小球藻不同生长时期总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的变化

在25～28．5℃条件下,于室外土池中培养小球藻18 d ,分别采集不同生长时期（延缓期、指数生长期、稳定期、衰亡期）的小球藻样本,采用毛细管气相色谱法测定脂肪酸的组成和含量,研究了土池小球藻在不同生长时期的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的变化规律。试验结果表明,小球藻在指数生长期的粗脂肪含量（占鲜质量4．85％）明显高于其他生长期（占鲜质量1．44％～1．85％）。多不饱和脂肪酸和二十碳五烯酸的最高值出现在指数生长期,稳定期和延缓期次之,衰亡期最低。指数生长期、稳定期、延缓期和衰亡期的含量分别为总脂肪酸的23．37％、17．92％、17．53％和12．47％;二十碳五烯酸含量分别为总脂肪酸的17．92％、12．98％、13．02％和8．62％。因此,指数生长期末期或稳定期初期是室外土池培养小球藻的最佳收获期。     

不同强化饵料对卤虫必需脂肪酸组成的影响

在实验室内以发酵米粉为主饲料培养卤虫,分别用小球藻、等鞭金藻、新月菱形藻、螺旋藻粉和强化剂V对7日龄拟成虫期卤虫[体长(4.10±0.69)mm]强化6 h和12 h。试验结果表明:发酵米粉养殖的卤虫脂肪酸组成中有DHA。强化剂V可极显著提高卤虫DHA、EPA和5种必需脂肪酸总量(ΣEFA),强化6 h增幅分别为70.7%、27.3%和15.6%。用等鞭金藻强化12 h,可极显著地提高卤虫亚麻酸和ΣEFA含量,增幅分别为149%和4.1%。用新月菱形藻强化12 h,可极显著地提高EPA和ΣEFA含量,增幅分别为35.2%和7.2%。用螺旋藻粉强化可提高卤虫亚油酸含量,增幅为7.1%。而小球藻对卤虫HUFA基本无强化效果。     

鸡粪浆及5种微藻对轮虫脂肪酸组成的影响

采用投喂鸡粪浆的方法培养轮虫,并与5种微藻培养轮虫的脂肪酸组成进行了比较。结果表明:鸡粪轮虫具有较高的营养价值,HUFA含量达25.9%,仅次于小球藻轮虫和新月菱形藻轮虫,EPA和DHA的含量分别为11.2%和4.4%;在5种微藻培养的轮虫中,用小球藻、新月菱形藻和球等鞭金藻培养的轮虫营养价值较高,而用微绿球藻和衣藻培养的轮虫营养价值相对较低;轮虫的脂肪酸组成受饵料影响显著,但又不完全取决于饵料。     

太空搭载小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）子代群体新品系的筛选、培养及其营养组成分析

本文以经过太空搭载返回地面后保存的小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）藻种T0为实验材料,从提高小球藻生长速度和促进小球藻油脂富集两个方面考虑,对小球藻生长的环境因子和培养基成分进行探讨和研究;最终经过两次筛选获得速长-油脂高产的株系TY31.实验结果表明,小球藻在140 μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度、23℃培养温度、以3.75 mmol/L的NH2 CONH2为氮源、以0.12 mmol/L的K2HPO4为磷源的最佳培养条件下,细胞生长速度加快,生长期变长,蛋白、脂肪及脂肪酸含量增加.研究发现,以第一次筛选的小球藻藻株T9为出发株,采用改良的BG-11培养基进一步选育的速长-油脂高产株系TY31,其最终细胞密度增加11.06×106 mL-1,脂肪含量增加6.50％,脂肪酸含量增加3.76％,具有应用于生物能源研究的潜力,为海洋微藻的开发利用奠定了基础.     

