过氧化氢作为鲑鳟鱼类鱼病防治药物的应用

孔雀石绿和福尔马林长期以来就用于鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病和各种寄生虫性疾病治疗。然而 ,孔雀石绿由于有诱发畸形、鱼体残留影响不明等弊病 ,美国食品与药品管理局自 1 991年就已禁止用于水产养殖 ,而福尔马林由于有损害作业人员健康、引起鱼体甲醛残留、影响水域环境等弊病 ,在日本等许多国家现已限制使用。作为孔雀石绿和福尔马林等代用药物 ,近 1 0年来 ,美国、日本、丹麦等国家对过氧化氢对鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病、细菌性鳃病、三代虫病和鱼虱病防治效果进行大量研究。1　鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病治疗鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病危害由来已久 ,自鲑鳟鱼类…     

延津县鱼类寄生虫病调查与防控措施

本文对新乡延津县养殖鱼类进行了寄生虫病和病原调查,在主养鱼类鲤鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼中共检出7种寄生虫,分别为原虫类的车轮虫、小瓜虫和粘孢子虫;蠕虫类的指环虫、三代虫和绦虫;甲壳动物类病原大中华鳋。本调查旨在摸清延津县养殖区域内鱼类寄生虫病原种类、危害、流行情况及对应的防治措施,为延津县的鱼类健康养殖提供参考。     

食盐在鲑鳟鱼养殖中的应用

<正>食盐在水产养殖上应用比较广泛,可用于防治疾病,其特点是无毒,不产生耐药性,操作危险性小,而且食盐还被用作无机盐在饲料中添加。在多年鲑鳟鱼繁育养殖工作中,总结出了食盐在鲑鳟鱼中的几点应用,仅供探讨和参考。1 疾病治疗1.1 寄生虫病治疗鲑鳟鱼类主要寄生虫病有鱼波豆虫病、小瓜虫病、车轮虫病、三代虫病[1],这几种常见病用食盐均可以治疗,治疗效果非常好,治疗方法是:稚鱼和幼鱼采用原池止水浸洗,浓度为2%,浸洗15～20 min     

鲑科鱼类及其养殖状况

本文介绍鲑科鱼类及其主要生物学特点、鲑科鱼类在世界渔业经济中的重要地位和养殖产业技术发展现况。鲑科鱼类属典型的冷水性鱼类,高蛋白、富含不饱和脂肪酸、营养丰富、可食部分大、无肌间刺、易加工,是欧美人民的传统水产食品和重要养殖鱼类。鲑鱼是世界三大养殖鱼类之一,其养殖产量仅在鲤鱼和罗非鱼之后,海水鱼类养殖中,半数以上(54.3%)来自鲑鱼产量。2005年,世界鲑鱼产量280万吨,其中195万吨(69.6%)来自人工养殖。本文也简要叙述了我国鲑鱼养殖的历史和现状,以及在鲑鳟鱼类遗传育种、养殖新品种开发、营养与饲料、病害防治、繁殖期调控等方面的研究进展,并针对我国鲑鳟鱼产业发展存在的问题提出了建议。     

治疗鱼类体内寄生虫药物开发刍议

鱼类寄生虫病是鱼类病害一个重要的部分。在鱼类寄生虫病中，又可分为体表寄生和体内寄生两种。对于体表寄生虫病，治疗的方法很多，如全池泼洒药，下塘前鱼体消毒等，效果也都很好。但对体内寄生虫病，一直没有理想的治疗药物。与体表寄生虫相比，鱼体内寄生虫危害更大，如九江头槽综虫和舌状综虫裂头蚴常导致寄主大量死亡，粘抱子虫可使鱼类患疯狂病，等等。现有资料介绍的各种治疗鱼体内寄生虫的方法，效果都不理想。因此开发治疗鱼类‘体内寄生虫的新药十分必要。作者认为，借鉴畜禽寄生虫防治理论，将有助于新药的开发工作。1从我国渔…     

