＾－１的水体中，摄食强度分别是１．３５、１．６     

利用海带育苗池培育黑Jun苗及苗种的疾病防治

将在近海捕获的１４尾黑Ｊｕｎ亲鱼放在海带育苗池内进行流水培育，让其自然产仔。共产健康仔鱼３６１４００尾，产仔率达２８．５７％。以小球藻、轮虫、卤虫幼体、少量捕天然浮游动物和鱼、虾肉糜为系列饵料，培育２０－３０天，育出全长１４．２－３０ｍｍ的稚鱼３２２１９８尾，平均成活率８９．１５％；单位水体平均出苗量为６７１２尾／ｍ＾３。     

大口鲇仔鱼摄食行为的初步观察

对大口鲇仔鱼摄食行为初步观察结果表明：大口鲇仔鱼具有主动、集群捕食活饵能力，而不摄食静止的死饵；有明显的昼夜摄食节律，摄食高峰在傍晚和清晨。出膜后第３天至第６天的仔鱼日摄食强度分别为２．７８、４．６、５．８、８．３个／天·尾。     

乌鳢早期消化器官发育与幼鱼日粮的研究

孵出３天的仔乌鳢，以吸收自身卵黄为营养，从第４天开始，除继续以卵黄为营养外，主要是吞食较大的浮游动物；全长１２ｍｍ的乌鳢，进入仔鱼后期，消化器官发育基本健全，能捕食游泳能力较强的大型活饵料。全长９０－１２０ｍｍ的幼乌鳢，摄食饵料鱼的日粮为体重的６．１９％－９．２２％，其摄食节律一般为每昼夜２－３次，以晚上摄食最盛。幼鱼鳢能捕食最大规格饵料鱼的全长为自身全长的５５．０％－６６．７％，水温３２℃时，消     

香鱼仔鱼摄食轮虫的初步研究

2001年10月至2002年4月进行了香鱼仔鱼摄食轮虫的试验研究。育苗池轮虫的密度保持在5个／ml以上时，仔鱼全部饱食；随着仔鱼个体的长大，每天摄食轮虫的数量不断增加；17℃水温下，开食第二天每尾仔鱼约摄取250个轮虫；全长2.0cm时，每尾仔鱼每天约摄食950个轮虫。若孵化出100万仔鱼，则育苗前期应准备轮虫26亿左右。     

黄颡鱼仔鱼食性研究

以人工孵化的黄颡鱼仔鱼为材料,对孵化20天的仔鱼的食性和生长进行了研究,实验结果表明:黄颡鱼仔鱼2日龄开始开口摄食,5日龄全部开口摄食,混合营养期1-4天,仔鱼的开口饵料以轮虫,枝角类为主,体长8-22毫米的仔鱼由轮虫,枝角类等浮游生物为主转变为寡毛类、摇蚊幼虫、水蚯蚓等底栖生物为主,仔鱼昼夜摄食率变化明显。仔鱼随着体长的增长肠胃饱满指数也逐渐增加。仔鱼的体长生长前期较快,后期减慢。     

南方大口鲶仔鱼的生长和摄食

本文研究了南方大口鲶仔鱼的生长和摄食。研究结果表明，南方大口鲶仔鱼在0—15日龄内，全长与日龄之间里线性相关，L=4．5849＋1．7892T（r=0．9912），体重与日龄呈幂函数相关W=3．2664de0.3221T（r2=0．9783）。个体之间的生长差异较为明显，变异系数由0日龄的5．59升至15日龄的9.95，日增重率随日龄的增长呈双峰抛物线下降曲线，8—13日龄仔鱼对鲤鱼水花和水丝蚓的摄食系数分别为4．76和4．02，对鲤鱼的摄食强度明显大于水丝蚓。通过对南方大口鲶仔鱼生物学习性观察，发现其仔鱼具有明显的负趋光性和昼夜摄食节律，对饵料生物的选择依消化器官和游泳器官的发育程度依次为轮虫、桡足类幼体──枝角类、桡足类──水丝蚓或家鱼水花。     

