气候变化对鲑鳟鱼类栖息环境及相关生物学的影响

鲑鳟鱼类作为对温度和周围环境比较敏感的冷水性鱼类，气候变化尤其是全球温度升高引起环境的相关变化对其影响明显。本文针对国内外有关气候变化对鲑鳟鱼类栖息地及相关生物学影响的研究情况，先从从栖息地环境方面阐述了气候变化对水生生物的影响，又从温度、CO2浓度、降雨量及酸雨的增加、紫外线辐射增强和鱼病的传播等方面探讨气候变化对鲑鳟鱼类生物学方面的影响。同时指出目前研究中存在的地域局限性和缺乏评价标准的相关问题，并就存在的问题给出建议，提出了今后重点关注和尚待研究领域。     

鲑鳟鱼类低温麻醉运输技术

人们通常所说的鲑鳟鱼类,是一个笼统的概念,它不是特指某一种鱼,而是鲑科鱼类的统称,在我国主要包括虹鳟、大西洋鲑、银鲑等。鲑鳟鱼类只能在低温水域中繁衍、生长,正常生长的上限水温很低,没有明显的下限温度,因此被称为冷水鱼。其中降海型鲑鳟鱼类是指能适应各种盐度,在淡水和海水中均能成活、生长的鲑鳟鱼类。     

过氧化氢作为鲑鳟鱼类鱼病防治药物的应用

孔雀石绿和福尔马林长期以来就用于鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病和各种寄生虫性疾病治疗。然而 ,孔雀石绿由于有诱发畸形、鱼体残留影响不明等弊病 ,美国食品与药品管理局自 1 991年就已禁止用于水产养殖 ,而福尔马林由于有损害作业人员健康、引起鱼体甲醛残留、影响水域环境等弊病 ,在日本等许多国家现已限制使用。作为孔雀石绿和福尔马林等代用药物 ,近 1 0年来 ,美国、日本、丹麦等国家对过氧化氢对鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病、细菌性鳃病、三代虫病和鱼虱病防治效果进行大量研究。1　鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病治疗鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病危害由来已久 ,自鲑鳟鱼类…     

三文鱼=鲑鳟鱼

<正>来历三文鱼是英语Salmon的音译,准确地说Salmon的英语词义为鲑鳟鱼。鲑鳟鱼是一个笼统的概念,它不是特指某一种鱼,而是鲑鱼和鳟鱼的统称。鲑鳟鱼类只能在低温水域中繁衍生长,正常生长的上限水温很低,没有明显的下限温度,因此被称为冷水鱼。其鱼体呈流线形,口大而斜,牙锥状,体背小圆鳞。种类鲑鳟鱼属鲑科鱼类,它包括鲑亚科和白鲑亚科所属的所有种类。到目前为止,科学家们采用分类学方法从鱼体的结构特征上发现,世界上现共有鲑科     

养殖鲑鳟鱼类鱼肉着色技术

1　前言作为鲑鳟鱼类海水网箱养殖实用技术之一 ,我们所实施的海水养殖鲑鳟鱼类鱼肉着色因适应国际市场需求 ,提高养殖生产效益 ,引起企业广泛关注。天然洄游鲑鳟鱼类依赖于来自饵料生物的类胡萝卜素色素虾青素 ,呈现深受消费者喜爱的橙红肉色。要想满足消费者需求 ,养殖洄游鲑鳟鱼类鱼肉必须着色成天色鲑鳟鱼类肉色。因而 ,在洄游鲑鳟鱼类养殖生产中 ,鱼肉着色至关重要。世界主要鲑鳟鱼类养殖国均对这一问题予以高度重视 ,并进行大量研究。我们所做尝试也主要依赖于借鉴世界各国 ,尤其是挪威、美国、日本、智利先进经验。由于鱼类不能合成…     

鲑鳟鱼类寄生虫病研究进展与展望

鲑鳟鱼类是典型的冷水性鱼类，经济价值高，是世界重要经济养殖鱼类之一。然而，随着其养殖产量攀升，养殖密度增大，养殖环境恶化，鲑鳟鱼类寄生虫病的发生和危害也日趋频繁和严重，严重制约了产业的健康发展。鲑鳟鱼常见的、危害较为严重的寄生虫主要包括三代虫(Gyrodactylus)、鱼虱(Caligus rogercresseyi)、阿米巴原虫(Neoparamoeba perurans)、脑碘泡虫(Myxobolus cerebralis)、苔藓鲑四囊虫(Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae)和库道虫(Kudoa spp.)。这些寄生虫生活史简单，繁殖速度快，大多寄生在鱼体表面及体内的各种组织器官上，导致鱼体生长缓慢、抵抗力下降，引起鱼体损伤并造成死亡。在防治方法上，通过物理控制、化学药物和免疫治疗相结合的方法进行综合防控。本文对鲑鳟鱼常见寄生虫病领域的研究和成果进行简要综述，以期为鲑鳟鱼寄生虫病的研究和防治提供参考。     