两种常用杀寄生虫药物对黄颡鱼苗毒性的初步研究

近年来黄颡鱼人工养殖面积不断扩大,病害问题也日益严重,其中寄生虫病的危害也日益突出,常见的寄生虫病害有车轮虫、指环虫、三代虫等。黄颡鱼属无鳞鱼,同有鳞鱼类相比,对杀虫药物比较敏感。市场上一般的杀寄生虫用渔药均针对有鳞鱼类病害防治,针对无鳞鱼类寄生虫病害防治的药物较少,给黄颡鱼的寄生虫病害防治带来障碍。相关的常用杀寄生虫类渔药对黄颡鱼毒性实验研究鲜见报道。为此,本     

养殖鲑鳟鱼类鱼肉着色技术

1　前言作为鲑鳟鱼类海水网箱养殖实用技术之一 ,我们所实施的海水养殖鲑鳟鱼类鱼肉着色因适应国际市场需求 ,提高养殖生产效益 ,引起企业广泛关注。天然洄游鲑鳟鱼类依赖于来自饵料生物的类胡萝卜素色素虾青素 ,呈现深受消费者喜爱的橙红肉色。要想满足消费者需求 ,养殖洄游鲑鳟鱼类鱼肉必须着色成天色鲑鳟鱼类肉色。因而 ,在洄游鲑鳟鱼类养殖生产中 ,鱼肉着色至关重要。世界主要鲑鳟鱼类养殖国均对这一问题予以高度重视 ,并进行大量研究。我们所做尝试也主要依赖于借鉴世界各国 ,尤其是挪威、美国、日本、智利先进经验。由于鱼类不能合成…     

三文鱼=鲑鳟鱼

<正>来历三文鱼是英语Salmon的音译,准确地说Salmon的英语词义为鲑鳟鱼。鲑鳟鱼是一个笼统的概念,它不是特指某一种鱼,而是鲑鱼和鳟鱼的统称。鲑鳟鱼类只能在低温水域中繁衍生长,正常生长的上限水温很低,没有明显的下限温度,因此被称为冷水鱼。其鱼体呈流线形,口大而斜,牙锥状,体背小圆鳞。种类鲑鳟鱼属鲑科鱼类,它包括鲑亚科和白鲑亚科所属的所有种类。到目前为止,科学家们采用分类学方法从鱼体的结构特征上发现,世界上现共有鲑科     

海水刺激隐核虫病的诊断与防治

在海水鱼寄生虫病中，刺激隐核虫病对海水鱼的危害尤为严重。刺激隐核虫病是一种在海水鱼类养殖中比较常见的鱼病，但该鱼病一旦爆发，常常会造成大批鱼类死亡，而许多养殖户因缺乏该病防治知识而对其束手无策。     

鲑鳟鱼的营养价值及其食疗作用

现在人们所说鲑鳟鱼,是一个笼统的概念,它并不特指某一种鱼,而是鲑鱼和鳟鱼的统称。而鲑鱼和鳟鱼各自又包括许多种类,如大西洋鲑、太平洋鲑、银鲑、北鲑等都属于鲑鱼,虹鳟、河鳟、金鳟等都称为鳟鱼。因此严格地讲,应该称其为鲑科鱼类,它包括鲑亚科和白鲑亚科所属的所有种类。到目前为止,科学家们采用分类学方法从鱼体的结构特征上发现,世界上现共有鲑科鱼类66个品种。人们之所以将如此多的鲑科鱼类笼统地称之为鲑鳟鱼,在很大程度上也与大西洋鲑和虹鳟这两种鱼在鲑鳟鱼总产量中一直占有绝对优势有关。如2000年全球鲑鳟鱼产量中排在前三位的是…     