Larval Rearing and Weaning Techniques for White Bass Morone chrysops

The effects of culture parameters of tank color and feeding regimes were examined on larval white bass Morone chrysops during 1994–1995. Under high surface illumination (998 lux), dark tank walls were essential for effective prey capture. Larvae reared in clear glass aquaria did not grow and had died by day 6 of the study. In contrast, 48.7% of the larvae reared in black-walled tanks were alive on day 24 and had grown to 17.2 mm total length (TL). In another study, larvae were fed rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia nauplii in different feeding protocols. In one treatment only rotifers (10/mL) were fed day 1 (4 d post-hatch), rotifers and Artemia (3/mL) were fed days 2–4, and Artemia fed days 5–15. This protocol produced similar growth (mean size 11.7 mm TL) and survival (mean 30.3%) as slower weaning times from rotifers to Artemia . Juveniles (27-day-old, 17.2 mm TL) were converted to a dry crumble diet over a 14-d period by slow transfer from a combination diet consisting of live Artemia nauplii, frozen adult Artemia , plankton flakes and dry crumbles. Survival offish weaned to the dry diet was 64.5%. Most of the mortalities during the weaning period were fish with uninflated swim bladders which were cannibalized by larger fish. Using the above tank culture techniques, white bass were reared to a mean size of 73.2 mm TL (mean weight 5.8 g) over a 73-d period. This essentially closes the life cycle of white bass.     

Diet and Light Intensity Effects on Survival, Growth and Pigmentation of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma

Interest in the culture of flatfishes has increased globally due to high consumer demand and decreased commercial landings. The Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma inhabit South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico waters and support important commercial and recreational fisheries. In spring, 1996, a two-part larval rearing study was performed with Southern flounder to examine the effects of three larval diets and two light intensities on survival, growth, and pigmentation. The first part of the study consisted of feeding 6 d post-hatch (dph) (3.0 ± 0.1 mm TL) larvae three diets: 1) rotifers Brachionus plicatilis at a rate of 10/mL from day 1–9 and Artemia nauplii (3/mL) from day 7 through metamorphosis; 2) rotifers fed day 1 through metamorphosis and Artemia fed day 7 through metamorphosis; or 3) same diet as treatment 1 plus a commercial larval diet added day 13 through metamorphosis. The second part of the study examined the effects of two light levels: low-light (mean 457 lux) and high-light (mean 1362 lux). At 24 C, metamorphosis began on day 23 (mean fish size 8.2 ± 0.6 mm TL) in all treatments and was completed by day 30. Analysis of survival, size, and pigmentation data indicated there were no significant differences among feed treatments or between light treatments. Overall survival was 33.4% (±15.9) and mean length was 11.5 mm TL ± 1.3. Only 35% of the larvae were normally pigmented. Reexamination of the pigmentation on day 37 indicated fish reared at the low light intensity through metamorphosis (day 30) but exposed to high light intensity for 1 wk post-metamorphosis had become significantly more pigmented.     

大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食及生长的研究↑（*）

本文以大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammosotakii)人工孵化所得的卵黄囊期仔鱼为材料,对仔鱼早期阶段的摄食及生长情况作了实验研究。结果表明:在13.5～14℃条件下,大泷六线鱼仔鱼6日龄开始摄食,约8日龄卵黄囊耗尽,10日龄饥饿仔鱼进入PNR期,混合营养期为2d;饥饿仔鱼的开口率(初次摄食率)开始较低,此后上升,到卵黄囊耗尽时达高峰(63%),以后又下降。仔鱼前期的生长率平均为0.254mm/d,饥饿仔鱼生长几乎停止,同期喂食仔鱼的生长率亦下降为0.102mm/d;摄食仔鱼在孵化后20d内的全长(L)和日龄(d)的相关式为L=0.085d 7.04。仔鱼存在昼夜摄食节律,在1昼夜中有2个摄食高峰,分别出现在14:00和20:00。     

Biological Performance of Red Porgy (Pagrus pagrus) Larvae under Intensive Rearing Conditions with the use of an Automated Feeding System

