Regulatory Status of Therapeutants for Penaeid Shrimp Culture in the United States

The lack of approved drugs and chemicals needed to manage disease and pests in culture systems is the major constraint facing the penaeid shrimp culture industry in the United States. The industry needs the timely approval of the therapeutants for disease control for cost effectiveness and public safety. The approval process for the needed chemotherapeutants (drugs, parasiticides, disinfectants, and water quality agents) is administered by the US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Both FDA and EPA have procedures for registration of compounds for minor use whereby needed approvals may be obtained at far less cost than is typical for uses in major agricultural industries.
Aquatrine® is the only compound with specific approval for use in shrimp culture. Three others—formalin, oxytetracycline, and trifluralin—have entered the approval process. Because of human safety concerns, replacements are needed for malachite green, chloramphenicol, and the nitrofurans. Candidates for replacing these compounds include trifluralin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, the potentiated sulfonamides, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline. A need exists for an environmentally safe and effective agent to treat fusarium disease.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4), in conjunction with FDA, has begun addressing the problems of the aquaculture industry. Thus, the penaeid shrimp industry has an excellent opportunity to obtain the approvals of chemotherapeutants that are needed for continued growth toward a full potential in this country.     

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in aquaculture: a review

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a major devastating threat for aquatic animals. Betanodaviruses have been isolated in at least 70 aquatic animal species in marine and in freshwater environments throughout the world, with the notable exception of South America. In this review, the main features of betanodavirus, including its diversity, its distribution and its transmission modes in fish, are firstly presented. Then, the existing diagnosis and detection methods, as well as the different control procedures of this disease, are reviewed. Finally, the potential of selective breeding, including both conventional and genomic selection, as an opportunity to obtain resistant commercial populations, is examined.     

投喂策略对水产动物生长生理及行为特征影响研究进展

近年来,中国水产养殖业高速发展,水产动物投喂策略逐渐受到重视。列举与分析了一系列国内外水产动物饲料投喂策略的相关研究内容,并进行了较为系统的整理与总结。投喂策略是现代集约化水产养殖生产过程中重要的生产管理要素,其技术内涵可简要概括为投喂频率、投喂率和投喂作业方式等,不同的水产动物种类以及不同的生长阶段所需的适宜养殖投喂策略亦不相同。叙述了投喂策略对养殖动物生长性能、消化代谢能力、应激免疫水平、行为响应以及存活率等影响,为水产动物饲料投喂策略的选择和相关技术理论的研究提供参考。     

Risk assessment in fish welfare, applications and limitations

The Treaty of Amsterdam, in force since 1 May 1999, has established new ground rules for the actions of the European Union (EU) on animal welfare. It recognizes that animals are sentient beings and obliges the European Institutions to pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals when formulating and implementing Community legislation. In order to properly address welfare issues, these need to be assessed in a scientific and transparent way. The principles of risk assessment in terms of transparency and use of available scientific data are probably well suited for this area. The application of risk assessment for terrestrial and aquatic animal welfare is a relatively new area. This paper describes the work developed in the context of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinions on the application of a risk assessment methodology to fish welfare. Risk assessment is a scientifically based process that seeks to determine the likelihood and consequences of an adverse event, which is referred to as a hazard. It generally consists of the following steps: (i) hazard identification, (ii) hazard characterisation, (iii) exposure assessment and (iv) risk characterisation. Different approaches can be used for risk assessments, such as qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative approaches. These are discussed in the context of fish welfare, using examples from assessments done to aquaculture husbandry systems and stunning/killing methods for farmed fish. A critical review of the applications and limitations of the risk methodology in fish welfare is given. There is a need to develop appropriate indicators of fish welfare. Yet, risk assessment methodology provides a transparent approach to identify significant hazards and support recommendations for improved welfare.     

多维视角下的水生野生动物保护与利用探析

近期暴发的新冠肺炎使人们谈食色变,针对水生野生动物的保护与利用问题备受社会各界人士的关注。水生野生动物作为一种宝贵的自然资源同时也是生态系统中的重要组成部分,其价值不仅体现在维持生态平衡上,也体现在满足人类养殖开发与利用上。水生野生动物在实现社会经济可持续发展,改善和丰富人民的物质和文化生活中具有不可代替的重要位置。但是,在针对水生野生动物保护与利用之间是存在矛盾的。本文从水生野生动物保护与养殖利用的关系等方面进行阐述,并从水生野生动物野外资源保护和规范水生动物的繁殖与利用等方面进行展望。呼吁社会积极鼓励和宣传水生野生动物合理的驯养繁殖及加工利用事业,引导消费者正确食用安全的驯养产品,进而实现扩大、改善水生野生动物生存空间和环境,实现水生野生动物种群规模不断发展壮大,最终实现水生野生动物资源的可持续性与合理的永续利用。     