不同培育水温和饲料对刺参人工促熟效果的影响

本文采用单因素分析方法，研究了不同培育水温和饲料对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)人工促熟效果的影响。在实验条件下，分别设置2种升温模式(水温从5℃逐渐升至12℃后恒温培育，从5℃逐渐升至15℃后恒温培育)和3种不同饲料[鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)粉组：50%鼠尾藻粉+50%海泥；海带(Laminaria japonica)粉组：50%海带粉+50%海泥；混合藻粉组：25%鼠尾藻粉+25%海带粉+50%海泥]。实验过程中，定期测量刺参体壁粗成分；实验结束后，分析雌性刺参性腺粗成分，同时检测雌参的繁殖力指标和子代质量指标。结果显示，在15℃水温培育的雌参性腺中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量高于在12℃水温培育的雌参，分别为(62.54±1.78)%和(10.83±1.04)%。15℃水温下培育的雌参性腺指数、排放率和平均排卵量均高于12℃水温下培育的雌参，分别为(6.87±2.02)%、(16.00±2.31)%和(312.0±59.3)×104粒。饲料实验中，鼠尾藻粉和混合藻粉组雌参性腺中的粗蛋白含量显著高于海带粉组(P<0.05)，为(60.82±0.52)%和(59.18±1.26)%，海带粉组雌参性腺中粗脂肪含量为(8.82±1.55)%，高于鼠尾藻粉和混合藻粉组。3个饲料实验组的雌参在繁殖力指标上差异不显著，但混合藻粉组的雌参繁殖力指标最高。混合藻粉组受精卵孵化率和早期幼体体长均显著高于海带粉组。研究表明，采用15℃水温培育的雌参繁殖力高于12℃水温培育的雌参，但二者产生的子代质量差异不显著；在实验范围内，采用不同饲料培育的雌参繁殖力指标没有显著差异，但混合藻粉组亲参所产子代质量高于鼠尾藻粉组和海带粉组。     

锯缘青蟹幼体饵料的营养强化

用酵母、水球藻、鱼油强化和豆油强化四种不同方式培养轮虫，再分别投喂锯缘青蟹幼体，分析测定轮虫和体的生化组成，结果显示，（1）不同方式培养的轮虫之间以及摄食这些轮虫的锯缘青蟹幼体之间的蛋白质含量都没有显著差异；（2）轮虫的脂类含量和脂肪酸组成与培养方式密切相关，小球藻轮虫的脂类含量最高，20：5n-3(EPA)占总脂肪酸的比例也最高 ，为18.05%，鱼油轮虫则含有最多的22：6n-3(DHA)，占总脂肪酸3.16%，脂类含量仅次于小球藻轮虫；（3）锯缘青蟹幼体的脂类含量和脂肪酸组成受相应饵料营养成分的影响。另外，幼体培育实验也发现，饵料营养成分影响幼体的存活率，结果表明，提高轮虫的EPA和DHA含量，尤其晨DHA含量，将有利于锯缘青蟹幼体的存活和发育。     

微藻冷冻保藏的研究

将小球藻和蛋白核小球藻都分别加入10％、20％、30％的DMSO以及20％、35％和50％的甘油，保存在-20℃、-75℃和-196℃的液氮中，再各取一些不加任何防冻剂保存在20℃的培养箱里。3个月后取出培养，观察颜色变化并测量其中的叶绿素含量。结果表明：浓缩的藻液可以在20℃下长期保存；小球藻浓缩藻液添加20％的甘油在各种不同的温度下保存效果都很好，其次是10％的DMSO；而衣藻则加入10％的DMSO在各种温度下保存都较好，加入20％的甘油，在液氮中保存的效果最好。浓度大于10％的DMSO和大于20％的甘油对微藻细胞的保藏效果不佳。     

单胞藻饵料强化对太平洋纺锤水蚤营养成分的影响

采用生化手段对舟山附近海域中浮游桡足类夏季优势种—太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)进行营养成分测定,比较分析两种单胞藻饵料小球藻(Chlorella sp.)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)对其营养价值的影响。结果表明,太平洋纺锤水蚤在投喂三角褐指藻和投喂小球藻后,其体内粗蛋白湿重含量分别为(6.51±0.46)%和(5.21±0.98)%,比对照组(2.44±0.63)%显著上升(P0.05);投喂三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤粗脂肪湿重含量(0.25±0.03)%显著上升(P0.05),投喂小球藻后粗脂肪湿重含量(0.15±0.03)%显著下降(P0.05);但总糖和灰分湿重含量变化不明显(P0.05)。本研究检测出太平洋纺锤水蚤体内共含17种氨基酸,其中鱼类必需氨基酸(EAA)9种,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)8种,对照组与投喂两种饵料后太平洋纺锤水蚤中EAA含量均较高,干重含量为(47.56±0.04)%~(49.84±0.07)%;检测出太平洋纺锤水蚤共含21种脂肪酸,投喂三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤的DHA和EPA干重含量之和最高(28.00%),其次为投喂小球藻(21.51%),均高于对照组(9.77%),而对照组干重(9.77%)也仍高于强化后轮虫DHA和EPA干重含量(0.8%)和强化后卤虫DHA和EPA干重含量(8.40%)。通过本实验发现,自然状态下的太平洋纺锤水蚤DHA和EPA含量较高,营养价值高,而投喂后三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤营养价值明显增加,表明人工培养条件下太平洋纺锤水蚤具有作为水产经济动物活体开口饵料的潜在开发价值。     