中草药防治寄生性鱼病的概述

通过查阅近年来国内有关中草药防治寄生性鱼病的文献,系统的介绍了常见的寄生性鱼病,并就其中草药防治的研究与应用进行分析。结果显示寄生虫数量达到或超过其危害阈值时,均会构成鱼类病害,危害较大的有斜管虫、双穴吸虫、头槽绦虫、锚头鳋等,控制病原体数量于危害域值之下是鱼病防治的基本策略之一。中草药对寄生性鱼病具有一定的防治作用,加强中草药对寄生性鱼病的研究意义重大。     

Acoustic conditioning for recall/recapture of escaped Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout

Escape of salmon from sea cages is a problem that continues to plague the aquaculture industry. Data collected during the past 15 years from Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Canada and U.S. suggest significant impacts on natural runs of fish and economic losses to producers. The present report investigated the feasibility of using acoustic conditioning as a means of recalling/recapturing escaped fish. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were found to respond to frequencies in the range of 50 - 400 Hz equally well. Subsequently, both species were conditioned to a 250 Hz acoustic tone during feeding. Juvenile and sub-adult fish readily conditioned to the acoustic signal within four days, with the maximum number of fish responding (85% salmon, 96% trout) by day seven. To assess retention of conditioning, fish were exposed to a single tone without feed reinforcement every one, two or four weeks. Salmon and trout continued to respond for a seven month period with no significant decrease (88% salmon, 97% trout) in response. No significant differences were observed in the response of either species to tones differing in frequency by up to 200 Hz (89% salmon, 96% trout) and intensity by 20 dB (91% salmon, 96% trout). Both species were reproducibly recalled to a cage or feeding ring in a 3.7 m tank, but were reluctant to re-enter the cage. The findings indicate that salmon and trout are readily conditioned to acoustic signals and retain that conditioning for an extended period of time without reinforcement. These characteristics suggest that acoustic conditioning has potential as a means to recall escaped salmon and when coupled with recapture, can reduce interactions with wild stocks and losses to the producer.     

基于ITS1基因分析亚东鲑(♂)、虹鳟(♀)及其F_1代遗传关系

虹鳟、棕鳟均为优质水产养殖品种,亚东鲑为棕鳟的同物异名,是19世纪西藏由欧洲引进。为探索杂种优势,对亚东鲑和虹鳟进行杂交试验,对其子一代幼鱼与虹鳟、棕鳟进行了体长和体质量测定。采用ITS1基因分析其遗传关系,并与巴基斯坦引进的棕鳟对比研究。结果发现F_1代体长、体质量增长快于虹鳟、棕鳟,其遗传多样性高于亚东鲑和虹鳟,略低于棕鳟,表明F1代具有一定杂种优势。此外,棕鳟较高的遗传多样性也反映出从巴基斯坦引进的发眼卵遗传背景较好,具有进一步养殖选育的潜力。     

Genetic improvement of cold-water fish species

Carnivorous fish are two to three times as efficient as pigs and broilers in converting energy and protein to edible food for humans. As the domestication of fish continues, they will become more and more efficient and competitive with these industries. In the future, this will be very important, as more efficient utilization of available food resources is required to supply the growing human population with enough food. Today, about 1% of aquaculture production is based on genetically improved fish and shellfish. For salmonid fishes, we have the necessary knowledge to establish efficient breeding programmes. Large genetic variation has been associated with important economic traits. For growth rate, heritability ranges from 0.2 to 0.3, with a coefficient of variation of 20–30%. This implies that it is possible to obtain large responses from selection for growth rate. In several large‐scale experiments and in breeding programmes, 10–15% genetic change has been obtained per generation, which is much higher than that reported for other farm animals. In Norway, extensive breeding experiments with Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout were started in 1971. For the first two generations of selection, the breeding goal was growth rate. Age at sexual maturation (measured as frequency of grilse) was then included. From the fifth generation, disease resistance (measured by challenge test for furunculosis and the virus ISA) and meat quality (measured as fat percentage, fat distribution and flesh colour) were included. Today, Norsk Lakseavl AS (Norwegian Salmon Breeding Company Ltd) or NLA runs the National Breeding Programme and has two breeding stations where 400 full‐sib and half‐sib families of Atlantic salmon are tested in each of four year classes. For rainbow trout, the number of families totals 120 in each of three year classes. In 1997, the Norwegian production was 310 000 tons of Atlantic salmon and 33 000 tons of rainbow trout. At present, about 65% of the salmon and trout produced in Norway use genetically improved fish from NLA and multipliers. The cost–benefit ratio for the National Breeding Programme in Norway is estimated to be 1:15.     