Pagrus pagrus is one of the promising species for the industry in the Mediterranean but its rearing is still far from satisfactory. In the present work, the conditions and results of larval rearing with the use of an automatic feeding system are presented. Eight populations were reared for 20 days with the pseudo green water methodology in two successive trials. Larvae were fed enriched rotifers during the entire rearing period, a mixed diet of rotifers and Artemia (Instar I when larvae reached 5 mm in length, replaced by Instar II after larvae reached 5.5 mm) and a formulated diet (after day 16 post hatching). A computerized system for feeding management was used. A total of 388,000 eggs were incubated and after 20 days, 237,973 larvae (TL = 6.96 ± 0.17 mm) were produced with a survival rate of 61.4 ± 6.3%. Individuals grew in terms of wet weight with an exponential rate of 0.167 ± 0.008 daily (R ²= 0.983) with no variations between replicates. Mean individual daily consumption at first feeding (day 4-post hatching), was 0.20 ± 0.06 mg of food (0.03 ± 0.01 dry weight), that is, 180–300 rotifers, while on day 20, consumption increased by 10 (2.081 ± 0.106 mg and 0.276 ± 0.014 in wet and dry weight, respectively). When compared with sea bream, consumption was higher by approximately 3–4-fold. The mean food conversion ratio of the experimental period was 4. In comparison with sea bream larviculture, food consumption of red porgy is higher, and a different feeding strategy is required to satisfy the requirements of the larvae.     

Weaning requirements of larval mulloway,Argyrosomus japonicus

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) is an emerging aquaculture species in Australia, but there is a need to improve the production technology and lower costs, including those associated with larval rearing and live feeds. Three experiments were conducted to determine appropriate weaning strategies from live feeds, rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia, to cheaper formulated pellet diets. Experiment 1 examined the effects of feeding Artemia at different levels [0%, 50% or 100% ration of Artemia fed from 18 days after hatching (dah); based on current hatchery protocols] and a pellet diet from two larval ages (14 or 23 dah). In addition, rotifers were supplied to larvae in all treatments for the duration of the experiment (14–29 dah), at which time all larvae were successfully weaned onto the pellet diet. No significant (P>0.05) differences existed between the growth of fish fed a 50% and 100% ration of Artemia; however, fish fed a 0% ration of Artemia had significantly (P<0.05) reduced growth. The time of pellet introduction had no significant (P>0.05) effects on the growth of larvae. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to determine the size [total length (TL), mm] at which mulloway larvae selected Artemia equally or in preference to rotifers, and pellet (400 μm) equally or in preference to Artemia respectively. Each day, larvae were transferred from a holding tank to experimental vessels and provided with rotifers (2 mL^?1), Artemia (2 mL^?1) or a combination of rotifers (1 mL^?1) and Artemia (1 mL^?1) (Experiment 2), and Artemia (2 mL^?1), a pellet diet or a combination of Artemia (1 mL^?1) and a pellet diet that was broadcast every 15 min (Experiment 3). After 1 h, a sub‐sample of larvae was randomly selected from each replicate vessel (n=5) and the gut contents were examined under a light microscope. Mulloway larvae began selecting Artemia equally to rotifers at 5.2 ± 0.5 mm TL and selected pellets equally to Artemia at 10.6 ± 1.8 mm TL. Our results have led to the establishment of weaning protocols for larval mulloway, which optimize larval growth while reducing feed cost by minimizing the amount of Artemia used during production.     

Feeding rhythm and growth of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, during its early life stages

The feeding rhythm and growth characteristics of the early life stages of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, were studied. Larvae began to prey on rotifers about 2–3 days after hatching at 23°C. About 12 days after hatching, larvae had grown to 8–9 mm in total length and were able to prey on Artemia larvae. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity for day‐6 larvae was highest at 12:00 and 18:00 hours, about 2–3 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day‐16 larvae occurred between 09:00 and 18:00 hours. By day 26, when the larvae had metamorphosed, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages, feeding intensity peaked at 18:00 and 24:00 hours concurrently with feeding incidence. Thus, tongue sole were found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre‐ and post‐metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in the daytime during the larval planktonic stage, and at night during the juvenile benthic stage. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 65%, 40% and 11% of body weight on days 6, 16 (larvae) and 26 (juveniles) respectively. Size variation increased markedly with development.     