优质微藻(小球藻)在水产养殖中的需求及应用前景12问

<正>1、当前小球藻成品市场的相关价格及使用方法?2012年年底开始,小球藻成品开始在市场上销售。5kg罐装的销售价格可咨询当地经销商,适用于5~8亩。首先,因为小球藻是一个活体的藻种,生产出来之后必须在0℃~4℃低温保存,但也不能结冰,因为结冰后小球藻细胞壁会破壁,膨胀后就会坏死,0℃~4℃度范围内可以确保小球藻的种质完好。由于是高浓缩的藻种,小球藻的保质期不长,在低温状态下能保存3个月左右。     

藻粉与微藻搭配对萼花臂尾轮虫的饵料效果研究

为探讨藻粉作为轮虫培育饵料的可行性,研究了两种藻粉(螺旋藻粉、小球藻粉)分别与微藻蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻按一定比例搭配投喂萼花臂尾轮虫的饵料效果。结果表明,用藻粉和微藻适当比例搭配投喂轮虫其效果接近或超过单一用微藻在最适密度下的培养效果;两种微藻中又以蛋白核小球藻与藻粉按4∶1比例搭配对轮虫的饵料效果更好;螺旋藻粉和小球藻粉之间的差异不明显。     

Nutritional Properties of the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Fed the Freshwater Microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum

This study examined the effects of storage time on the fatty acid composition of freshwater Selenastrum capricornutum algal paste under 4 C refrigeration, the fatty acid composition of rotifers fed the fresh and stored algal paste, and the toxicological properties of the algal paste. Microalgae were produced in a hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HIS-TAR), harvested as a paste, refrigerated and analyzed every 2 wk. Fresh Selenastrum capricornutum paste had almost three times greater concentration of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids. Over 50% of the unsaturated fatty acids were made up of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Total unsaturated, n-3 group and n-6 group fatty acids decreased ( P 0.05) during storage, including the nutritionally important fatty acids (C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22: 6n3). Rotifers fed 2– and 4-wk-old algal paste had a significantly lower ( P 0.05) total unsaturated fatty acid percentage and significantly greater ( P 0.05) total saturated fatty acids than those fed fresh algae. There were no significant changes in the n-6 group fatty acid level in the 4-wk-old paste feeding study or for the n-3 or n-6 groups in the 2-wk-old paste feeding study as compared to fresh algae. The levels of the three nutritionally important fatty acids (C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22:6n3) did not differ between rotifers fed fresh and stored algae. Stored algae did not present toxicity to rotifers and Daphnia at the normal feeding concentration. These results indicated that the use of refrigerated freshwater algal paste for production of rotifers results in live feed with adequate nutritional properties for marine larviculture. This could eliminate the costs associated with production of marine algae, which could be replaced with freshwater algae, and may provide an alternative to cryopreservation.     

几种单胞藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫的营养强化研究

利用气相色谱法测定了小球藻、牟氏角毛藻、球等鞭金藻和投喂不同藻类后12h的褶皱臂尾轮虫的脂肪酸含量。试验结果表明,不论是投喂单种藻类还是2种混合藻类,强化后的轮虫其体内的脂肪酸含量均发生了明显变化,其中单链脂肪酸及低度不饱和脂肪酸的含量在投喂前后没有变化,各种脂肪酸的含量界于未强化的轮虫和所投喂的单胞藻饵料含量之间。3种高度不饱和脂肪酸的含量,除了二十二碳六烯酸因在牟氏角毛藻中含量较低,在单独投喂牟氏角毛藻后的轮虫中未检测出外,其余均与其所投喂的单胞藻的脂肪酸一致;轮虫中被检出的3种高度不饱和脂肪酸的含量,在单种藻类试验组中均低于所投喂藻类的含量;在2种藻类混合试验组中界于2种单胞藻含量之间。混合藻类比单种藻类强化轮虫具有更加全面的营养效果。     