水产动物育种值估计方法及其应用的研究进展

育种值是选种和配种计划制定的基础,育种值估计是水产动物选择育种的重要内容之一,育种值估计的准确性直接影响着育种项目的遗传进展和选择效果。本文综述了3种育种值估计方法,选择指数、最佳线性无偏预测BLUP法和标记辅助BLUP方法的原理、优缺点及其在水产动物育种中的应用进展。众多研究表明,基于系谱结构和表型信息的BLUP方法将成为水产动物育种中一种快速有效的育种值估计方法。     

水产动物染色体操作育种研究进展

随着科学技术的高速发展,我国水产动物育种技术有了很大的提高。染色体操作育种技术作为现代遗传育种的重要组成部分,在水产动物育种中得到了广泛应用。本文就近年来水产动物染色体操作育种技术,包括人工诱导多倍体与检测多倍体的方法、雌核发育和雄核发育的研究现状和发展前景进行综述。     

鳃的功能组学研究进展和趋势

鳃是水生动物主要的呼吸器官。虽然部分水生动物的鳃结构不同（如鱼和虾蟹）,但其主要功能均为气体交换和渗透压调节等。本文旨在对近年来鳃的功能组学的主要研究结果进行归纳和总结,特别是不同的环境因子（重金属的污染物、寄生虫细菌、盐度、亚硝酸盐等）胁迫下水生动物鳃的转录组测序分析,以及鳃在不同环境因子胁迫下的蛋白组学和代谢组学的研究,揭示环境因子改变对水生动物鳃相关的基因表达变化、生理生化状态变化、分子通路和生理功能的影响,旨在为鱼类的健康养殖提供新的思路和方向。     

水生动物入侵研究进展

本文介绍了中国大陆外来水生动物的种类和数量,对水生动物入侵的定义、研究范围、研究方法进行综述,提出了今后的水生动物入侵的研究和管理的工作要点。     

喹烯酮在水产养殖中的有效性及安全性研究进展

喹烯酮是我国自行研制的一类新兽药,具有高效、安全、低毒的特点,被广泛地使用在畜禽中。它对水产动物也具有抗菌促生长的作用,因此在水产动物中的研究也渐渐深入。本文对喹烯酮的作用机理、毒理学研究、药代动力学、检测方法以及在水产动物中的研究展望作一综述。     

药物防治的临床药理学与水产药物学问题

阐述了影响水产养殖中药物防治效果的临床药理学的几个重要参数和水产药物学在药物制剂、给药方案、治疗药物的检测和治疗效果等方面存在的问题,及其给水产养殖动物造成的不良后果。并提出了正确用药的原则和方法。     

To pool or not to pool? Guidelines for pooling samples for use in surveillance testing of infectious diseases in aquatic animals

Samples from multiple animals may be pooled and tested to reduce costs of surveillance for infectious agents in aquatic animal populations. The primary advantage of pooling is increased population‐level coverage when prevalence is low (<10%) and the number of tests is fixed, because of increased likelihood of including target analyte from at least one infected animal in a tested pool. Important questions and a priori design considerations need to be addressed. Unfortunately, pooling recommendations in disease‐specific chapters of the 2018 OIE Aquatic Manual are incomplete and, except for amphibian chytrid fungus, are not supported by peer‐reviewed research. A systematic review identified only 12 peer‐reviewed aquatic diagnostic accuracy and surveillance studies using pooled samples. No clear patterns for pooling methods and characteristics were evident across reviewed studies, although most authors agreed there is a negative effect on detection. Therefore, our purpose was to review pooling procedures used in published aquatic infectious disease research, present evidence‐based guidelines, and provide simulated data examples for white spot syndrome virus in shrimp. A decision tree of pooling guidelines was developed for use by peer‐reviewed journals and research institutions for the design, statistical analysis and reporting of comparative accuracy studies of individual and pooled tests for surveillance purposes.     