鲑鳟鱼类对脂类的营养需求

本文对鲑鳟鱼类脂肪储存的部位、脂肪酸组成的特性以及对脂肪的消化、吸收、合成与利用进行简述，依据国内外研究结果总结出鲑鳟鱼类对脂类和脂肪酸的需求范围。     

鲑鳟鱼类对蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的营养需求

1、鲑鳟鱼类对蛋白质与氨基酸的营养需求 鲑鳟鱼类对蛋白质和氨基酸的需求与温水性鱼类相比，一是需要较高的蛋白质，一般为30％—55％，且动物性蛋白质占总量蛋白质的35％—70％；二是需要10种必需氨基酸，但对限制性氨基酸（蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和色氨酸）的需要量比温水性鱼类高0．6—2．5倍，而且要求氨基酸平衡性（即氨基酸的种类、含量及氨基酸之间比率）较好；当限制性氨基酸缺乏时，鲑鳟鱼类极易出现营养性疾病，导致免疫力和应激能力的降低。这就要求饲料中所提供给鲑鳟鱼类的蛋白质应为“理想蛋白质”，且易消化和吸收。     

鲑鳟鱼类养殖技术之五七彩鲑人工孵化及苗种培育技术

七彩鲑是著名的五种鲑鳟鱼类之一(其他4种分别是北极鲑、雷克鲑、多丽鲑和公牛鲑),原生地位于加拿大东部的拉布拉多(Labrador)地区,其背部没有鲑鳟鱼类躯体     

鲑鳟鱼类对蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的营养需求虹鳟

1、鲑鳟鱼类对蛋白质与氨基酸的营养需求鲑鳟鱼类对蛋白质和氨基酸的需求与温水性鱼类相比,一是需要较高的蛋白质,一般为30%—55%,且动物性蛋白质占总量蛋白质的35%—70%;二是需要10种必需氨基酸,但对限制性氨基酸(蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和色氨酸)的需要量比温水性鱼类高0.6—2.5倍,而且要求氨基酸平衡性(即氨基酸的种类、含量及氨基酸之间比率)较好;当限制性氨基酸缺乏时,鲑鳟鱼类极易出现营养性疾病,导致免疫力和应激能力的降低。这就要求饲料中所提供给鲑鳟鱼类的蛋白质应为“理想蛋白质”,且易消化和吸收。表1鲑鳟鱼类对饲料蛋白质的需求量鱼类…     

鲑鳟鱼类精子超低温保存研究进展

鱼类精子超低温冷冻保存技术发展至今已有60年的历史,取得了巨大的成就,尤其在鲑科鱼类的精液冷冻保存及应用方面。经过统计发现,国外学者在精子超低温冷冻方面取得的主要突破都集中在鲑鳟鱼类领域。本文综述了鲑鳟鱼类精子超低温保存技术的发展史、相应的关键技术和冷冻保存研究的意义、基本生物学原理以及有关精液冷冻保存的研究现状与进展。     

植酸酶对金鳟体成分及金鳟椎骨中钙、磷含量的影响

采用喷涂法和预处理两种方法,在豆粕型金鳟饲料中添加不同浓度的植酸酶,通过90 d的饲喂试验,研究植酸酶对金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)体成分及其椎骨中钙、磷含量的影响。结果显示:喷涂法和预处理法添加植酸酶的处理组与对照组相比,粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量均有所下降;喷涂法添加植酸酶的处理组的鱼体粗灰分、磷和钙含量均高于对照组,其中,喷涂法添加1500 U/Kg植酸酶组鱼体磷含量、灰分含量和钙含量显著高于对照组(P(0.05),且此组鱼体磷高于其它试验组;喷涂法各组椎骨中粗灰分、磷含量较对照组提高显著(P(0.05),2500 U/kg植酸酶组椎骨磷含量最高,椎骨中钙含量除D1和D8组外,添加植酸酶的处理组均较对照组提高显著(P(0.05)。预处理法添加植酸酶的处理组与对照组相比,鱼体和椎骨中粗灰分、磷和钙含量均有显著提高(P(0.05),但植酸酶试验组间椎骨中粗灰分、磷含量和钙含量差异均不显著(P(0.05)。结果表明,金鳟饲料喷涂法添加植酸酶1500~2500 U/kg浓度最适,预处理法添加植酸酶500 U/kg浓度较为宜。     