Egg quality determinants in cod (Gadus morhua L.): egg performance and lipids in eggs from farmed and wild broodstock

Lipids and essential fatty acids, particularly the highly unsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), 22:6n‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) and 20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid, AA) have been shown to be crucial determinants of marine fish reproduction directly affecting fecundity, egg quality, hatching success, larval malformation and pigmentation. In Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) culture, eggs from farmed broodstock can have much lower fertilization and hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that potential quality and performance differences between eggs from different cod broodstock would be reflected in differences in lipid and fatty acid composition. Thus eggs were obtained from three broodstock, farmed, wild/fed and wild/unfed, and lipid content, lipid class composition, fatty acid composition and pigment content were determined and related to performance parameters including fertilization rate, symmetry of cell division and survival to hatching. Eggs from farmed broodstock showed significantly lower fertilization rates, cell symmetry and survival to hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. There were no differences in total lipid content or the proportions of the major lipid classes between eggs from the different broodstock. However, eggs from farmed broodstock were characterized by having significantly lower levels of some quantitatively minor phospholipid classes, particularly phosphatidylinositol. There were no differences between eggs from farmed and wild broodstock in the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The DHA content was also similar. However, eggs from farmed broodstock had significantly lower levels of AA, and consequently significantly higher EPA/AA ratios than eggs from wild broodstock. Total pigment and astaxanthin levels were significantly higher in eggs from wild broodstock. Therefore, the levels of AA and phosphatidylinositol, the predominant AA‐containing lipid class, and egg pigment content were positively related to egg quality or performance parameters such as fertilization and hatching success rates, and cell symmetry.     

Seasonal variation in docosahexaenoic acid content in horse mackerel caught in the East China Sea

ABSTRACT:   The fatty acid composition in horse mackerel caught off Nagasaki, off Tsushima Island, and in the middle of the East China Sea was investigated. The ratios of monoenoic and polyenoic acids to the total fatty acids in the Nagasaki and bull trawl catch specimens had a negative correlation. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) ratios of total fatty acids in summer-caught specimens were lower than those in winter-caught specimens, and this tendency was significantly clearer in smaller-sized fish, while DHA levels in tissues varied little throughout the year. Consistently high levels of DHA were found in various fishing areas, which suggests that horse mackerel offers a stable source of DHA.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle, Liver, and Depot Fat of Wild and Cultured Common Snapping Turtles Chelydra serpentina

Abstract This study was conducted to compare the fatty acid composition of muscle, liver, and depot fat of common snapping turtles Chelydra serpentina from the wild with those of captive common snapping turtles fed a diet of known fatty acid composition. Total lipid from each tissue was separated by thin-layer chromotography, methylated, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The fatty acid composition of total lipid, polar lipid, and nonpolar lipid in muscle and depot fat of wild and captive turtles exhibited greater variability than liver polar lipid. Cultured turtles contained significantly lower levels of linolenic and arachidonic acids in liver polar lipid than wild turtles. Total n-9 fatty acids were significantly higher in whole-lipid and nonpolar fractions of muscle, liver, and depot fat of cultured turtles indicating de novo synthesis. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly lower in total lipid of muscle tissue from cultured turtles. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly lower in both depot fat and liver nonpolar lipid of cultured turtles, but did not differ (P > 0.05) in the polar lipid fractions of cultured and wild turtles.     