水生动物洄游分布研究方法综述

水生动物洄游分布是水生生物学研究的主要内容,目的是掌握水生动物洄游分布规律及其与水域环境之间的关系,以制定有效的资源保护和管理策略。标记技术监测、物种分布模型预测、生物体组织微量元素与稳定同位素分析推测是此类研究的主要方法,已被广泛应用于气候变化背景下水生动物洄游分布的研究。上述3种方法包括多种技术手段、模型以及分析测试内容,但现有研究报道缺乏对各种监测或预测方法的系统梳理,也鲜有各方法彼此之间的交叉或组合研究。本文从标记技术、物种分布模型、生物体组织微量元素与稳定同位素分析3个层面综述了水生动物洄游分布研究方法的特点及进展,同时,依据文献统计计量数据,明确了相关方法的实际应用情况。研究表明,3种方法是水生动物洄游分布研究的有效工具,现有研究注重每种方法内部之间的比较与改进,后续研究应加强3种方法彼此之间的交叉与组合研究。此外,对于渔业资源生物,渔获量统计分析法也可作为获得其洄游分布规律及适宜环境因子范围的研究方法。     

水产动物育种分析与管理系统的开发和应用

针对国内水产动物多性状选择育种研究处于起步阶段的现状,以BLUP遗传评定为核心的水产动物多性状复合育种技术体系为依托,结合国内水产动物育种项目研究,开发了一套适合大多数水产动物育种分析与项目管理的软件系统。该系统是在WindowsXP环境下利用MicrosoftSQLServer2000数据库和基于ObjectPascal语言的DelphiIDE工具开发完成的。主要包括6个功能模块:系统管理、基本信息、种质管理、性能管理、育种分析和销售管理等,覆盖整个育种项目周期,并对流程实行标准化,能够自动化完成种质和性能测定数据的管理、遗传参数估计、育种值计算和配种方案制定等主要工作。软件已经在中国对虾、大菱鲆和罗氏沼虾等育种项目中得到应用,其推广和应用能够有效提升行业的整体育种技术水平,推动我国水产动物育种工作的发展。     

Ecology of Blue-Green Algae in Aquaculture Ponds

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, and Oscillatoria often form extensive and persistent blooms in freshwater aquaculture ponds. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria are undesirable in aquaculture ponds because: 1) they are a relatively poor base for aquatic food chains; 2) they are poor oxygenators of the water and have undesirable growth habits; 3) some species produce odorous metabolites that impart undesirable flavors to the cultured animal; and 4) some species may produce compounds that are toxic to aquatic animals. Development of cyanobacterial blooms is favored under conditions of high nutrient loading rates (particularly if the availability of nitrogen is limited relative to phosphorus), low rates of vertical mixing, and warm water temperatures. Under those conditions, dominance of phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria is the result of certain unique physiological attributes (in particular, N₂ fixation and buoyancy regulation) that allow cyanobacteria to compete effectively with other phytoplankton. The ability to fix N₂ provides a competitive advantage under severe nitrogen limitation because it allows certain cyanobacterial species to make use of a source of nitrogen unavailable to other phytoplankton. The ability to regulate cell buoyancy through environmentally-controlled collapse ad reformation of intracellular gas vacuoles is perhaps the primary reason for the frequent dominance of aquaculture pond phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria that can regulate their position in the water column gain a distinct advantage over other phototrophs in poorly mixed bodies of water. In addition to the physicochemical interactions that influence phytoplankton community dynamics, cyanobacterial-microbial associations may play an important regulatory role in determining community structure. Cyanobacteria are always found in close association with a diverse array of microorganisms, including eubacteria, fungi, and protozoans. These associations, which in the past have often been viewed as antagonistic, are increasingly seen as mutualistic and may function in a positive manner during bloom development.     

水环境细菌病原数据库的构建及应用

水环境病原菌对人类和水生动物的健康以及水产品生物安全带来了重大威胁,是公共卫生、水产养殖、食品安全等行业的重点监测对象。然而水环境病原菌数据库建设相对滞后,相关数据库分散在临床医学和水产动物病害等领域,且缺乏信息交流与融合,完整性仅限于各自独立的学科,不能满足区域尺度或生态学视角下,大规模水源性病原鉴定及生物安全评价等高通量监测的需求。因此,本研究通过整理人类介水传染病、水生动物、哺乳动物、植物和跨宿主疾病等7大类细菌病原信息,构建多线程可调度通讯模型和全局序列匹配算法,开发了水环境细菌病原数据库(DPiWE,dayuz.com)。DPiWE收集了14门、27纲、54目、116科、221属、1 097种、9 070株细菌病原的物种分类、16S rRNA基因、宿主(195种)和感染类型(21种)信息。并在Web端实现信息检索、序列比对和注释结果可视化等功能。案例分析显示,DPiWE构建的系统发育网络,清晰地将养殖环境菌株DS10-D19划分为鳆发光杆菌;用DPiWE对海水混养系统细菌高通量测序结果进行注释,揭示3种养殖动物病原分布具有明显差异,患病组水体有传播人体和鱼类共患病病原的风险。DPiWE及配套分析流程可为水环境生物安全高通量评价、渔业生态健康维护和水产动物病害个性化防治提供新的思路和数据基础。     