Effect of feeding rotifers enriched with taurine on the growth and survival of larval amberjack Seriola dumerili

The effect of feeding rotifers enriched with taurine on the growth performance and survival of larval amberjack Seriola dumerili was investigated. Rotifers were enriched with a commercial taurine supplement at four levels (0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/l). The larvae were fed the enriched rotifers in triplicate from 3 days post-hatch for 7 days under static conditions. The average taurine contents of the rotifers were 1.5, 2.7, 4.2, and 7.2 mg/g dry matter, respectively. The growth of the fish fed rotifers enriched with the taurine supplement at 800 mg/l was significantly (P < 0.05) improved compared with that of the fish fed the rotifers without taurine enrichment. The survival rate improved proportionally up to a taurine supplement level of 400 mg/l, but no significant differences in survival were observed among treatments. The fraction of the larvae with inflated swim bladders did not vary significantly between treatments. Taurine content in the whole fish body increased with the taurine level in the rotifers. These results suggest that taurine enrichment of rotifers is an effective method of enhancing the growth of amberjack larvae.     

Development of testis and digestive tract in longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) at the onset of exogenous feeding of larvae and in juveniles

The aim of this study was to describe the ontogenetic development of the testis and the alimentary tract in longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) related to fish size and age at the onset of exogenous feeding and late ontogenesis. Using light microscopy, testes were first detected histologically by the appearance of primordial germ cells 9 days after the first exogenous feeding [31–31.5 mm total body length(TL)] and presumptive seminiferous tubules (maleness characteristic) in fish of 107 mm TL. The present histological studies indicated that the alimentary tract of lepisosteids is completely functional at the beginning of exogenous feeding, several days before the completion of yolk absorption. Based on these results, we have concluded that garfish larvae/juveniles can be effectively trained to consume formulated diets at early stages, after an initial feeding of live food for 2–3 days (23.5 mm TL). Our findings provide evidence of the first controlled rearing of longnose gar using live and formulated diets, providing the possibility of experimental work with this non‐teleost fish.     

斜带石斑鱼仔鱼的摄食节律及日摄食量

鱼类的日摄食节律分为白天摄食、晚上摄食、晨昏摄食和无明显节律四种类型。为了解斜带石斑鱼早期发育阶段的日摄食量及昼夜摄食规律,对孵化15天的仔鱼(全长4.86±0.38mm)在不同昼夜节律下的日摄食量和摄食节律进行了研究。结果如下:实验包括自然昼夜组(对照组)、持续光照组和持续黑暗组,各组对轮虫的日摄食量分别为142个/尾、156个/尾和47个/尾;白天摄食量比例分别为总摄食量的91.3%,80.5%和71.7%。对照组在正午(14:00)出现一个明显的摄食高峰;持续光照组在下午(16:00～18:00)出现明显的摄食小高峰;黑暗组则未出现明显的摄食峰。持续光照组在夜间的群摄食率明显高于对照组;黑暗组在白天的群摄食率明显低于对照组。持续光照组摄食强度小幅度增加,日摄食量为对照组的109.9%;而黑暗组摄食强度则明显下降,日摄食量为对照组的33.1%。综上所述,斜带石斑仔鱼摄食节律明显,属于典型的白天摄食类型;仔鱼的摄食与光照有着紧密的关系。     

大黄鱼仔鱼摄食节律与生长的初步研究

本文研究了大黄鱼仔鱼的昼夜摄食习性及生长。实验结果表明:全长5.0—5.5mm的大黄鱼仔鱼具有明显的昼夜摄食节律,白天摄食,夜间不摄食。白天有三个摄食高峰,以下午13:00最高,早上9:00和下午17:00次之。仔鱼在12日龄前生长较慢,12日龄后生长明显加快。全长与日龄之间的关系可用方程TL=3.7545e~(0.047D)表示。