铁岭市主要养殖区鱼病调查与分析

2007年5月至2009年9月,通过对铁岭市辖区的开原市、铁岭县、昌图县淡水鱼类主要养殖区的池塘和小型水库鱼类常见鱼病种类、发病季节、流行情况及危害程度进行调查与分析,初步摸清了近三年鱼病的种类、流行、发病特点.共发现鱼病12种:其中细菌性鱼病6种、寄生虫病5种、真菌类鱼病1种,其中细菌性鱼病和寄生虫性鱼病是主要水产养...     

SUBSTITUTABILITY OF FISHMEAL AND FISH OIL IN DIETS FOR SALMON AND TROUT: A META-ANALYSIS

Intensive aquaculture, especially the production of carnivorous species requires artificial feeding. Marine proteins are preferred to vegetable proteins, since fishmeal and oil provide the essential nutrients required by farmed fish. Given the stagnant production of industrial species and the rapid increase in aquaculture production, fishmeal availability would pose a biological constraint on aquaculture contribution to world fish supplies in the future, unless alternative feed sources can be incorporated in diets. In this paper, the technical substitutability between fish and vegetable-based feeds for salmon and trout are assessed through the estimation of Morishima elasticities of substitution. These are derived from a meta-analysis production function based on a large number of published feed trials. The results suggest that vegetable oil may be a potential substitute for fish oil, particularly in salmon aquaculture, but fishmeal is likely to remain a necessary component of feed unless some new feed source can be developed.     

伊维菌素在水产养殖中的应用及其水生态风险

伊维菌素是一种广谱抗寄生虫渔药,在国外被广泛用于鲑鱼、海鲷养殖中的海鲺防治.国内主要用于防治淡水鱼养殖中的各种寄生虫病,其在观赏鱼养殖中的应用也日益普遍.综述了目前国内外伊维茵素在水产养殖中的使用现状,并就其水生态风险进行评估.     

Aquaculture and international trade

Abstract

In contrast to the stabilization or decline of wild fishery harvests, aquaculture's contribution to the world fish supply is steadily increasing. Aquaculture has begun to have a major influence on the trade of export‐orientated species such as salmon and shrimp. This paper reviews the role of aquaculture in international trade and the research which has been conducted to examine its influence. Despite the growing significance of aquaculture on international trade, especially for shrimp and salmon, formal analysis of the shrimp trade is sparse, only moderate for salmon, and essentially nonexistent for other species. This paper also presents specific examples of how aquaculture has played an important role in international trade. These include an examination of: (1) the influence of shrimp aquaculture and trade on the development of a shrimp futures contract; and (2) the countervailing duty and antidumping case against the Norwegian farmed salmon industry.     

Alphavirus infections in salmonids--a review

The first alphavirus to be isolated from fish was recorded in 1995 with the isolation of salmon pancreas disease virus from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Ireland. Subsequently, the closely related sleeping disease virus was isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in France. More recently Norwegian salmonid alphavirus (SAV) has been isolated from marine phase production of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in Norway. These three viruses are closely related and are now considered to represent three subtypes of SAV, a new member of the genus Alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. SAVs are recognized as serious pathogens of farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in Europe. This paper aims to draw together both historical and current knowledge of the diseases caused by SAVs, the viruses, their diagnosis and control, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of similar pathologies seen in cardiomyopathy syndrome and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation of Atlantic salmon.     

Impact of origin and condition of host fish (Salmo trutta) on parasitic larvae of Margaritifera margaritifera

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