常见水产品中生物胺的调查及分析

为研究不同水产品中生物胺的产生情况,利用高效液相色谱-柱后衍生-荧光检测技术对蓝点马鲛、黄鳍金枪鱼、银鲑、牙鲆、中国明对虾、鹰爪虾、中华绒螯蟹、杂色蛤、杂色鲍中的7种生物胺含量进行调查与分析。试验结果表明,鲜活水产品中几乎不含生物胺,或仅含少量的精胺、亚精胺;腐败水产品中检出大量的生物胺,其中蓝点马鲛、黄鳍金枪鱼、银鲑、牙鲆中的组胺含量分别为422.57、640.00、309.63、151.86mg/kg,而虾、蟹、贝类等无脊椎动物几乎不产生组胺。不同水产品在腐败过程中产生的生物胺种类、含量、比例不同。生物胺总量可作为水产品腐败变质程度的指标。     

Florfenicol depletion in edible tissue of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and sea bream,Sparus aurata L.

An increase in fish production has consequently brought an increase in infectious diseases in fish farms. The use of chemotherapic drugs is the most effective instrument against common bacterial agents. The number of registered drugs for use in aquaculture is limited and often veterinary practitioners resort to the off‐label use of chemotherapic agents authorized for different food‐producing animal species. Florfenicol is well known for its outstanding effect against various pathogenic bacteria affecting fish, and therefore, it may be a useful drug for off‐label use in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the depletion of florfenicol and its major metabolite, florfenicol amine, from the edible tissue of two fish species, rainbow trout and sea bream, following treatment with medicated feed at a dosage of 10 mg kg^?1 of bw day^?1, for 10 consecutive days. At prefixed time points after the end of administration (0.25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days after treatment), edible tissues (muscle plus adherent skin) from 15 individuals in each group were collected and analysed by HPLC, to determine concentration of the drug in the tissue. On the basis of the obtained concentrations, withdrawal times of florfenicol in the two species were calculated. The results indicate that a drug withdrawal time of 500 °C‐day, as established by Directive 2004/28/EC, for off‐label drug use is more than satisfactory to guarantee the healthiness of fish products against the risk of drug residues.     

Development of an aquatic pathogen database (AquaPathogen X) and its utilization in tracking emerging fish virus pathogens in North America

The AquaPathogen X database is a template for recording information on individual isolates of aquatic pathogens and is freely available for download (http://wfrc.usgs.gov). This database can accommodate the nucleotide sequence data generated in molecular epidemiological studies along with the myriad of abiotic and biotic traits associated with isolates of various pathogens (e.g. viruses, parasites and bacteria) from multiple aquatic animal host species (e.g. fish, shellfish and shrimp). The cataloguing of isolates from different aquatic pathogens simultaneously is a unique feature to the AquaPathogen X database, which can be used in surveillance of emerging aquatic animal diseases and elucidation of key risk factors associated with pathogen incursions into new water systems. An application of the template database that stores the epidemiological profiles of fish virus isolates, called Fish ViroTrak, was also developed. Exported records for two aquatic rhabdovirus species emerging in North America were used in the implementation of two separate web-accessible databases: the Molecular Epidemiology of Aquatic Pathogens infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (MEAP-IHNV) database (http://gis.nacse.org/ihnv/) released in 2006 and the MEAP- viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (http://gis.nacse.org/vhsv/) database released in 2010.     

二级生物措施削减面源污染负荷的初步试验

2012年6-11月在武汉市江夏区梁子湖周边小流域的面源污染汇流区建设二级人工湿地生物净化系统,开展面源污水净化试验。试验区总面积4 657 m2,其中一级人工湿地面积2 844 m2、二级人工湿地面积1 813 m2。6-7月为试验区试运行时期,试验区未栽种水生植物和放养水生动物;8-11月为试验区运行时期,其中8-9月为水生植物净化期,10-11月为水生植物+水生动物净化期。8月初,一级人工湿地栽种鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)、梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)和再力花(Thalia dealbata),二级人工湿地栽种美人蕉(Canna indica L)、香蒲、鸢尾和睡莲(Nymphaea alba);9月底在二级人工湿地中投放三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)1 747个、1.4个/m3,放养鲢(Hypophthalmichthy smolitrix)280尾、鳙(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)80尾,规格80~120 g/尾,密度28.3 g/m3。结果表明,试验区对面源污水中总氮、总磷和叶绿素的去除效果较好。试验区对总氮、总磷、氨氮、叶绿素、高锰酸盐指数的去除率,8-9月分别为24.9%、42.6%、20.0%、21.4%和8.2%,10-11月分别为33.0%、45.2%、17.9%、34.3%和11.6%。