摄食不同饵料对翘嘴鳜生长、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

为探究三种不同饵料对翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)生长性能、体成分和消化酶的影响,实验选取初始体重为(113.56±11.82)g的翘嘴鳜900尾,随机分成3组,分别投喂活饵料鱼、冰鲜饵料鱼和商品饲料,进行60 d的养殖试验。结果显示:(1)冰鲜组、活饵组和饲料组翘嘴鳜的成活率、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白效率均无显著性差异。饲料组翘嘴鳜肥满度显著小于其他两组,肝体比和脏体比均显著大于其他两组。(2)三组翘嘴鳜体成分中的水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分均没有显著性差异。(3)翘嘴鳜肌肉各种氨基酸含量和总氨基酸量在三组之间的差异均不显著。饲料组翘嘴鳜肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸中的棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生烯酸、EPA、神经酸、DHA的含量及总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸、总多不饱和脂肪酸均显著高于其他两组。(4)肝脏脂肪酶、肠道淀粉酶的活性在三组翘嘴鳜之间均没有显著性差异。冰鲜组翘嘴鳜肝脏淀粉酶、肠道脂肪酶活性均显著高于其他两组。结果表明:翘嘴鳜经过驯化可以摄食配合饲料,且不影响其生长性能。翘嘴鳜摄食饲料后,其肌肉氨基酸没有发生显著性的变化,不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著升高。     

宁波地区桃花水母的脂肪酸组成研究

2004年10月、2005年7月于浙江省宁波市七塔寺、江北区、天童寺采得多个桃花水母标本.用GC/MS法分析后的结果表明,三地桃花水母总脂含量平均值为16.30%.共检测到加种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)5种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)7种.其中PUFA含量最高,占总脂肪酸的44.37%～50.59%,而SFA和MUFA分别占总脂肪酸的33.96%～39.14%和11.32%～21.67%.     

Cold tolerance and homeoviscous adaptation in freshwater alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus)

During cold winters, freshwater populations of alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) are prone to massive die-offs, the physiological causes of which are poorly understood. We analyzed fatty acid composition before and after a laboratory cold challenge to examine the potential loss of cell membrane fluidity as a factor in winter mortality of these fish. Fish that died during the cold challenge displayed lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lower indices of unsaturation, and higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids compared to controls and survivors. Fatty acids associated with storage lipids were largely unaffected by the cold challenge. Differences in diet (Artemia versus Daphnia) had little effect on the fatty acid composition of these fish. Reduced activity of Δ5 desaturase enzymes may explain the decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (specifically arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) we observed in the cold temperature mortalities. Our results indicate that a loss of homeoviscous adaptation may play a role in low temperature mortality of freshwater alewives, and an analysis of alewife diets may improve our ability to predict winter die-offs of these fishes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

半滑舌鳎不同家系肌肉中脂肪酸含量的分析

为了研究半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)不同家系肌肉中脂肪酸的组成与含量,并选育出高营养品系的半滑舌鳎家系,用气相色谱法对同一养殖环境中的半滑舌鳎15个不同家系(164个样本)肌肉中的脂肪酸的组成和含量进行了检测和比较分析,同时对高EPA、DHA、EPA+DHA含量的家系进行筛选,并研究了半滑舌鳎性别与EPA、DHA含量的关系。结果表明:(1)15个家系肌肉中脂肪酸种类没有区别,但脂肪酸的组成和含量存在若干差异。其特征均为多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)饱和脂肪酸(SFA)单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)。PUFA以ω-3系脂肪酸为主,且ω-3系脂肪酸与ω-6系脂肪酸比值达到4.16~5.03,其中的2种重要ω-3系脂肪酸EPA和DHA在15个家系中均具有显著性差异,且DHA含量远大于EPA含量;筛选出了3个高EPA、DHA、EPA+DHA含量家系,分别为F13012、F13023及F13031。(2)EPA的含量与半滑舌鳎性别不具有显著性相关关系。本研究对于选育半滑舌鳎优良品种家系具有重要意义。     

栅藻B38营养成分分析及蛋白质营养价值评价

对栅藻B38的营养成分进行了全面分析,结果表明,栅藻藻粉中油脂含量14%,总糖含量13.86%,粗纤维3.52%,灰分4.28%,蛋白质49.0%,为高蛋白质类微藻。栅藻B38中含有23种脂肪酸。栅藻B38中氨基酸总量为852.58 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的47.45%,必需氨基酸指数为85.42%。两种模式的氨基酸比值系数分较接近,均在65以上;待评价物质的氨基酸品质与模式蛋白的贴近度接近1(0.93和0.88)。栅藻B38中共检测出23种矿物质元素,其中钠、钾、钙、镁、铁、铝含量较为丰富。重金属的含量均低于国家食品卫生标准。栅藻B38中维生素B3(106.02 mg/100 g)和维生素E(540.77 mg/100 g)的量较高。综上,栅藻B38的营养较丰富,可以进一步开发利用。