Side-aspect target strength of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), and pike (Esox lucius)

The side-aspect acoustic target strengths (TS) of 19 Atlantic salmons (Salmo salar), 16 brown trouts (Salmo trutta), 10 whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and 9 pikes (Esox lucius) were measured using a 200 kHz split-beam echosounder, in order to study the relationship between TS and fish size indices (length, weight and side area). The effect of side aspect angle on TS was also studied. Linear models between TS and the logarithm of the fish size indices were fitted with length being best for predicting TS. Typically, the standard error of estimate was 1.2–2.9 dB. The side-aspect TS measurements with specimens of known size showed that the linear relationship between full side-aspect TS and the logarithm of fish length for salmonid (Salmo salar + Salmo trutta) was on average 4.7 dB (SE = 0.7), lower than for whitefish and pike combined. The effect of side aspect angle on TS was modelled with cos³ (2α) function. The differences in the TS between full side aspect and head/tail aspect were 17.4, 19.0 and 19.6 dB for salmonid, whitefish, and pike, respectively.     

Paternal variation in juvenile survival and growth of the triploid hybrid between female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and male brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

Abstract Related sib‐groups of rainbow trout × brown trout triploid hybrid and monospecific brown trout controls were obtained from a common set of brown trout sires. On the basis of hybrid juvenile survival and growth, 10 sib‐groups were selected and the corresponding brown trouts were raised up to adult stage. Males from each group of brown trout were used to produce a second generation of hybrid progeny, the performances of which were analysed for grandpaternal variation and relation with first generation relatives. Results showed that hybrid traits were influenced by paternal and grandpaternal origin, but that there was little relation between hybrids and brown trouts, or between successive generations of hybrids.     

17α—甲基睾酮诱导虹鳟性转化

上浮2周的虹鳟仔鱼投喂含17α-甲基睾酮(17α-Mt)3mg/kg食物和25mg/kg食物,持续45天,雄性率为90.5％和83.3％。     

Developmental temperature affects phenotypic means and variability: A meta‐analysis of fish data

Fishes are sensitive to their thermal environment and face an uncertain future in a warming world. Theoretically, populations in novel environments might express greater levels of phenotypic variability to increase the chance of surviving—and eventually thriving—in the new conditions. Most research on the effect of the early thermal environment in fish species focuses on average phenotypic effects rather than phenotypic variability, but to understand how fishes will respond to rising temperatures we need to consider both the average response of the population, as well as the breadth of individual responses. Here we present the first meta‐analysis on the effects of developmental temperature in fishes. Using data from 43 species and over 6,000 individual fish, we show that a change in developmental temperature induces a significant change in phenotypic means and variability, but differently depending on whether the temperature is increased or decreased. Decreases in temperature (cool environments) showed a significant decrease in phenotypic means and no change in phenotypic variability. Increases in temperature (warm environments) showed a non‐significant increase in phenotypic means and a marginally significant increase in phenotypic variability. Larger increases in temperature saw greater increases in phenotypic variability, but no increase in the mean phenotypic response. Together, our results suggest that fishes exhibit both directed and stochastic developmental plasticity in response to warming temperatures, which could facilitate or accelerate adaptation to a changing environment.     

新疆天池移植鲤鱼效应的探讨

1971年7月15日，新疆昌吉州阜康县水产部门向天池水域首次移植鲤鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼夏花鱼种50万尾，1981年11月2日，自治区水产局从北京空运400尾4寸虹鳟鱼种投放天池，多年来对天池水域鱼类捕捞观察，发现移植鱼类中仅有鲤鱼生存并衍生。1989，1990年我们对天池水域进行了调查，本文旨在对天池中鲤鱼的生长进行评价，同时，对该水域渔业利用进行探讨。     

阿德利尔虹鳟染色体组型分析

选用蒸汽固定法对阿德利尔虹鳟的染色体核型进行了研究。结果表明:阿德利尔虹鳟具有染色体60条,中部着丝点染色体(m)20对,亚中部着丝点染色体(sm)2对,端部着丝点染色体(t)8对,核型公式为:2n=4sm+40m+16t,NF=104。未发现异形染色体。     

Tetraploid rainbow trout produced by cytochalasin B

At the Research Station for Salmonids, Sunndalsøra Unit, tetraploid rainbow trouts have been produced by keeping newly fertilized eggs for a short time in a solution containing cytochalasin B. The purpose of this work is to produce triploid sterile fish by fertilizing normal eggs with sperm from tetraploid males.